From War to PeaceFrom War to PeaceAfter WWI the U.S. suffered a small After WWI the U.S. suffered a small recession:recession: brief period of economic downturnbrief period of economic downturn

– Major cause: Major cause: demobilizationdemobilization of industries.of industries.

Many factories that made war materials were Many factories that made war materials were shut down.shut down.

Returning soldiers struggled to find jobs.Returning soldiers struggled to find jobs.

– Another cause was the Another cause was the farming crisisfarming crisis

Prices fell in U.S. as European markets Prices fell in U.S. as European markets revived revived

No more need to trade with U.S.No more need to trade with U.S.

Early 1920s, America was prosperous againEarly 1920s, America was prosperous again

– Still areas where economic unrest occurredStill areas where economic unrest occurred

National StrikesNational StrikesWorkers protested under demobilizationWorkers protested under demobilization

– Demanded higher wages & shorter work Demanded higher wages & shorter work hourshours

– Protested in form of Protested in form of strikes:strikes: work stoppages work stoppages due to workers demanding more rights and/or due to workers demanding more rights and/or fair treatment.fair treatment.

There were many major strikes in 1919There were many major strikes in 1919

– Strikes caused fear among AmericansStrikes caused fear among Americans

– Workers simply wanted a fair dealWorkers simply wanted a fair deal

– Americans feared a workers’ revolutionAmericans feared a workers’ revolution

Post-war economy dependent upon factoriesPost-war economy dependent upon factories

Red ScareRed ScareU.S. feared communists would overthrow the govt.U.S. feared communists would overthrow the govt.

– Resulted from Bolshevik takeover of RussiaResulted from Bolshevik takeover of Russia

– Became known as the Became known as the Red ScareRed Scare

– 40,000 people joined the Communist party40,000 people joined the Communist party– Immigrants came under suspicionImmigrants came under suspicion

1919 & 1920, postal workers discovered bombs 1919 & 1920, postal workers discovered bombs addressed to prominent Americansaddressed to prominent Americans

– Bomb damaged house of the Attorney GeneralBomb damaged house of the Attorney General

– Atty. General A. Mitchell PalmerAtty. General A. Mitchell Palmer led raids led raids against suspected communists ( against suspected communists ( Palmer RaidsPalmer Raids))

arrested 6,000 people; deported 550arrested 6,000 people; deported 550

Ended in 1920 when people came to their sensesEnded in 1920 when people came to their senses

Sacco-Vanzetti CaseSacco-Vanzetti CaseSacco Sacco and and VanzettiVanzetti were Italian immigrants & were Italian immigrants & anarchistsanarchists: people who were opposed to all : people who were opposed to all types of governmenttypes of government

– Accused of committing robbery/murder in Accused of committing robbery/murder in 19211921

– Both were sentenced to deathBoth were sentenced to death

– Case was appealed but both men were Case was appealed but both men were executed in 1927executed in 1927

– Their death demonstrated the hatred & Their death demonstrated the hatred & distrust Americans had toward immigrantsdistrust Americans had toward immigrants

Resurgence of the Ku Klux KlanResurgence of the Ku Klux KlanKKKKKK rose to power again after WWI rose to power again after WWI– Expanded their opposition beyond Expanded their opposition beyond blacksblacks– TargetsTargets: immigrants, Catholics, Jews, suspected : immigrants, Catholics, Jews, suspected

radicalsradicals– Preserve the U.S. for native-born white ProtestantsPreserve the U.S. for native-born white Protestants

Klan membership rose to approx. 5 millionKlan membership rose to approx. 5 million– Mass meetings usually ended w/ a cross burningMass meetings usually ended w/ a cross burning– Included lynching or terrorization of those they Included lynching or terrorization of those they

opposedopposed

Support diminished by the end of the 1920s b/c:Support diminished by the end of the 1920s b/c:– Message of fear lost its appealMessage of fear lost its appeal– Publicity of its terrorism & violencePublicity of its terrorism & violence

Restriction on ImmigrationRestriction on ImmigrationRacism & discrimination also revived Racism & discrimination also revived nativism:nativism: if you if you were not born in America…leave were not born in America…leave – Americans feared radical ideas of immigrantsAmericans feared radical ideas of immigrants– Resented competition for jobs & lower wagesResented competition for jobs & lower wages

