Terrence Madhujith, Ph.D.(Canada), M.Sc. (Canada), B.Sc. [Agric.](SL), MIBiol. (SL)

Professor of Food Science and Technology University of Peradeniya

FT 5111 FOOD SAFETY

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Terrence Madhujith@PGIA, University of Peradeniya

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Participant Profile

IntroductionHazards, Risk , Risk Assessment and Management Natural toxinsAdulterants and contaminants Toxins of marine originToxins of microbial originEnvironmental contaminantsToxic compounds generated during processingSafety of food additives Safety of genetically modified foods Epidemiology of food borne diseasesFood safety, regulations and standardsCurrent topics in food safety

Course Outline

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Mid term examination 30%Assignments 10%Quizzes 10%End term examination 50%

Assessment Criteria

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INTRODUCTION LESSON 1

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To create awareness of the importance of food safety and introduce basic concepts of food toxicology

Lesson Aims

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Food is essential for lifeConsumers are more and more concerned about what they consumeFor healthy life or population adequate food supply is not enoughFood must be safeOver the past few decades many dynamic changes took place

Introduction

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What is the difference between food safety and food security?

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ACTIVITY

IndustrializationUrbanizationChange in food preferencesEnvironmental pollutionBiotechnological advancesAdvances in food processingUse of novel packaging methodsIncreased use of food additivesBioterrorism

Food

Saf e

ty

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Inputs

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Inputs

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What is the most crucial step?

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MAJOR FOOD SAFETY ISSUES IN SRI LANKA

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• Adulterations

• Poor quality raw materials

• Unpermitted additives

•Unpermitted ingredients

•Poor storage and transport

•Improper processing

• Foods unfit for humans

• Poor food service

• Irregularities in imports

•Unregistered processors

•Non compliance

•Expired products

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ADULTERATION

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MILK

WaterUreaSaltSucroseDextroseWheat flourMany unknown substances

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OIL Coconut oil is adulterated with palm oil

Tariff system has a great influence

Some samples had been adulterated with CSO

Most of the oils had been adulterated with palm oil(Buddhika and Madhujith, 2008).

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Edible oils (Soy, sesame, VCO, coconut) collected from the Central province showed that all oils had been adulterated up to 20% with PO (Karunaratne, Weeerasooriya & Madhujith,2015)

Fatty acid distillate resulting from PO fractionation is used

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SPICES AND CONDIMENTS

Chilli powder Turmeric powderPepperCondiments

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KITHUL TREACLE

Kithul (Caryota urens)treacle and products

waterfloursugar

Use of unpermitted substances to increase sap yield (Seneviratne, 2014)

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USE OF RAW MATERIALS OF POOR QUALITY

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40% of agricultural produce goes wasted daily in Dambulla EC (Dasanayake, 2016). Most of the low end restaurants depend on poor quality raw materials to keep a high profit margins

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Collection of scrap vegetables from dump yards Use of leftovers Repeated use of oils used for frying Roadside wadei makers use the same oil nearly 40 frying cycles in a day (Jayawardhana and Madhujith, 2013)Organized groups collect and distribute used oils

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RiceSpices and condimentsDried fishFruits and vegetablesFish MeatOilsFlourSugar

Photo credit: gettyimages

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USE OF UNPERMITTED ADDITIVES

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H2O2 in milk

Colorants not recommended for food usericesweetsstreet foodssnacks (bites: flour based, nuts)RTScordialsgreen peas

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CONTAMINATION WITH MYCOTOXINS

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Major mycotoxins reported in Sri LankaAflatoxin B1, B2,G1,G2, M1 and M2Ochratoxin AFumonisin

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CornCopraDCCoconut oilCoconut cake [coconut poonac]PeanutRiceSpicesMilk

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Mycotoxins in Sri Lankan Chilli Aflatoxins LOQ – 687 ppbOTA LOQ – 282 ppbSterigmatocystin LOQ – 32 ppbFumonisin B2 LOQ – 87 ppbCitrinin LOQ – 2.1 ppb

77% of samples were contaminated with AFB141% of samples were contaminated with OTA38% with STERIG (Yogendrarajah et al., 2014).

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87% of samples were contaminated with at least one2/3rd of samples were contaminated with >3 mycotoxins 67% of samples exceeded the EU-MLEU-ML – AFB1 5 ppb and TAFL 10 ppb [2010]Flaked and ground samples were the most contaminated

Co-occurrence AFB1 – OTA – 36%AFB1 – STERIG – 28%OTA-AFB1 – STERIG – 17%AFB1 – FB2 - 14% (Yogendrarajah et al., 2014).

