FROM THE POLICY LENS “COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER MANAGEMENT”

THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE

NAGHMA FIRDAUS9TH OCTOBER 2013WASHINGTON DC

THE EVOLUTIONARY PATH OF DM IN INDIA

1. Until 2001 – Responsibility with Agriculture Ministry.

2. Committees Set Up by Govt on Disaster Management :- • High Powered Committee under Chairmanship of Shri J C Pant –

August 1999 (Prior to Orissa Super Cyclone).• All Party National Committee under the Chairmanship of

Prime Minister – Feb 2001 (After Gujarat Earthquake).

3. Responsibility Transferred to MHA in June 2002.

4. NDMA established with Executive Order in September 2005.

5. National DM Act passed in December 2005.Paradigm shift from relief centric approach to Prevention , Mitigation and Preparedness approach.

LEGAL – INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

Central Government

State Government

District Administration

Panchayat Municipalities

NIDM NDRF

MHA(DM Cell)

DMD

National Disaster Management Authority

(NDMA) 8 Member body chaired by the PM

State Disaster Management

Authority (SDMAs)Chaired by the Chief Minister

with 8 other members

District Disaster Management

Authority (DDMAs)Chaired by the DM/DC/ and

Co-Chaired by Chairperson Zila Parishad

National Executive

Committee

State Executive

Committee

XIITH FIVE YEAR PLAN – DM APPROACH• Strengthening Early Warning Systems, leveraging S & T (In the Plan

budget of Ministry/ Depts. of Earth Sciences, Science & Technology, Space and CWC)

• Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into flagship schemes (In the Plan budgets of Ministries of Agriculture, Health, Water Resources, Urban & Rural Development, Education, Environment, Panchayati Raj)

• Capacity Building:a. Government, State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) and

District Disaster Management Authorities (DDMAs)b. Technical personnelc. Communities(Source: Vol 1, Chapter 10, Para 10.65)

LEGAL BASIS WRT -CBDM UNDER THE DM ACT 2005 AND NATIONAL POLICY ON DM 2009

AS PER NATIONAL DM ACT 2005:

• SECTION 22 – PAGE 12 - 9(i) – PROMOTE COMMUNITY TRAINING• SECTION 30 – PAGE 18 – (x) AND (xii) – EMPHASIS ON TRAINING • SECTION 32 - PAGE 21 – (b) – INVOLVEMENT OF COMMUNITIES IN

PREPARATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF LOCAL PLANS

AS PER NATIONAL POLICY ON DM 2009:

• SEGMENT 3- DISASTER PREVENTION MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS-SECTION 5.3.1 & 5.3.2

• SEGMENT 7 – RESPONSE – 7.8.1 – COMMUNITY AS FIRST RESPONDERS• SEGMENT 10 – CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT - TRAINING OF COMMUNITIES

ON PMP AND R&R

UTTARAKHAND FLOODS 2013

LESSONS LEARNT• Strengthening of DM systems and structures • Implementation of DM Plans• adoption of all inclusive approach in addressing DM concerns• Strengthening early warning system and ensuring last mile

connectivity• collaboration amongst different stakeholders (multi-stakeholder-

ship) • Role of Agencies (Inter-agency coordination and communication)• Skill building at various levels • need for establishment of local institutional partnerships during

peace times/preparedness phase • Capacity Development of front-line workers• need of involvement of people/COMMUNITY especially the

vulnerable groups in decision making process in the recovery process

• national flagship schemes like NREGA to enable people’s participation in reconstruction and livelihood development programs

THE JOURNEY FROM COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER MANAGEMENT (CBDM) TO COMMUNITY BASED DISASTER RISK

REDUCTION (CBDRR) – INDIAN PERSPECTIVE• CIVIL SOCIETY EFFORTS TO ADDRESS CBDRM• GOI-UNDP DISASTER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (2001-2007)• HIGH POWERED COMMITTEE ON DM - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR

STRENGTHENING OF DM PLANS AT NATIONAL STATE AND DISTRICT LEVELS

• 10TH , 11th AND 12TH FIVE YEAR PLAN – DUE FOCUS TO INVEST IN CBDM

• ENACTMENT OF DM ACT 2005, FORMATION OF NDMA• SDMA/DDMA HAVE STARTED GETTING INSTITUTIONALIZED• INTERVENTIONS ON CBDRR BY STATES/SDMA’S/PPP• CAPACITY BUILDING OF PRIs ON COMPONENTS OF CBDM• FORMULATION OF NATIONAL POLICY GUIDELINES ON CBDM

INITIATED • MAINSTREAMING DRR

LESSONS LEARNT FROM CBDM INTERVENTIONS • It is important to focus in people’s knowledge more than physical

infrastructure.– Build and sustain capacity of disaster management committees

• STRENGTHENING OF LOCAL INSTITUTIONS- – Lack of institutionalized and legal arrangements can affect the sustainability of DRM

intervention at local LEVEL

• CBDM THROUGH MULTISTAKHOLDERSHIP• Involvement of communities in processes leads to greater ownership• Open ended, and community based projects yield monumental spin-

offs• Well implemented, and documented grassroots initiatives can, and do

influence national policy environment

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFORTS OF CORDAID• OVERALL APPROACH – LINKAGE/INTEGRATION WITH DEVELOPMENT SPECIFICALLY on

LIVELIHOOD OPPORTUNITIES

• LINKAGES OF THE INTERVENTIONS WITH ISSUES RELATED TO GOVERNANCE AND EMPOWERMENT

• SELECTION OF PROJECT SITES & TARGET COMMUNITY –TARGETING THE MOST VULNERABLE

• PARTNER/IMPLEMENTING ORGANIZATIONS’ PRESENCE ON GROUND AND PARTNERSHIP WITH THE COMMUNITY

• REGULAR INVESTMENT IN CAPACITY BUILDING OF IMPLEMENTING AGENCIES

• PLACING THE COMMUNITIES AT THE CENTRE OF DECISION MAKING PROCESS

• LINKAGE WITH PRI AND OTHER DM INSTITUTIONS

• SUPPORT TO THE PROCESS OF DDMP/SDMP FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION

CHALLENGES IN THE CONTEXT OF ADDRESSING CBDRR IN INDIA

• 2ND MOST POPULOUS COUNTRY; GEOGRAPHICALLY DIVERSE, MULTI HAZARD RISK PROFILE, “DIVERSE COMMUNITY BASED DRR CONTEXT”

• BOTH PMP AND R & R WILL NEED RESOURCES AND NEEDS TO BE DEALT PHASE WISE.

• SETTING UP OF SPECIFIC DM INSTITUTIONS AT LOCAL LEVELS HAS RECENTLY GOT INITIATED.

• CAPACITIES OF DM STAKEHOLDERS• STAKEHOLDER RELATIONSHIPS IN AN EVOLVING MODE• RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND DRR MAINSTREAMING

OPPORTUNITIES/UPSCALING EFFORTS• INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR OPERATIONALISING CBDM

– all CBDM efforts need to get plugged in /integrated with the DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

• CBDRM POLICY & PLANNING – LINKAGE AND INTEGRATION WITH NATIONAL SCHEMES AND MAINSTREAMING DRR INTO PLANNING OF LINE MINISTRIES AT THE CENTRAL LEVEL AND LINE DEPARTMENTS AT THE STATE LEVEL

• NATIONAL POLICY GUIDELINES ON CBDM• NATIONAL POLICY GUIDELINES ON ROLE OF NGOS IN DM

• CAPACITY ENHANCEMENT OF LOCAL DM INSTITUTIONS AND COMMUNITIES (FRONT LINE WORKERS)

• STRENGTHENING EARLY WARNING MECHANISMS AND ENSURING LAST MILE CONNECTIVITY

• PRIVATE SECTOR ENGAGEMENT• ADDRESSING CLIMATE CHANGE AND DRR TOGETHER