fsmas overview of fire alarm systems & maintenance
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Overview of Fire AlarmOverview of Fire Alarm
Systems andSystems andMaintenanceMaintenance
Mr. David Goh
Vice President Fire Safety Managers Association
Convener of Working Group for CP 10 : 2005
Er. Matthew Kwek
Committee Member Fire Safety Managers AssociationP.E., R.I.(M&E), FSE
By
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11 Fire Alarm SystemsFire Alarm Systems A Quick IntroductionA Quick Introductiona.a. Why use a Fire Alarm System?Why use a Fire Alarm System?
b.b. Is Fire Alarm System a mandatory requirement?Is Fire Alarm System a mandatory requirement?
c.c. What is a Fire Alarm System made up of?What is a Fire Alarm System made up of?
22 Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use todayTypes of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
a.a. NonNon AddressableAddressable
b.b. AddressableAddressable
c.c. HybridHybrid
3 Maintenance3 Maintenance
a.a. Regular testing and InspectionRegular testing and Inspection
b.b. False Alarm ManagementFalse Alarm Management
c.c. Common Maintenance Problems AndCommon Maintenance Problems AndTroubleshootingTroubleshooting
CONTENTS
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Why use a Fire Alarm System?Why use a Fire Alarm System?
A fire alarm system is intended to enable a fire tobe detected at a sufficiently early stage so thatpeople who are at risk can be made safe either byescaping from the fire, or by the fire beingextinguished (also to prevent extensive propertydamage). Neither of these measures can be useduntil people are made aware of fire.
The effectiveness of the fire detection and alarmsystem depends on the stage of the fire at which itis operated. In order for all the occupants to escape
without too much difficulty, an early alarm shouldoperate before the escape routes becomes smoke-logged to such an extent as will cause occupants tohave difficulty finding their way out of the building.
1. Fire Alarm Systems1. Fire Alarm Systems A Quick IntroductionA Quick Introduction
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1. Fire Alarm Systems1. Fire Alarm Systems A Quick IntroductionA Quick Introduction
Why use a Fire Alarm System?Why use a Fire Alarm System?
Fire Alarm Systems are used to protect life and property.
It protects by:
a. detecting a fire at an early stage
b. alerting and evacuating occupants
c. notifying the relevant personnel
d. activating auxiliary functions e.g. smoke controls, lift homing etc
e. identifying and guiding fire fighters
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1. Fire Alarm Systems1. Fire Alarm Systems A Quick IntroductionA Quick Introduction
Is Fire Alarm System a mandatoryIs Fire Alarm System a mandatory
requirement?requirement?
MandatoryMandatory -- By the relevant authorityBy the relevant authority
NonNon--mandatorymandatory -- By Building Owner, Landlord &By Building Owner, Landlord &
Insurance etc.Insurance etc.
The requirements are specified in :The requirements are specified in :
-- Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings 2007Code of Practice for Fire Precautions in Buildings 2007
(Fire Code 2007)(Fire Code 2007)by SCDFby SCDF
-- Code of Practice for Installation and Servicing of Electrical FiCode of Practice for Installation and Servicing of Electrical Firere
Alarm SystemAlarm System
(SS CP10(SS CP10--2005)2005)by Spring Singaporeby Spring Singapore
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What is a Fire Alarm System made up of?What is a Fire Alarm System made up of?
1. Fire Alarm Systems1. Fire Alarm Systems A Quick IntroductionA Quick Introduction
Components forming the SystemComponents forming the System-- 9 Items9 Items
1.1. Smoke / HeatSmoke / Heat Detectors (Detectors (Fire DetectorsFire Detectors))
2.2. Alarm Panels (Alarm Panels (Control and Indicating EquipmentControl and Indicating Equipment))
3.3. Alarm Bells (Alarm Bells (Fire Alarm DevicesFire Alarm Devices))
4.4. Manual Call PointsManual Call Points
5.5. DECAM Panel (DECAM Panel (Fire ServicesFire Services SignallingSignalling TransmitterTransmitter))
6.6. DECAM Station (DECAM Station (Alarm Monitoring StationAlarm Monitoring Station))
7.7. Extinguishing Panels (Extinguishing Panels (Control for automatic fire protection equipmentControl for automatic fire protection equipment))
8.8. Gas/Sprinkler (Gas/Sprinkler (Automatic fire protection equipmentAutomatic fire protection equipment))
9.9. Charger/Battery (Charger/Battery (Power Supply EquipmentPower Supply Equipment))
1 Fire Alarm Systems1 Fire Alarm Systems A Quick IntroductionA Quick Introduction
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1. Fire Alarm Systems1. Fire Alarm Systems A Quick IntroductionA Quick Introduction
What is a Fire Alarm System made up of?What is a Fire Alarm System made up of?