Federal limits on immigration were demandedFederal limits on immigration were demanded– Resulted in the est. of Resulted in the est. of quotas:quotas: only a certain # of only a certain # of

immigrants will be allowed in the countryimmigrants will be allowed in the country

Strict immigration restriction laws passed in the 1920sStrict immigration restriction laws passed in the 1920s

1921: 1921: Emergency Quota Act:Emergency Quota Act: allowed only 3% of allowed only 3% of ethnic groups in country by 1910 except for Asiansethnic groups in country by 1910 except for Asians

Immigration Act of 1924Immigration Act of 1924: reduced quota to 2% of : reduced quota to 2% of population levels of groups here in 1890population levels of groups here in 1890

Japanese restricted to 100 immigrants a year by 1925Japanese restricted to 100 immigrants a year by 1925

Roaring Twenties EQ #1Roaring Twenties EQ #11.1. Examine the role of fear in the Red Scare.Examine the role of fear in the Red Scare.

2.2. Explain 2 causes of the recession that took Explain 2 causes of the recession that took place after WWI.place after WWI.

3.3. Discuss reasons why there were so many Discuss reasons why there were so many worker strikes prior to the 1920’s.worker strikes prior to the 1920’s.

4.4. Who were Sacco and Vanzetti? Explain why Who were Sacco and Vanzetti? Explain why their trial is so significant.their trial is so significant.

5.5. Discuss reasons for the Discuss reasons for the rise and fallrise and fall of the of the KKK during the 1920’s.KKK during the 1920’s.

6.6. Define:Define: quotas, nativism, Emergency Quota quotas, nativism, Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act of 1924.Act, Immigration Act of 1924.

Aftermath of WWI: pg. 471Aftermath of WWI: pg. 4711.1. Define cost of living. How was cost of living Define cost of living. How was cost of living

affected by WWI?affected by WWI?2.2. Define general strike. Discuss the end result Define general strike. Discuss the end result

of the Seattle General strike. of the Seattle General strike. 3.3. Discuss the role of Calvin Coolidge in the Discuss the role of Calvin Coolidge in the

Boston Police Strike.Boston Police Strike.4.4. Complete Graphic Organizer Skills: pg. 473Complete Graphic Organizer Skills: pg. 4735.5. Define Communist International and Red Define Communist International and Red

Scare. Discuss specific reasons for the Scare. Discuss specific reasons for the Palmer raids. How did these raids violate civil Palmer raids. How did these raids violate civil liberties?liberties?

6.6. Define deported. Explain the role of J. Edgar Define deported. Explain the role of J. Edgar Hoover in the Palmer RaidsHoover in the Palmer Raids

Prosperity and InnovationProsperity and InnovationMost homes provided w/ electricity during the 1920sMost homes provided w/ electricity during the 1920s

Could own new inventions such as refrigerators, Could own new inventions such as refrigerators, toasters, washing machines, fans, radios, etc.toasters, washing machines, fans, radios, etc.

New innovations made businesses more efficientNew innovations made businesses more efficient– 1) 1) TaylorismTaylorism or or scientific managementscientific management

Involved observing & timing workers in a factoryInvolved observing & timing workers in a factory

Results = changes leading to higher productivityResults = changes leading to higher productivity– 2) 2) Henry FordHenry Ford introduced the introduced the moving assembly moving assembly

lineline

Faster & less expensive production of carsFaster & less expensive production of cars

Went from completing one car every 14 hours in Went from completing one car every 14 hours in 1913 to completing one in 93 minutes1913 to completing one in 93 minutes

Impact of AutomobilesImpact of AutomobilesAutomobiles Automobiles had largest impact on society in 1920shad largest impact on society in 1920s– Spurred other industries (e.g., steel, rubber, glass)Spurred other industries (e.g., steel, rubber, glass)– Led to creation of roadside restaurants, gas stationsLed to creation of roadside restaurants, gas stations– Gave teenagers freedom from parental supervisionGave teenagers freedom from parental supervision– Encouraged road building (tax on gasoline helped Encouraged road building (tax on gasoline helped

pay for their construction)pay for their construction)– More people moved to the suburbs (More people moved to the suburbs (Urbanization)Urbanization)

