fukushima up-date
TRANSCRIPT
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Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.
Tokyo Tech and Hitachi Nuclear Engineering Course in Malaysia (4th Term)
- Core Design and Plant Dynamics -
L1, Fukushima Ex-NPS up-date
September 22, First Period
Yoshiaki Himeno
Tokyo Institute of Technology
1
40 pages including cover
sheet and glossary
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Copyright 2014 Tokyo Institute of Technology All Rights Reserved.Tokyo Tech and Hitachi Nuclear Engineering Course in Malaysia (4th Term)2
1. Accident, Quick Review
2. Ex-NPS Contamination3. Environment Remediation4. Post accident Safety grade-up for
the safest
Contents
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Rare cases where natural disasters threatened
reactor safetyFukushima Daiichi NPS, Japan,
Great tsunami, Severe Accident, March, 2011
Fort Calhoun NPS, USA,
Food but no accident, June 2011
Blayais NPS, France
Flood, 36 hours off-site power loss, December, 1999
3
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Among many, only Fukushima Daiichi NPS
suffered deep flooding
NISA, March 31, 2011
4
Onagawa: 14.8m / 13m
Fukushima#1: 10m / 15m
Tokai No2: 8m / 5.4m
NPS: site elevation / tsunami height
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nuclear reaction:stopped as
designed
loss of emergency power
diesels & battery disabled by flooding
loss of ultimate heat sink:
seawater pumps disabled
loss of off site
power, 4 lines
lost
Great earthquake and tsunami brought SBO & LOHS
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5 days after 3.11
No.1 NPP
14 hrs of no water supply
No.2 & No.3 NPPs
About6 hrs of no water supply
TEPCO, Oct. 11, 2011.
No.1 NPP No.3 NPP
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1. 6hrs, 3km, 5,800
2. 1hrs, 10km, 5,100
3. 3hrs, 20km, 177,500
95hrs
Completed
1.E-021.E-011.E+001.E+011.E+02
1.E+031.E+041.E+05
3/11 3/12 3/13 3/14 3/15 3/16 3/17
11:00, 3/15, 1F1
20
30km,Ordered to stay in house
Sv/h
Site
bou
ndary
radiation
level
To date, no health effects in any person as a result of radiation exposure.
Water
injection
by fire
engines
7
Made from TEPCO
released data of
3/28/2011, Y.Himeno.
Time, distance,number of evacuees
Evacuation during 4-NPP accidents
vent
H2 explosion
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1. Accident, Quick Review
2. Ex-NPS Contamination3. Environment Remediation4. Post accident Safety grade-up for
the safest
Contents
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Land contamination-1
Precipitated along with Oou Mountains, Iitomi
Mountains, Echigo Mountains, Shimotuke
Mountains and Kantou Mountains
CsI and CsOH
are 9 times and 5
times heavier,
respectively,than air, so they
tend to stay near
surface.JAEAs Activities toward Environmental
Remediation in Fukushima, January 29th,
2013, by JAEA
Cs-134 & Cs-137 MEXT and JAEA, Feb. 10, 2012.
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Land contamination-2
JAEAs Activities toward Environmental Remediation in Fukushima,
January 29th, 2013, by JAEA
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
release,
104
Tera
Bq
Historical largerelease accidents
prepared from Windscale Accident 10 October 1957.John
Ainslie, Atomica, Chernobyl OECD/NEA 2002 Review,
JAEA-INS. NISA H23.4.12, et al.
Fkshm
Chernobyl
Fukushima
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Fukushima vs Chernobyl
Executive summary, assessment of radiological and health impact, 2002 update of Chernobyl, OECD/NEA. Health impact,
Chernobyl accident, Appendix, World Nuclear Assoc. Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl Accident and their remediation,
20 yrs of experience, UN Chernobyl Expert Group, Aug. 2005.
Fkshm Chrnbyl
Time of
large FP
release
10 days by
graphite fire.
No CV
Evacuation Started quickly. Started after
3 days
weather Snow Clear
Environ.
Radiation
monitoring
Systematically
conducted
unknown
Food
limitationImmediately Continued
drinking milk
for >3 days
Core opened
Core covered
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Residents exposure : Fukushima & Chernobyl
Chernobyl: Ten Years On, OECD/NA, 1996. Chernobyl, Health
Impact, WNA, Nov. 2009. Chernobyl, 2002 update, Ten Years
On, OECD/NEA. Kenmin Kenkou Chousa-shiryou, Fukushima-Pre.,
in Japanese H24.4.21. from those prepared by Y.Himeno,.
Chernobyl
1Infant thyroid (0-7 years old) : About 4,000
thyroid cancers. 15 death.
2External exposure: 3,000 people exposed
10,000 mSv.
3External exposure of people for 20 years inthe specially controlled areas.
4: External exposure of people for 20 years in
the contaminated areas.