DECAMS
FIRE
Fire DetectorsFire Detectors
Manual Call PointsManual Call Points
Control & IndicatingControl & Indicating
EquipmentEquipmentFire Alarm DeviceFire Alarm Device
Fire Alarm Signal
Fault Signal
Fire ServiceFire Service
SignallingTransmitterSignallingTransmitter
Alarm MonitoringAlarm Monitoring
StationStation
Control for AutomaticControl for Automatic
Fire Protection EquipmentFire Protection Equipment
AutomaticAutomatic
Fire ProtectionFire Protection
EquipmentEquipment
Power Supply EquipmentPower Supply Equipment
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Types of Fire Alarm SystemsTypes of Fire Alarm Systems
in use todayin use today
T f Fi Al S i d2 T f Fi Al S i d
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2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
NonNon--Addressable SystemAddressable System
-- also commonly known asalso commonly known as conventionalconventional
-- fire detectors are wired to the panel in groups known as zonefire detectors are wired to the panel in groups known as zone
-- identification of alarm status by zoneidentification of alarm status by zone
-- fire detectors indicates eitherfire detectors indicates either FireFire oror NormalNormal status onlystatus only
-- system only indicate events but without event recordingsystem only indicate events but without event recordingfeaturefeature
s s
ss
s
s
s
s
s
s
Zone 1 Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 1
Fire
Zone 2
Fire
2 T f Fi Al S t i t d2 T f Fi Al S t i t d
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Typical NonTypical Non--Addressable Fire Alarm SystemAddressable Fire Alarm SystemConfigurationConfiguration
2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
Fire ProtectionFire Protection
System StatusSystem Status
Elevator recallElevator recall
Essential Extract Fans, pressurization fans etcEssential Extract Fans, pressurization fans etc
Release escape doorsRelease escape doors
Release normally open fire doorsRelease normally open fire doors
Public Address system announcementsPublic Address system announcements
Others as requiredOthers as required
AC PowerAC Power
FSFS
FSFS
FSFS
2 Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2 Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
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2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
Addressable SystemAddressable System
-- each fire detector is provided with an addresseach fire detector is provided with an address
-- identification of alarm status by zone and by addressidentification of alarm status by zone and by address
-- fire detectors indicates various condition such as smokefire detectors indicates various condition such as smoke
levellevel
-- indicates and records system eventsindicates and records system events
Zone 1 Zone 2
Zone 2
Zone 1 s s
ss
s
s
s
s
s
s
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 1 FireDetector 4 s
2 Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2 Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
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Typical Addressable Fire Alarm SystemTypical Addressable Fire Alarm System
ConfigurationConfiguration
2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
Elevator recallElevator recall
Essential Extract Fans, pressurization fans etcEssential Extract Fans, pressurization fans etc
Release escape doorsRelease escape doors
Release normally open fire doorsRelease normally open fire doors
Public Address system announcementsPublic Address system announcements
Others as requiredOthers as required
AC PowerAC PowerFSFSFire ProtectionFire Protection
System StatusSystem Status
2 Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2 Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
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2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
Hybrid SystemHybrid System
(conventional + addressable)(conventional + addressable)
-- a combination of features from both addressable anda combination of features from both addressable and
nonnon--addressable systemsaddressable systems
-- either built from a basic conventional system with addeither built from a basic conventional system with add--onon
hardwire addressable featureshardwire addressable features
-- or built from an addressable system with conventional moduleor built from an addressable system with conventional module
-- event recording and alarm management featureevent recording and alarm management feature
2 Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2 Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
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2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
Typical Hybrid Fire Alarm System ConfigurationTypical Hybrid Fire Alarm System Configuration( conventional with hardwire addressable add( conventional with hardwire addressable add--on)on)
RS232 Cable
Colour GraphicsStation
Note BookHand-Held
Printer
Palm PDABuilt-in
Printer
I nt erface Opti ons
Addresslines
Zone
Signal
Conven t iona l devices any reputable manufacturer
HyBrid
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2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
Typical Hybrid Fire Alarm System ConfigurationTypical Hybrid Fire Alarm System Configuration( conventional with hardwire addressable add( conventional with hardwire addressable add--on)on)
FSFS
Fire ProtectionFire Protection
System StatusSystem Status
Elevator recallElevator recall
Essential Extract Fans, pressurization fans etcEssential Extract Fans, pressurization fans etc
Release escape doorsRelease escape doors
Release normally open fire doorsRelease normally open fire doors
Public Address system announcementsPublic Address system announcements
Others as requiredOthers as required
AC PowerAC Power
FSFS
FSFS
2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
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2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today2. Types of Fire Alarm Systems in use today
Typical Hybrid Fire Alarm System ConfigurationTypical Hybrid Fire Alarm System Configuration( addressable with conventional module add( addressable with conventional module add--on)on)
Elevator recallElevator recall
Essential Extract Fans, pressurization fans etcEssential Extract Fans, pressurization fans etc
Release escape doorsRelease escape doors
Release normally open fire doorsRelease normally open fire doorsPublic Address system announcementsPublic Address system announcements
Others as requiredOthers as required