1920s saw prosperity almost everywhere in the U.S. 1920s saw prosperity almost everywhere in the U.S. – More jobs meant more workers w/ money to spend More jobs meant more workers w/ money to spend

on more consumer items (e.g., sewing machines, on more consumer items (e.g., sewing machines, refrigerators, & cars)refrigerators, & cars)

– Installment plansInstallment plans helped people buy expensive helped people buy expensive carscars

Politics in the 1920sPolitics in the 1920sU.S. had 3 Republican presidents in the 1920sU.S. had 3 Republican presidents in the 1920s

– Harding, Coolidge, HooverHarding, Coolidge, Hoover

– All three supported big business & prosperityAll three supported big business & prosperity

– Harding promised a return to Harding promised a return to normalcynormalcy

Primary goalPrimary goal – “less govt. in business and – “less govt. in business and more business in govt.”more business in govt.”

–2 economic goals:2 economic goals:

1) reduce national debt1) reduce national debt

2) promote economic growth2) promote economic growth

Administration is noted for its scandalsAdministration is noted for its scandals

Coolidge and HooverCoolidge and HooverCoolidge took over in 1923 & was re-elected in Coolidge took over in 1923 & was re-elected in 19241924– Helped restore the reputation of the presidencyHelped restore the reputation of the presidency– Was more pro-business than Harding – “The Was more pro-business than Harding – “The

business of America is business.”business of America is business.”

Hoover was elected in 1928Hoover was elected in 1928– Famous for involvement in WWIFamous for involvement in WWI

Food and Drug AdministrationFood and Drug Administration

Administration began during an unprecedented Administration began during an unprecedented time of prosperitytime of prosperity– Also given credit for helping cause Great Also given credit for helping cause Great

DepressionDepression

American Culture & Changing TimesAmerican Culture & Changing Times

Two new types of music emerged in the 1920s: Two new types of music emerged in the 1920s: blues blues & & jazzjazz

RadioRadio was one of the most popular forms of was one of the most popular forms of entertainmententertainment

Americans attended the Americans attended the moviesmovies at least once a at least once a week week

Most famous hero of the 1920s was Most famous hero of the 1920s was CharlesCharles LindberghLindbergh– First man to fly across the Atlantic Ocean soloFirst man to fly across the Atlantic Ocean solo– Name of his plane was the Name of his plane was the Spirit of St. LouisSpirit of St. Louis– Nickname was Lucky LindyNickname was Lucky Lindy

FlappersFlappers

FlappersFlappers were were commoncommon– Women who were Women who were

restless, on the restless, on the move, & eager to try move, & eager to try something differentsomething different

– Wore shortened hair Wore shortened hair & skirts& skirts

– Wore make-up, Wore make-up, smoked & drank smoked & drank liquor in public liquor in public

– Talked openly of sexTalked openly of sex– Overall refused to Overall refused to

follow traditional follow traditional rules of societyrules of society

ProhibitionProhibitionMany people believed alcohol was a great evil Many people believed alcohol was a great evil of society of society Women’s Christian Temperance Women’s Christian Temperance UnionUnion

Passage of Passage of 18th Amendment18th Amendment welcomed by welcomed by manymany– Did not prevent Americans from breaking the lawDid not prevent Americans from breaking the law– Hard to enforce Hard to enforce – Resulted in large scale Resulted in large scale bootleggingbootlegging– Helped lead to the rise of gangsters (Helped lead to the rise of gangsters (Al Capone, Al Capone,

John Dillinger, etc.)John Dillinger, etc.)– Eventually repealed in 1933 by 21st AmendmentEventually repealed in 1933 by 21st Amendment

Defending Traditional ValuesDefending Traditional ValuesMany Americans were upset at many aspects of Many Americans were upset at many aspects of modern life in the 1920smodern life in the 1920s

People turned to religion to counter the immoral People turned to religion to counter the immoral threatthreat

– Led to Led to revivalismrevivalism in many areas in many areas

– Led to a more conservative approach to Led to a more conservative approach to religious faith called religious faith called fundamentalismfundamentalism