Due to unaware of the accident for 3 days,
children stayed outside and infants
continued to drink contaminated milk.Fukushima
A: External exposure
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Cs137 is becoming dominant contributor to
every contaminations
Calculated based on the measured data by Hiroshima
Univ., Kyoto Univ. and Nihon Univ., on March 28, 2011.
I1318d, Cs1342y,
and Cs13730yCs134and Cs137
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Cs-137 transfer from soil to rice
Concentration in soil1
Concentration in white rice
1/1,000
rice is not easily contaminated
After 3.11, the government
prohibited planting of ricein the highly contaminated
areas on April 29, 2011.Japan has a long history of research
on radioactive contamination of rice
and wheat since 1960s.
Transfer and distribution of radioactive materials in
agricultural products, in Japanese, H. Tsukuba, Institute for
Environmental Sciences Japan, April 4, 2012
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Historical land contamination and
contaminations of rice and wheat
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
1.0E+04
1.0E+05
1955 1975 1995 2015
National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Japan, 2011.
Data of rice are from Pacific Coast Regions. Data of wheat are
average ones across Japan. Fukushima data are at Tsukuba.
Meteorological Research Institute , Japan, Dec. 2011.
Data presented are at Tokyo and Tsukuba.
Fukushima data are at Tsukuba and are tentative.
1Bq/kg=50Bq/m2
Fukushima
Chernobyl
rice ,
mBq/kg
Wheat,
mBq/kg Not exceeded the
past maximum .
Fukushimas
highly
contaminated
area: rice, 540-
1540 Bq/kg .
Tsukuba-Fukushima:
200 km
Historical Cs137on land Cs137in white rice and white wheat
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Will Cs-137 in contaminated soil be washed out by rain?
If so, farming lands and residential areas will be re-
contaminated by water from forests and mountains.
Doesnt Cs-137 in contaminated soil move toward deep in land?If so, underground water for drinking and for farmers will be
soon in danger.
To give those answers : experimental studies by many institutes
Conclusions
1. Cs-137 is quickly and tightly combined with soil.
2. Cs-137 doesnt move toward deep in land.
The 4thquestion
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Cs137contents in land surface before 3.11
- stayed within 20cm depth for more than 35 years or more -
nuclear tests in
atmosphere
between 1945-1996is 528:
US:215, USSR:
219, UK: 21,
France:50,
China:23.From Atomica.
Mongolia,
dry soil,
in 2003
Cs137: 1Bq =
3x10-13g,
Tsukuba,
forest,
in 1999
Aomori,
Uncultivated land,
in 2003
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Why Cs is strongly combined with
clay soil of granite main component?
0 100 200
2m
220m
20200m200
Absorbed Cs in soilkBq/kg
Particle
size
of
soil
Negatively charged soil absorbs
cation. Soil absorbs Cs+more
strongly than K+and NH3+ .
Decontamination of firming land, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry
and Fisheries of Japan, Nov. 2011., K. Ishii, Regular Mtg of Atomic
Energy Commission, Japan, Sept. 6, 2011., Cs behavior in Soil,
Japan Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2011.
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Contents of radioactive material in
food and their regulatory limits
Radioactive materials in foods and their influence to our health, inJapanese, Food Safety Commission of Japan, Jan. 2012.
New regulatory limits of radioactive material contents in foods, in
Japanese, Effective from Apr. 1, 2012, Ministry of Health, labor and welfare.
tested by local governments. Also self-
imposed tested by producers and sellers.
Before 3.11
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Cs137in agricultural products across
East Japan after 8 months from 3.11
After 2
years
Cs-137 in
all
agricultural
products
came down
within the
regulatory
limit.
prepared from Radioactive materials contained in foods, in Japanese, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Feb.2012.
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1. Accident, Quick Review
2. Ex-NPS Contamination3. Environment Remediation4. Post accident Safety grade-up for
the safest
Contents
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First thing to do was to find out
decontamination methods for wide areas
from Cabinet Office, Ministry of Environment,
JAEA
Before 3.11: we had a lot of laboratory
and plant scale decontamination
experience.
After 3.11: decontamination for wide
open field are urgently needed.
Called for candidate technology from
industries, academia, and governmentsectors across the country. Then, those
selected were subjected to the
demonstration test named Pilot Project,
Nov. 2011- Mar. 2012.
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Government policy for those decontaminations
Principles set by ICRP Who is responsible for
decontamination?
100
mSv/y
Emergency situation:
Need emergency measures
To reduce
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Children first
top priority was decontamination of school
From Results of model demonstration test of decontamination,in Japanese, Cabinet Office, Ministry of Environment and JAEA,
March 26, 2012. Totani, JAEA, October 16, 2011
The most of Cs: within
5cm from the land surface
Many volunteers having
experience gathered &
helped those activities.
Cs reduction rate:
8095
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Decontamination of
road & farming land(Total area of contaminatedfirming land in Fukushima) =
22(area within TokyoYamanote Line)
From Cabinet Office, Ministry of Environment and JAEA,
March 26, 2012. Totani, JAEA, October 16, 2011
Farming land
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Decontamination of forest
From Forestry Agency, April, 2012.
