from versailles to pearl harbor: the coming of world war ii
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From Versailles to Pearl Harbor: The Coming of World War II. Germany Faces Economic Collapse. Town Shelter – Kathe Kollwitz. A Troubled Germany. Germany in economic despair Germany printed more money – led to inflation – loaf of bread cost 4 million marks - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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From Versailles to Pearl Harbor:The Coming of World War II
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Germany Faces Economic Collapse
Town Shelter – Kathe Kollwitz
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A Troubled Germany
• Germany in economic despair
• Germany printed more money – led to inflation – loaf of bread cost 4 million marks
• Economic unrest led to political instability
• Weimar Republic – unable to deal with problems
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U.S. Response
• Isolationism – many wanted to cut the US off from Europe’s affairs
• Insistence on war debt repayment – wanted France and Britain to be repaid, so they could, in turn, pay the US
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The Rise of Adolph Hitler
Hitler standing in an open car
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Hitler Takes Power
• Served in WWI – extreme nationalist• Felt Germany sold out by Weimar Republic• Joined Nazi party in 1921• Led an uprising – put in prison – wrote “Mein
Kampf,” - made his hatred of Jews known• After prison - expanded Nazi party - made
promises to peasants, workers, and middle class
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Hitler, con’t.
• By 1932, largest party in Reichstag, German legislature
• Became chancellor – 1932
• Increased power; called for elections to strengthen Nazi power in Reichstag
• SS burned part of Reichstag building under his secret order – used the event to suspend constitutional rights
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Hitler, con’t.
• 1934 – president dies – Hitler combines president and chancellor offices – names himself Fuhrer
• Within a year, Germany was fascist
• Began movements against Jews
• Kristallnacht – anti-Jewish rampage
• Hitler’s appeal grew, even with the atrocities
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U.S. Response
• FDR became president in 1933• Thought domestic problems more important
than international• Military spending a low priority• US government thought disarmament, arms
control, and treaties could keep peace• Kellogg-Briand Pact: signed by 62
countries, it outlawed war – no provisions for enforcement
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Fascism in Italy
Mussolini addresses Fascist followers
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Turmoil in Italy
• Country in turmoil – used by Mussolini to gain power
• Used reminders of ancient Rome’s glory to appeal to Italians
• 1922 – marched on Rome – government folded – Mussolini named PM
• Went after land – took city of Fiume, Albania, then Ethiopia
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US Response
• Continued isolationism – 90% of Americans considered themselves isolationist in 1935
• Neutrality Acts – forbade sale of arms to aggressive nations, traveling on ships of countries at war, forbade loans to countries at war
• “Moral Embargo”
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The Rise of Militarism in Japan
Aboard a Japanese aircraft carrier
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Militarism in Japan
• Japanese unhappy with instability, being known as a “second-rate” power
• Military leaders rose to power – censored anti-military establishment
• Attacked Manchuria to expand Japanese territory
• 1936 - Signed agreement with Italy and Germany, forming the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis
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US Response
• Stimson Doctrine – US told Japan they weren’t pleased with the invasion of Manchuria, but they took no action
• 1937 – FDR’s “Quarantine Speech” – use embargoes to stop fascism
• Americans felt this could lead to US involvement – FDR caved into the pressure and took no action
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Violation and Appeasement
Chamberlain shakes hands with a Nazi leader as Hitler looks on
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Hitler & the Treaty of Versailles
• 1936 – violated Treaty by rearming Germany and taking the Rhineland
• 1938 – moved into Austria• Britain and France took no action• France favored military action; Neville
Chamberlain (PM of Britain) believed in appeasement
• Hitler wanted Sudetenland; W region of Czechoslovakia
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Hitler & the Treaty of Versailles, con’t.
• Tried to get Germans living there to revolt; they refused
• Decided to invade• Chamberlain wanted to solve the crisis –
talked Czechs into allowing self-government for Germans in Sudetenland
• Hitler saw he could get his way – demanded that all of Czechoslovakia surrender
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Hitler & the Treaty of Versailles, con’t.
• Hitler’s aggression caused change of opinion in Europe
• Sept. 28, 1938 – Chamberlain and Hitler met to resolve problems – Czechoslovakia and Soviet Union not allowed to attend
• Great Britain decided to give Sudetenland to Hitler; Hitler promised to stop expanding Germany
• Chamberlain declared that the Munich Agreement guaranteed “peace in our time.”
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US Response
• Roosevelt sent a telegram, urging Chamberlain to keep peace
• FDR sent a letter to Hitler, asking him for a conference with European leaders; told him the US wished to stay neutral
• When Munich Agreement signed, FDR sent Chamberlain a telegram:
“Good man.”
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Invasion of Czechoslovakia
German tanks make their way across the border of Czechoslovakia
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Hitler Invades Czechoslovakia
• After Munich, Hitler felt invincible• March 1939 – took the rest of Czechoslovakia• Started making demands in Poland• Chamberlain realized he’d been lied to – promised aid
to Poland if attacked; France also joined agreement• Stalin – opposed to German advance; felt France and
GB had betrayed him• August 1939 – signed Nazi-Soviet Pact; pledged not
to attack each other• Pact made Hitler feel invincible; felt France and GB
too weak to stop him
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US Response
• FDR sent letters to Italy, Poland, and Germany, urging leaders to keep peace
• Messages ignored
• FDR prepared declarations of neutrality; prepared for war to begin
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World War II Begins
German troops march across the Polish border
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World War II Begins
• Hitler invaded Poland – Sept. 1, 1939
• GB and France declared war
• Invasion of Poland took three weeks
• War continued slowly for the next six months
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US Response• FDR wanted Neutrality Acts lifted so the US
could give aid to France and GB• Opposed by the America First Committee –
spokesman was Charles Lindbergh – felt the US was protected by the Atlantic, not prepared to fight, needed to stay out of European affairs
• “Cash and Carry” – US gave aid to GB and France, but they had to buy the supplies and ship them themselves
• Americans alarmed – 80% wanted US to stay out
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US Support of Britain
Supplies being prepared for transport to Britain
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Britain’s Isolation
• Hitler gained power and territory
• 1940 – Hitler controlled Eastern Europe, Norway, Sweden, Belgium, the Netherlands, and France
• Battle of Britain – only power capable of beating Germany
• Atlantic Charter – meeting between Churchill and Roosevelt
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US Response
• Lend-Lease Act – transfer of equipment to nations who were vital to the US
• Germany attacked America destroyers – Kearny and Reuben James sunk by German subs
• FDR wanted merchant ships to be allowed to be armed – isolationism so strong, measure failed, even after death of sailors
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Bombing of Pearl Harbor
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Japanese Aggression
• Japan expanded control in Indochina – threatened US supplies in the region
• Oct. 1941 - General Hideki Tojo became PM of Japan – met with US for negotiations – would withdraw from Indochina if the US would allow Japan to occupy China
• While negotiations underway, decision all ready made to attack US
• December 7, 1941 – Attacked Pearl Harbor – 18 ships, 188 planes destroyed, 2,300 Americans killed
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US Response• Relations strained as early as 1937• Moved fleet to Hawaii to prove military readiness• Americans feared appeasement – had only
encouraged Axis powers – rejected Japan’s proposal• US thought Japan might attack – did not think it would
come at Pearl Harbor – FDR asked for a declared war – Congress passed the declaration of war within hours
• Germany and Italy declared war on the US a few days later – the US declared war on them
• Signaled the end of isolationism
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FDR signs the Declaration of War