– Resulted in a debate over the Resulted in a debate over the fundamentalfundamental Christian ValuesChristian Values of the past versus the of the past versus the modernismmodernism of the 1920s of the 1920s

Organized crime and excessive public Organized crime and excessive public drinking--- examples of immoral behaviordrinking--- examples of immoral behavior

Fundamentalism went on trial in 1925Fundamentalism went on trial in 1925

Famous Famous Scopes TrialScopes Trial began in TNbegan in TN

John ScopesJohn Scopes had violated a state law by had violated a state law by teaching the teaching the TTheory of Evolutionheory of Evolution in his high in his high school biology classschool biology class– ACLUACLU offered to defend anyone violating the law – offered to defend anyone violating the law –

Clarence Darrow defended ScopesClarence Darrow defended Scopes– William Jennings Bryan was the lawyer against William Jennings Bryan was the lawyer against

ScopesScopes– Scopes was ultimately found guiltyScopes was ultimately found guilty

***millions who listened on the radio believed the ***millions who listened on the radio believed the changes of the 1920s could not be reversed***changes of the 1920s could not be reversed***

Explain the significance of the followingExplain the significance of the following::Flappers, Scopes Trial, Sacco and Vanzetti,Flappers, Scopes Trial, Sacco and Vanzetti,Prohibition, Reaction to Prohibition, ChristianProhibition, Reaction to Prohibition, ChristianFundamentalism, Radio, Movies, OrganizedFundamentalism, Radio, Movies, OrganizedCrime, Herbert Hoover, Calvin Coolidge, WarrenCrime, Herbert Hoover, Calvin Coolidge, WarrenHarding, Henry Ford, Taylorism, Recession vs.Harding, Henry Ford, Taylorism, Recession vs.Depression, Passage of 18Depression, Passage of 18thth Amendment, 21 Amendment, 21stst

Amendment, Charles Lindbergh, Economic goals Amendment, Charles Lindbergh, Economic goals of Harding, Installment Plans, Nativism,of Harding, Installment Plans, Nativism,Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act of 1924, 2Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act of 1924, 2causes of the Recession, Strike, Reasons forcauses of the Recession, Strike, Reasons forStrikes, Red Scare, Palmer Raids.Strikes, Red Scare, Palmer Raids.

Signs of a Slow DownSigns of a Slow DownDespite prosperity in 1920s, there were problems:Despite prosperity in 1920s, there were problems:

bull marketbull market - - market increasing market increasing bear marketbear market – market decreasing – market decreasingCredit purchasesCredit purchases were enormous (installment plans) were enormous (installment plans)Supply & demand imbalanceSupply & demand imbalanceWages didn’t keep up w/ rising productivityWages didn’t keep up w/ rising productivityLed to decreases in demand & rise in supplyLed to decreases in demand & rise in supplyFactory workers were laid off (less $ to spend)Factory workers were laid off (less $ to spend)Slowing industriesSlowing industries by end of decade by end of decade– Housing & business constructionHousing & business construction– Automobile production (almost shuts down completely)Automobile production (almost shuts down completely)– Agricultural crisisAgricultural crisis

stock stock speculationspeculation (companies or land) (companies or land)– riskier when riskier when margin buyingmargin buying occurs occurs

The CrashThe CrashDuring most of the 1920s, stock prices roseDuring most of the 1920s, stock prices roseEager investors helped stock prices skyrocketEager investors helped stock prices skyrocketStock analysts tried to warn consumersStock analysts tried to warn consumersIn Sept. 1929 some cautious investors began to In Sept. 1929 some cautious investors began to sellsell– They worried about over inflated pricesThey worried about over inflated pricesThe selling continued slowly into OctoberThe selling continued slowly into October– In that month sellers outnumbered buyersIn that month sellers outnumbered buyersPanic spread & the market crashed on Panic spread & the market crashed on Tuesday, October 29, 1929Tuesday, October 29, 1929, (, (Black TuesdayBlack Tuesday))Prices of stocks plunged & the market crashedPrices of stocks plunged & the market crashed– Everyone sold no matter what the priceEveryone sold no matter what the price– Fortunes of many people vanished in hoursFortunes of many people vanished in hours

The Causes of the DepressionThe Causes of the Depression1) 1) Imbalance between supply & demandImbalance between supply & demand