Decontamination:remove leaves and litter,
prevention of surface soil
loss.
Cs flow from forest to farming land& residential area was a big threat.
Fortunately, monitoring showed Cs-
137 loss from forest was 0-0.5%.
leaves
litter
Evergreen:Cs137
continued
stay on
leaves
JAEA, 2014.
Could
be long
term
source
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After the pilot project,
decontamination expanded & accelerated
JAEAs Activities toward Environmental Remediation in
Fukushima, January 29th, 2013, by JAEA
Quick & Easy find out hot-spot by -ray
camera,
by Fukushima-Pref. & Ministr y of
Environment
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Decontamination:
current status as of October 2014
Summary of Pilot Project
reduced
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1. Accident, Quick Review
2. Ex-NPS Contamination3. Environment Remediation4. Post accident Safety grade-up for
the safest
Contents
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Sequence of Fukushima accident
and lesson learned
anti-Tsunami measures
protected off-site & on-site power as well as
core cooling system to avoid core damage
System to prevent CV over-pressure in
order to prevent CV failure
System to reduce FPs releases into air
Nuclear Regulatory Authority of Japan, 2013
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New regulatory requirements
Nuclear Regulatory Authority of Japan, 2013
Political decision:
Make regulatory body independent
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Example of reinforced or newly
introduced safety measuresPreparedness for beyond DBA: L-4
& L-5 events; in defense in depth
becomes mandatory.
In the past, those were voluntarily
carried out by the plant owners.
Raise
embankment
Water proof
Alternative
onsite AC
power (powervehicle)
Protect pump
against flooding
Nuclear Regulatory Authority of Japan, 2013
To prevent SBO, LOHS
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Example of newly introduced measures
to prevent core damage
Protected off-site power
supply (redundant,
diversity, robustness, ).
Protected Ultimate Heat
Sink (protected seawater
pump,
).
Nuclear Regulatory Authority of Japan, 2013
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Example of newly installed measures to
prepare for severe accident
Spray to depressurize CV
& reduce FPs releases
To reduce
released FPs
into the
environment
Water injection
system to preventthermal failure of
CV by molten core
Nuclear Regulatory Authority ofJapan, 2013
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M9 earthquake of 3.11
validated seismic designOnagawa NPS, i.e., closest to the epicenter, experienced
the strongest ground shaking of any plants affected by the
M9 earthquake of 3.11and some flooding from the tsunami.
IAEA sent a team of experts to the 3-units Onagawa NPSafter the 3.11 on March 11, 2011.
They concluded the impact of the earthquake on the NPS
"remarkably undamaged".
Tokai No.2 was also in safe. (IAEA,Aug.10,2012)
Validated the seismic design of NPP.
NRA is further reevaluating the site specific design
basis earthquake and corresponding tsunami.Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters ,
Government of Japan, June, 2011.
Onagawa- :130km,
Fukushima-200km,
Tokai- 240km.
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NPPs applied for relicense, as of April, 2014
Tomari #1, #2, #3
Application accepted July 2013.
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa #6, #7
Application accepted Sept. 2013
Hamaoka #4
Application accepted Feb. 2014
Ohi #3, #4
Application accepted July 2013.
Shimane #2
Application accepted Dec. 2013.
Genkai #3, #4Application accepted July 2013.
Higashidori #2
Application accepted Dec. 2013.
Onagawa #2
Application accepted Dec. 2013.
Tokai #2
Application accepted May 2014.
Takahama #3, #4
Application accepted July 2013.
Ikata #3
Application accepted July 2013.
Sendai #1, #2Application accepted July 2013.
Preliminary approval: July 2014
Applied NPPs: 33% of total installed NPP
capacity of 46GWe in Japan
Sendais next stage: construction permit,
30-day technical public comment, &
regional approvals.
NRA,2014
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Thank you for your attention
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Glossary
40
ATWS: anticipated transient without
scrum BDBD: beyond design basis accident
CD: control rod
CV: containment vessel
DBA: design basis accident
DBEQ: design basis earthquake DBT: design basis tsunami
ECCS: Emergency Core Cooling
System
FA: fuel assembly
FPs: fission products LOCA: loss of coolant accident
LOHS: loss of heat sink accident
NPP: nuclear power plant
NPS: nuclear power station
NRA: Nuclear Regulatory Agency,
Japan SA: severe accident
3.11: Great East Japan Earthquake on
March 11, 2011.
SBO: station blackout, i.e., loss of
both off-site and on-site power
TMI: Three Mile Island NPP, USA,
that went into core melt accident
Ural Accident: Hydrogen explosion of
high level radioactive storage tank in
reprocessing plant in Ural, the former
Soviet Union. Windscale: British air cooled graphite
moderated small military reactor that
went into fuel melt accident.