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Presence of AF M1 is a looming food safety issue in Sri LankaThe effect of concentrates is significantAflatoxin binders are used in animal feedHowever, the presence of AF M1 is confirmed

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USE OF FEED AND FOOD UNFIT FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

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With high coconut prices some eatery operators tend to use coconut poonac for rotti and other products

Waste tea production usingTea fiber mixed with dolomite

Use of expired flour, rice, sugarLentils, spices and condiments

Common during festive seasons

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CONTAMINATION WITH TOXINS

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Spray dried milk powder imported from New Zealand was suspected to be tainted with DCD

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Melamine tainted milkPalm oil stored in plastic barrels used for poisonous materials PAH from environment and during processing and preparation Foods stored with chemicals, agrochemicals, detergents, sanitizersImproper use of carbide

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CONTAMINATION WITH PESTICIDES

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Upcountry farmers apply more agrochemicals than required – Local News cites an HARTI report - 2012

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Haphazard Uses of Pesticides OveruseUnintended useUse at high frequency than requiredMixing with other pesticides and non-pesticide compoundsNon compliance with recommended PHIUse of delisted pesticidesSmuggling

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AI MoA Classification

Active Against PHI

Thiamethoxam 4A Aphids, Thrips, Whitefly

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Imidacloprid 4A Plant hopper, Aphids, Thrips, Whitefly

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Carbosulfan 1A Bean fly, Aphids, Thrips, Whitefly, Mealybug

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Profenofos 1B Gall fly 14

Diazianon 1B Caterpillars, Bean fly 14

Fipronil 2B Aphids, Thrips, Whitefly

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Abamectin 6 Aphids, Thrips, Whitefly

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MOSTLY USED INSECTICIDES FOR VEGETABLES IN SRI LANKA

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Insecticides are heavily used forCauliflowerCabbage Brinjal Tomato

Average PHI is two weeks

High risk is involved when the pest attack is on the harvestable part

It is practically difficult to be compliant with PHI when frequently harvested e.g. okra, tomato

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Prohibited Uses of PesticidesUse of DDT and malathion to control storage pests in

lentilsmung beanpeas etc.

Use of glyphosate for cassava, Nelumbium Use of pesticides for vegetables following harvestingRepeated and overuse of fumigants

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HAPHAZARD USE OF INORGANIC FERTILIZER

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Quantity of fertilizer applied in selected countries in 2010

COUNTRY QUANTITY APPLIED/YEAR * ha (Kg)

France 150

The UK 251

The Netherlands 283

Canada 66

Australia 46

Sweden 82

Russia 16

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COUNTRY QUANTITY APPLIED/YEAR * ha (Kg)

Nepal 23

India 178

Vietnam 310

Sri Lanka 230

Philippines 150

Pakistan 217

Maldives 4

Nepal 23

Thailand 162

China 548

South Africa 53

Source: FAO Statistics 2010

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Quality of fertilizer

Quality of fertilizer imported is questionableMany impurities such as As, Cd, PbWhen added in high quantities the impurities too leach down to ground water table/water bodies Well and tank water is contaminated with Mg, Cl- and Pb in Ulagalla cascade (Wanasinghe et al., 2017)Kulathilaka et al. (2016).

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INAPPROPRIATE PROCESSING AND HANDLING

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Many small and micro level food processorsSome are even not registered with the local authorityMajor issues

lack of technical knowhow lack of adequate spacenon availability of a perennial water supplypoor waste managementpoor pest controlnon compliance with standardslack on knowledge in FSMSdifficult to monitor

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SweetsBaked goodsRTSJamDairy productsPicklesFlour based snacksDried fishPackaging and distribution of dates, lentils, sago, sultana – many are Colombo based

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Major Issues Identified Use of non-recommended additivesUse of non-intended ingredientsUse of expired foods/ingredientsInsanitary processing facilitiesNon adoption of sanitation programsPoor personal hygieneUse of unclean and unsafe packages

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STATUS OF FOOD SERVICE SECTOR

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Classification of restaurant and eateries is in placeHowever, many are insensitive to the quality of serviceCost of quality is passed onto the consumerA significant proportion of eateries is not up to standards

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Major Issues Identified Located in close proximity of busy roads Poor waste management Poor pest control Highly congested with very limited space No adequate sanitary facilities Management is not sensitive to quality Lack of awareness poor quality utensils, equipment, coolers Lead to high incidences of food borne diseases

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RADIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

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Few consignments of canned fish imported from China in 2012-2013 were positive for radioactive materialsAAA of Sri Lanka checks all food items importedHowever, some irregularities existNuclear waste?

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How to Safeguard our food?

Attitude development

Enforcement of law – penalties

Strict regulations

Frequent checks

Development of quick/inexpensive testing methods

Exploring safe alternative methods

International collaboration

Food safety network

Consumer awareness

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The End

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Some images do not belong to me and they have been obtained from online sources for education purpose only. The slides are distributed among the students enrolled for

FT5111 Food Safety at PGIA, University of Peradeniya. Further distribution is not permitted.