More goods were produced than could be More goods were produced than could be bought---most consumers couldn't afford thembought---most consumers couldn't afford them

Many goods were Many goods were durable goodsdurable goods

2) A2) A weak banking system weak banking system

Banks made risky loans ex-those to speculatorsBanks made risky loans ex-those to speculators

Banks fail--- borrowers couldn't pay back loansBanks fail--- borrowers couldn't pay back loans

Failing banks = people withdraw their $$$$$$Failing banks = people withdraw their $$$$$$

Nearly 5,000 banks closed from 1929-1932Nearly 5,000 banks closed from 1929-1932

3) World trade declined rapidly in late 1920s & 3) World trade declined rapidly in late 1920s & early 1930searly 1930sLeft U.S. with large surplusesLeft U.S. with large surpluses

4) Depression was part of the normal 4) Depression was part of the normal business cyclebusiness cycle (FALSE) (FALSE)Great Depression went beyond normalGreat Depression went beyond normal

Impact of the DepressionImpact of the DepressionDepression visible in many waysDepression visible in many ways

1.1. Increased unemploymentIncreased unemployment2.2. Those w/ jobs suffered reduced hours & wagesThose w/ jobs suffered reduced hours & wages3.3. Poverty levels increasedPoverty levels increased4.4. Decreased levels of immigrantsDecreased levels of immigrants5.5. More women worked (were cheaper than men)More women worked (were cheaper than men)

Impact continued……….Impact continued……….People had no food or clothesPeople had no food or clothes– many stood in many stood in breadlinesbreadlines provided by charities provided by charities

Unpaid credit paymentsUnpaid credit payments caused people to lose caused people to lose homes, cars, or were evicted when they didn't pay renthomes, cars, or were evicted when they didn't pay rent

Many Many people hitchhikedpeople hitchhiked from city to city searching from city to city searching for jobsfor jobs

HomelessHomeless stood around dumps waiting to find food stood around dumps waiting to find food

Gathered in Gathered in shantytownsshantytowns, later called , later called HoovervillesHoovervilles

Depression reduced people's standard of living & Depression reduced people's standard of living & lowered their sense of personal worthlowered their sense of personal worth

*****Depression described our mood as much as our *****Depression described our mood as much as our economy*****economy*****

HoovervillesHoovervilles

Hoovervilles and ShantytownsHoovervilles and Shantytowns

Culture of the 1930sCulture of the 1930sAmericans turned to the media to forget Americans turned to the media to forget problems problems Talking picturesTalking pictures (movies) replaced radios as (movies) replaced radios as the most popular entertainment formthe most popular entertainment form– Walt Disney’s Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse & Donald DuckMickey Mouse & Donald Duck– Gangster movies, Gone with the Wind, Wizard of Gangster movies, Gone with the Wind, Wizard of

OzOz

Famous novelFamous novel — —Grapes of WrathGrapes of WrathRadiosRadios were still popular were still popularPopular shows – Lone Ranger, Little Orphan Popular shows – Lone Ranger, Little Orphan AnnieAnnie– They triumphed over evil , offered a hopeful They triumphed over evil , offered a hopeful

messagemessage

Mickey MouseMickey Mouse Donald DuckDonald Duck

Intro to Great Depression QuestionsIntro to Great Depression Questions1.1. List and Describe the 4 causes of the Great List and Describe the 4 causes of the Great

DepressionDepression

2.2. List 5 ways that the Great Depression was List 5 ways that the Great Depression was visible to U.S. societies of the 1920’s.visible to U.S. societies of the 1920’s.

3.3. In a paragraph, describe Hoovervilles. In a paragraph, describe Hoovervilles. Include problems that existed within the Include problems that existed within the Hooverville communities and also include a Hooverville communities and also include a description of the living conditions.description of the living conditions.

4.4. In class we discussed how the entertainment In class we discussed how the entertainment business changed. Tell me why the business business changed. Tell me why the business changed and also tell me about the specific changed and also tell me about the specific changes occurred. changes occurred.

