frozen frogs!!
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FROZEN FROGS!!http://www.teachersdomain.org/asset/lsps07_vid_frozenfrogs/
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THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA
ABIOTIC FACTORS: TEMPERATURE
Temperature:
MACROCLIMATE
Macroclimate:
MICROCLIMATE
Fig. 5.3 in Molles 2008
Microclimate:
Taking Advantage of Microclimate Variation
Altitude and Temperature
Altitude and Temperature
Why?1
2
Slope Aspect and Temperature
Gomez Peak, Eighty Mountain
Slope Aspect and Temperature(Northern Hemisphere)
Ground Color and Temperature
Albedo:
Burrows and Temperature
Fig. 5.6 in Molle 2010
TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR VERSUS SOIL
Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge
TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER
Fig. 5.7 in Molles 2010
TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER
TEMPERATURE VARIABILITY: AIR vs. WATER
Gas Water
Specific Heat of Water: It takes 1 cal of energy to heat 1 cm3 of water 1o C
Specific Heat of Air: It takes .0003 cal of energy to heat 1 cm3 of air 1o C
A) Specific Heat
THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER
B) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Evaporization
Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe National Monument, AZ
Evaporating WaterAbsorbs a TremendousAmount of HeatEnergy
THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER
(Cooling Effect on Surroundings)
C) Phase Changes: Latent Heat of Fusion
Freezing Water Releasesa TremendousAmount of Energy
THERMAL STABILITY OF WATER
(Warming Effect on Surroundings)
COPING WITH EXTREME TEMPERATURE
ADAPTATION: an anatomical, physiological or behavioral characteristic that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce under prevailing environmental conditions.
ADAPTATION: Result from Evolutionary Processes
Reproductive OutputExceeds Capacity of
Environment
ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES
Variation
ADAPTATION: Result from EVOLUTIONARY PROCESSES
Intraspecific Competition
THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA
ADAPTATIONS: Physiology
Figs. 5.15, 5.14 in Molles 2010
THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA:Sulphur Oxidase Function
PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA:Population Growth Rate
ADAPTATIONS: Physiology
Boreal Moss Desert Shrub
ADAPTATIONS: PhysiologyPhotosynthesis
Fig. 5.12 in Molles 2010
ADAPTATIONS: Physiology(Photosynthesis)
(Sceloporus undulatus)
MEI = C – F - U
METABOLIZABLE ENERGY INTAKE(MEI)
ADAPTATIONS: Behavior/Physiology
Fig. 5.11 in Molles 2010
ADAPTATIONS: Behavior/Physiology
RAINBOW TROUTOo – 4o C 20o C
ADAPTATIONS: Physiology
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE(promotes breakdown of acetylcholine)
ADAPTATIONS: Physiology
ADAPTATIONS TO TEMPERATURE
PRINCIPLE OF ALLOCATION
As a Population Adapts to a Set of Environmental Conditions, its Fitness in Other Environments is
Reduced
Levins, “Evolution in Changing Environments”
CONSEQUENCES OF ADAPTATION
Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007)
Single Ancestral Strain Grown at 37o C
2,000 Generations
32oC 37oC 42oC 32oC / 42oCCultures Adapted to Different Temperature Regimes
Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007)
2,000 Generations at 20O C
32oC 37oC 42oC 32oC / 42oC
Cultures Adapted to Different Temperature Regimes
Lab Experiment: Bennett and Lenski (2007)
Fig. 5.8 in Molles 2010
ACCLIMATION: Physiological adjustment to change in environmental factor within one organism during its lifetime
Grown in Cold Environment
Grown in Hot Environment
Demonstrating Acclimation(Grow shrubs from Same Population in Different Conditions)
Fig. 5.13 in Molles 2010
ACCLIMATION
HEAT EXCHANGE
Fig. 5.16 in Molles 2010
HEAT EXCHANGE
Hs:
Hcd:
Hcv:
He:
Hm:
Hr:
Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants
Desert Marigold
Temperature Regulation: Desert Plants
Alpine Chickweed
Temperature Regulation: Arctic / Alpine Plants
Temperature Regulation: Arctic / Alpine Plants
Temperature Regulation: Animals
ECTOTHERMS: Rely on external sources of energy toregulate temperature
(= Poikilotherms)
Temperature Regulation: Animals
Temperature Regulation: Animals
Coping with Extreme Temperatures
Clear-Winged Grasshopper(and Grasshopper Fungus)
Temperature Regulation: Animals
Fig. 5.19 in Molles 2010
Temperature Regulation: Animals
Grasshopper Fungus
Fig. 5.23 in Molles 2010
Temperature Regulation: Animals
ENDOTHERMS: Relies on internal sources of energyto regulate temperature(= Homeotherms)
Temperature Regulation: Animals
THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE
Fig. 5.24 in Molles 2008
Temperature Regulation: Animals
OUTSIDE THE THERMAL NEUTRAL ZONE?
Countercurrent Circulation
Fig. 5.25 in Molles 2010
Temperature Regulation: Animals
TORPOR
ESTIVATION HIBERNATION
INACTIVITY
Temperature Regulation: Animals
Temperature Regulation: Animals
Temperature Regulation: Animals
Skunk Cabbage