FSFSFire ProtectionFire Protection
System StatusSystem StatusAC PowerAC Power
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MaintenanceMaintenance
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MaintenanceMaintenance
Regular Testing and Inspection
False Alarm Management
Common Maintenance Problems AndTroubleshooting
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Regular Testing and InspectionRegular Testing and InspectionAs per SS : CP10-2005 Requirements
Daily Check
Weekly Test
Monthly Test
Annual Test
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Regular Testing and InspectionRegular Testing and Inspection
Daily Checks- Checks to ensure system is operating normally.- Rectify and record any faults found
Weekly Tests
- Checks to ensure signal to monitoring station are functioning- Check battery and voltage conditions- Rectify and record any faults
Monthly Tests- Simulate fire and fault conditions on all zones- Check that power supply, indicator, alarm outputs etc are operating
correctly- Rectify and record any faults
Yearly Tests- All monthly tests- Test 20 percent of all detectors over as many zones as possible such that all
detectors will be check over a 5 year period- Test interlocking circuits to ancillary equipment- Check and cleaning of dirty detectors- Rectify and record any faults
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INITIALSDATE
COMPLETEDFOLLOWUP ACTIONINITIALSREMARKS
DESCRIPTION OFEVENTS
TIMEDATE
Building Name
Address
Log Record
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False Alarm ManagementFalse Alarm Management
1. false alarm causes disruption to the normal operationof business and create a drain to the fire services
2. responsibility for reducing false alarms rest with
every party involved in
- specification
- design
- installation
- commissioning
- management at the operation level
- maintenance
of the fire alarm system
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False Alarm ManagementFalse Alarm Management
Category of False Alarms
Unwanted Alarms / False Alarm
a. environmental influences
b. fire like phenomena
c. inappropriate action by people in building
d. accidental damage
e. alarms arising out of faulty equipment
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False Alarm ManagementFalse Alarm Management
Common Causes of False Alarms
fumes from cooking process steam from bathrooms, showers etc tobacco smoke dust ( whether built up over time or not)
insects incense, candle high humidity accidental damage (manual call point) aerosol spray
high air velocities water egress testing or maintenance of the system without proper
disablement.
arises from fault in equipment
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False Alarm ManagementFalse Alarm ManagementRecommendations
a. system designer should ensure that that the system design
takes into account of the guidance provided the Code ofPractices
b. installer identifies any circumstances that might lead to a high
rate of false alarm and inform the designer, or useraccordingly
c. at commissioning, checks should be carried out to ensure
there is no obvious potential for an unacceptable level of falsealarms
d. the designer and supplier should jointly provide sufficientinformation to user who may not be familiar with the
technology of the Fire Alarm system.
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False Alarm ManagementFalse Alarm Management
Recommendations contd
e. the user should arrange for suitable investigation and if
appropriate, action to be taken on every occasion that afalse alarm occurs and record the details which shouldinclude the following details :
- date & time- identity and location of device
- category of false alarm
- reason for false alarm (if known)
- activity in the area ( if the reason of false alarm is
unknown)
- action taken
- the person responsible for recording the information
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False Alarm ManagementFalse Alarm ManagementSome Useful Tools to helpSome Useful Tools to help
minimize False Alarmsminimize False Alarms
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False Alarm managementFalse Alarm management
HIGH
1
2
3
4
LOW
Sensitivity Settings
This is a feature normally in both addressable and nonaddressable type Fire Alarm System.
Addressable Adjusted from Panel
Non-Addressable Physical Device Selection
5. Maintenance5. Maintenance
F l Al M tF l Al M t
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20
Alarm retard
state
140 (min)
320 (max)
Alarm confirmation
state
Receipt of
1st alarm
signal
0
Normal
state
Normal
stateTime (s)
Auto r eset
Of 1st alarm
signal
False Alarm ManagementFalse Alarm Management
To reduce the effects of transient environmental conditions whichmay cause various types of detectors to be activated, an automaticfire alarm system may be provided with an alarm verificationfeature, subject to the approval of the relevant authority.
The following components of the fire alarm system shall not besubject to this feature;
a) Alarm Zone facilities containing only manual call points;b) Circuit between sub-alarm panels and the main alarm panels;c) Detectors used to activate fire suppression systems;
d) Detectors installed in high risk areas; ande) Alarm zone circuits from fire suppression systems.
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False Alarm ManagementFalse Alarm Management
Sensor Auto Contamination Adjustments
Autoadjustedalarm level
Rising idlelevel due toContamination
Initialalarmpoint
ANALOGUELEVEL
TIMEMONTHS
Initialidlelevel
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Common Maintenance ProblemsCommon Maintenance Problems
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4 Storey High Atrium that is protected by point typesmoke detectors
Problem:Problem:Detectors cannot be testedDetectors cannot be tested
Faulty detectors cannot be reach for replacementFaulty detectors cannot be reach for replacement
Detector insensitive due to the mounting height exceedingDetector insensitive due to the mounting height exceeding
10metre10metre
Solution :Solution :
Select an alternative detection systemSelect an alternative detection system
Able to comply with the Listed Installation RequirementsAble to comply with the Listed Installation Requirements
Easy to maintain without having to access from the atriumEasy to maintain without having to access from the atriumFloorFloor
Common Maintenance ProblemsCommon Maintenance Problems
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Thank YouThank You
forforyour attentionyour attention