Searching for a SolutionSearching for a SolutionPresident Hoover:President Hoover: believed the govt. should believed the govt. should notnot

get involved in helping the economyget involved in helping the economyHoover remained optimisticHoover remained optimistic– Said the depression was “Said the depression was “a temporary halt in the a temporary halt in the

prosperity of a great peopleprosperity of a great people””– Said public confidence was the key – “Said public confidence was the key – “What the What the

country needs is a good big laugh.country needs is a good big laugh.””

Believed in Believed in rugged individualismrugged individualism– Success thru individual effortSuccess thru individual effort– Supported Americans helping themselves thru hard Supported Americans helping themselves thru hard

work & strength of characterwork & strength of character– Supported Supported voluntarismvoluntarism (charities, YMCAs, church (charities, YMCAs, church

groups, settlement houses, Salvation Army, etc.)groups, settlement houses, Salvation Army, etc.)

Hoover Response continued…..Hoover Response continued…..Opposed Opposed direct reliefdirect relief provided by federal govt. provided by federal govt.

– Would reduce self-respectWould reduce self-respect

– Would inflate the federal budgetWould inflate the federal budget

Advisors encouraged him to let the depression run Advisors encouraged him to let the depression run its courseits course

– They supported a laissez-faire approachThey supported a laissez-faire approach

– Hoover rejected their advice & tried to get Hoover rejected their advice & tried to get business leaders to continue as normalbusiness leaders to continue as normal

They promised not to reduce wages or pricesThey promised not to reduce wages or prices

Most were forced to do as ordered but their Most were forced to do as ordered but their products continued to dropproducts continued to drop

Hoover Response continued…..Hoover Response continued…..Hoover urged state & municipal govts. to fund Hoover urged state & municipal govts. to fund public workspublic worksMost didn't have the money to do itMost didn't have the money to do itEventually Hoover & Congress funded Eventually Hoover & Congress funded public public worksworks programs programs– Boulder Dam (Hoover Dam) on the Colorado Boulder Dam (Hoover Dam) on the Colorado

RiverRiver– 800 public buildings800 public buildings– 37,000 miles of highways37,000 miles of highwaysHoover did all he could do to stop the Hoover did all he could do to stop the DepressionDepression

******1932, Hoover was hated by most Americans1932, Hoover was hated by most Americans******

Protests Against the GovernmentProtests Against the GovernmentProtests abounded against his administrationProtests abounded against his administration

Largest protest came from WWI veteransLargest protest came from WWI veterans

– Had been promised a “Had been promised a “bonus”bonus” in 1945 in 1945

– Decided to cash in their bonus earlyDecided to cash in their bonus early

– Thousands (Thousands (Bonus ArmyBonus Army) marched to ) marched to Washington to demand their “bonus”Washington to demand their “bonus”

– Hoover feared they would become violentHoover feared they would become violent

– Ordered the army to clear them outOrdered the army to clear them out

– With tear gas the men & their families were With tear gas the men & their families were chased away & their tents were burnedchased away & their tents were burned

This action by Hoover made him seem This action by Hoover made him seem indifferentindifferent to the troubles of American citizensto the troubles of American citizens

Election of 1932Election of 1932Hoover was re-nominated by the RepublicansHoover was re-nominated by the Republicans

Democrat challenger was Democrat challenger was Franklin D. Franklin D. RooseveltRoosevelt

FDR had dealt w/ the depression effectively as FDR had dealt w/ the depression effectively as governor of NYgovernor of NY

He promised a “He promised a “New Deal”New Deal” for all Americans in for all Americans in his campaignhis campaign

FDR won by a landslideFDR won by a landslide

Great Depression AssignmentGreat Depression Assignment1.1. Write a ½ page letter to a family member Write a ½ page letter to a family member

discussing your life during the Great discussing your life during the Great Depression.Depression.

2.2. Explain the actions of President Hoover as he Explain the actions of President Hoover as he tried to battle the Great Depression. How did tried to battle the Great Depression. How did his views differ from his advisors? Explain.his views differ from his advisors? Explain.

3.3. Discuss how people viewed the Presidency of Discuss how people viewed the Presidency of Hoover. What major event caused people to Hoover. What major event caused people to believe this way? Explain the event.believe this way? Explain the event.

4.4. Do you think the events of the Great Do you think the events of the Great Depression could have been avoided? Depression could have been avoided? Explain your answer in paragraph form.Explain your answer in paragraph form.