fuel e ciency enhancement using water injection system in single … · fuel e ciency enhancement...

Fuel Efficiency Enhancement usingWater Injection System in Single

Cylinder Petrol Engine

A.Ponshanmugakumar1, B.Karthikeyan1,Mohiadeen V S1, S.Logesh1

1Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology, [email protected]

May 29, 2018

Abstract

This paper describes an exploration of water injection atthe consumption port of a spark ignition inner combustionengine. The setup consisted of one cylinder petrol enginewith electronic port gas injection. The fuel injection systemwas controlled via an Electronic Management Unit (EMU).The European allows bigger management on the engine bygiving the potential of changing varied engine parametersfor the length of operation. Those parameters blanketedfuel mapping for ratio and spark improve for optimum tor-sion. The water injector was physically put in next to thepetrol injector at the consumption port. Such an explo-ration in addition needed the simplest way to manipulatethe quantity of water injected and supercharging the engineto require a glance at the impact of water injection at im-proved intake pressures

Key Words:Electronic Management Unit, Water In-jection, Stoichiometry, Engine cooling etc

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International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 118 No. 24 2018ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

1 INTRODUCTION

Water injection at the consumption dates lower back to the 1930s,during which engine makers had to search out a couple of kind ofknock suppression for craft engines at excessive electricity. Capturethe knock suppression problem allowed the usage of superchargersat excessive altitudes for craft engines. Supercharging associate en-gine may be a technique of extracting additional energy from theengine. Higher pressures at the consumption allow additional airand gas mixture to flow into the engine cylinder. Larger mixturewithin the cylinder ends up in a much better volumetrically potencyand better force evolved by means that of the engine. Supercharg-ing obviously will increase the pressures and temperatures at somepurpose of combustion and measures for economical cooling andknock suppression should be effectively taken.

2 LITERATURE SURVEY

Water Injection has been in use in craft engines as the simplest wayof internal cooling from the first twentieth century. Such mixturebecomes referred to as opposing detonated fuel injection systemor ADI. Their take a look at was done at immense open throttle.Engelman and White showed that for a similar temperature limit,water injection allowed a lot of power to be extracted from the en-gine in terms of brake horse power. In each different medical paper,Lanzafame mentioned however water may be used effectively eachas an inner fluid, and what is more to suppress knock.

He additionally mentioned that water injection may be a nego-tiate simpler in supercharged or turbocharged engines as a resultof the water injected would possibly vaporize at some stage withinthe compression stroke, so as that the cooling impact can allow alot of air and thus additional energy. In naturally aspirated condi-tions, water vaporization can begin at some purpose of combustionLanzafame 1999.From the findings of Hollabaugh6, the in-cylinderpressures indicates that sound was suppressed with the employmentof water injection. Le-Zhong found that engine indicated work andthermal potency distended with water injection. The boom of thetemperature of water being injected resulted in higher height in-

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

cylinder pressure and improves MEP. The upgrades had been largerat higher engine a whole bunch Fu 20144.An thrilling analysis withthe help of Brun et al1 is that the water injection during a localizedspot wherever the untimely detonation is most in all probability tooccur, that of the additionally stop of the frame front.

The angle at that the water got to be injected in comparableconditions is incredibly crucial .Studying the impact of water injec-tion during a spark ignition engine with specific fuel grades statesthat no impact of water on energy or s.f.c. was seen. Regardingspark boost, water injection during this distinctive method allowedthe spark to be superior while not sound in analysis to it of nowater injection. Or else, the water cools the in-cylinder temper-ature so the self ignition temperature isn’t reached. The authorsall over that water handiest failed to contribute to strength outputas a good deal as water-alcohol injection as additionally explicit byexploitation Rowe and Ladd. Water injection is likewise A powerfulmethod reduce Nox emissions.

As mentioned earlier, reviews Nox born by exploitation five hun-dredth once water became injected. In another medical paper withthe help of D M Hollabaugh6, he mentioned that Nox formationmay be a characteristic of peak in-cylinder temperatures within thecourse of combustion and gas to air mixture that’s the lot of gas isto be had the higher for Nox formation. In spite of alcohol-waterinjection with a twenty find the solution, Nox reduced considerably.However there has been a rise in hydrocarbons.

A. Specification of Four Stroke Petrol Engine• Type : Four strokes• Brand : Hero Honda• Cooling System : Air Cooled• Bore/Stroke : 50 x 50 mm• Piston Displacement : 98.2 cc• Compression Ratio : 6.6: 1• Maximum Torque : 0.98 kgm at 5,500RPM

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Fig.1. Engine Assembly

Fig.2. Fuel Tank

B. TIMER and Management UnitHere the 555 IC has been used as a multi vibrator. The output ofIC 555 is fed to the input pin (pin no 14) of CD 4017 maintainsenumeration. The output of the IC becomes to be had at pin Nos.3, 2 and four. The output pulse of someone of output pin triggers(puts ON) the Triac and with-it starts flowing throughout the loadconnected. This method keeps on completely different pins at dif-ferent time intervals and also the cycle continues. The frequencycomputer programmed language amount (Time) of the cycle is also

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adjusted by exploitation the pre-set look coupled to pin six of 555Timer IC.

C. IC 555 TimersThe IC SE / NE 555 monolithic circuit is a huge robust controllerready to generate correct time delays or oscillations. Extra termi-nals are provided for triggering or resetting if most popular. withinthe temporal order operations, the time is strictly managed withthe help of 1 outside electrical device and a electrical condenser, bythe operation as A generator, the unfastened going for walks fre-quency and also the obligation cycle are every fittingly contributedwith the surface RC constants.D. IC 555 SpecificationsSupply Voltage (Vcc) : 4.5 to 15V Supply Current (Vcc=5V/2) : 3to 6mA Supply Current (Vcc=25V/2) : 10 to 15mA Output Cur-rent : 200mA (maximum) Power dissipation : 600mw Operatingtemperature : 0-70 degree Celsius.

Fig.3. IC555 Timer kit

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Fig.4. Working Setup

3 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The controlled water is given to enter deliver of this petrol injector.The 12-volt pump is employed to suck the water from the storagetank and is given to the fuel injector. The fuel injector is con-trolled by means that of the manage unit. The gas fuel and air isprovided from the mechanical device already employed in the gasengine. The 12v power deliver is given to the fuel injector coil viamanage unit. The coil gets energized to open the nozzle hole, sothe controlled water sprayed with the help of the injector nozzleFarrugia3. Engine power production, called brake mean effectivepressure (BMEP), is measured through taking the common power-ful stress of the cylinders as they progress via intake, compression,ignition, and exhaust strokes. Additional strength comes as a re-sult of additional pressure; however a far better temperature amongthe cylinder accompanies further strain. These higher temperaturesmay result in detonation, remarked as engine knock, or pre-ignition,each of which could be instances whereby the gasoline-air combi-nation burns in an unwanted manner and might be unfavorable toan engine. To combat knock and pre-ignition as electricity can in-crease, a richer air-to-gas quantitative relation is generally needed.If the addition of larger fuel doesnt supply enough knock protec-tion, then a higher-octane fuel, that is a lot of proof against knockand pre-ignition, is also used. However, once the knock restrictionof a better-octane fuel is reached, that’s whereby a water injectiondevice offers a beautiful selection.

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4 TESTING RESULT AND DISCUS-

SION

A. Specific Fuel ConsumptionFig-5 indicates the precise fuel intake growth by the rise in load.Through increase the water flow fee 10ml/min, 20ml/min, 30ml/minspecific gas consumption increase for at load scenario. Concentra-tion of water increase precise fuel consumption. However, fromtable-1 it shows that SFC is that the high-quality in 9ml/min thatis sort of concerning gas with normal air deliver.

B. Brake Thermal EfficiencyBrake thermal potency may be a charge of brake energy to thecalorific fee of the fuel. Fig 6 suggests brake thermal performancereduced with raised load. As water go together with the flow ratesincrease brake thermal performance slashed.

C. Mechanical EfficiencyMechanical efficiency is that the rate of brake strength to show theenergy of the engine. Fig 7 clears that mechanical performance ishigh at 30 ml/min compare to 16 ml/min water.

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Fig.5. Specific Fuel Consumption vs Load

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Fig.6. Brake Thermal Efficiency vs Load

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Fig.7. Mechanical Efficiency vs load

Fig.8. NOx vs Load

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The comparison from G. A. Rao et al7 of Nox formation in cylinderat one to 8 kg load conditions for various water flow rates10ml/min,20ml/min and 30ml/min, tested is given in fig-8. As is seen from thetable-2 water injected caused to decrease Nox emissions. The Noxemission decreases in any respect engine hundreds with increase inwater rate of flow. The minimum Nox is 45 ppm at1 kilo load with30ml/min

5 CONCLUSION

• Brake thermal potency is minimum at 30ml/min water driftcharge. At the 30ml/min water goes along with the rate of flow of-fers lower brake thermal efficiency measure to10ml/min and 20ml/min.• From the graph it’s finished that mechanical efficiency at 30ml/minprovide higher outcome at excessive load (8kg) however at a lowerfee of water deliver mechanical efficiency is bigger lower.• It’s miles clean from the higher than result that water withinthe form of a superb spray droplets exerts tremendous effects onexhaust emission specific to Nox.• The mixed impact of fascinating heat advanced via fuel through-out combustion and elevated partial pressure of chemical elementputs down the combustion temperature and thus it assists to de-crease formation of Nox.• As will be visible from higher than dialogue increase in water rategive a larger Nox reduction in any respect load things.

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References

Brun, R. J., Olsen, H. L. and Miller, C. D. End-Zone WaterInjection as a means of suppressing knock in a spark-ignitionengine. Restricted Bulletin No. E4127. Aircraft Engine Re-search Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio. 1944Engelman, H. W. and White, H. J. Use of Water Injectionto Decrease Gasoline Consumption in an Aircraft Enginecruising at High Power, RB No.: E4H12, Aircraft EngineResearch Laboratory, Cleveland, Ohio, 1944Farrugia, M. Engine Mapping for Performance, SCIENCEJOURNAL Course Notes, 2012. 590.Fu, L-Z., Wu, Z., Li, L., Yu, X. Effects of water injectiontemperature on combustion and emission characteristics ofinternal combustion Rankine Cycle engine In: SAE Tech-nical Papers, SAE 2014 International Powertrain, Fuels &Lubricants Meeting. Paper No.: 2014-01-2600. DOI No.:10.4271/2014-01-2600Heywood, J. E. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals.Singapore. McGraw-Hill Education. 1989. 0071004998Hollabaugh, D. M. The Effects of Water Injection on NitrogenOxides in Automotive Exhaust Gas EPA-AA-TEB 66-1.Project B-1-7-2 In House Report 1966G. A. Rao, A. V. S. Raju, K. Govinda Rajulu, C. V. MohanRao RAO. Performance Evaluation of a Dual Fuel Engine(Diesel + LPG). Indian Journal of Science and Technology,[S.l.], March 2010, Volume 3, Issue 3,p. 235-237

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