full-proposal sugar aa-abf cdr lll&ce-vs2€¦ · 3" boku continuing education & life...

$: Full-proposal Sugar AA-ABF CDR LLL&CE-vs2€¦ · 3" BOKU Continuing Education & Life Long Learning problems"suchas"soil"degradationanderosionproblems."Composting"of"the"biogenous"fraction"of$
1

BOKU Continuing Education & Life Long Learning

Project description submitted to BOKU CO2 carbon offset system

Title: Sustainable Landfill Gas Emission Reduction in Addis Ababa

Acronym: SUGAR AA

Planned project start: Autumn 2015

Duration: 2015 – 2018, three years

Coordinating organisation: University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU)

Head of coordinating organisation: Rector Prof. Dr. Martin Gerzabek

Postal address: Gregor Mendel Straße 33, 1180 Vienna, Austria

(1) Responsible scientific unit at BOKU: Centre for Development Research (CDR)

Head: Dr. Michael Hauser

Postal address: Peter Jordan Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna

Project coordinator: DI Florian A. Peloschek, CDR, [email protected]

Partner units at BOKU:

(2) Institute for Waste Management (ABF-‐BOKU)

Head: Prof. Dr. Marion Huber-‐Humer

Postal address: Muthgasse 107/III, 1190 Vienna

Contact person: DI Roland Ramusch (né Linzner), [email protected]

(3) Lifelong Learning and Continuing Education (LLL & CE)

Head: Mag. Christina Paulus

Postal address: Augasse 2-‐6, 1090 Vienna

Contact person: Marion Ramusch, [email protected]

(4) DI Waltenegus Wegayehu, external partner in Ethiopia

Contact: [email protected]

(5) Client: BOKU Carbon offset system, represented by Centre for Global Change and Sustainability (CGSC)

Contact person: Dr. Thomas Lindenthal, [email protected]; Mag. Dominik Schmitz, [email protected]

2


A. Project design and substantive quality 1. Objectives -‐ project idea and intervention logic

Innovative greenhouse gas reduction can be achieved with different approaches. In the following initiative, the focus is put on prevention of methane emissions due to adequate collection and recycling of biogenous solid waste in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To achieve a sustainable prevention of the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) due to continuation of adequate source separated collection and composting of solid biogenous waste in AA, the project empowers vulnerable target groups (waste collectors, single mothers to be employed at the compost site) through trainings, job creation and via provision of “soft” measures (e.g. creating a bank account, develop skills in entrepreneurship and marketing, frequent medical checks etc.) to become more resilient in their activities. Building on results achieved in previous projects this initiative strengthens the existing partnerships and establishes linkages between appropriate solid waste management and urban agriculture to enhance food security and health in AA. Main objectives are:

• Provide multi-‐stakeholder training and capacity development in source-‐separated collection of biogenous wastes, compost production and application in urban agriculture and small-‐scale farming;

• Scaling-‐up of best practices for composting to other sub-‐cities of AA and recording the amount of compost produced on different sites for compensation of CO2 equivalents;

• Scientific backstopping by BOKU experts will feed into research and teaching activities.

2. Rationale

a. Background information

The composition of the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream in low-‐income countries is characterised by a high content of biogenous waste (up to 75 % of MSW). On the one hand, the biodegradable fraction represents a resource when used as animal feed or fertiliser. On the other hand, in the course of ongoing urbanisation and changing living conditions, biogenous waste has lost its link to the traditional reuse practices employed in rural agriculture. Rather, the inappropriate management of waste leads to environmental problems especially in the fast-‐growing cities of the developing world. Biogenous waste forwarded directly to dumps or landfills that are not the state of the art may pollute water bodies and is often the underlying cause of hygienic problems. Also, the anaerobic conditions in dumps cause the generation of methane – improper waste management still causes one of the highest shares of anthropogenic methane emissions.

One of the challenges of rapid urbanisation is how to make sufficient food available on a sustainable basis for the increasing urban population. Very high population growth rates in African cities are the reason for widening the spatial gap between the production and consumption of food. The increase in urban food demand leads to intensive food production systems in and around cities (peri-‐urban agriculture) requiring a large amount of inputs, including plant nutrients. Once the food is consumed or processed in the city, related market and household waste contributes to urban pollution as large amounts of nutrients are simply wasted (Drechsel et al., 2001). The continuous nutrient flow is combined with problems at both ends of the chain: nutrient mining in rural areas and pollution where nutrients accumulate (Drechsel et al., 1999).

The possibility of converting urban wastes or a substantial portion of these into organic fertilisers is an adequate way of closing the nutrient cycle as it occurs in nature. If the nutrients are not recirculated, this leads to a lack of nutrients and humus in the affected soils, as well as to related

3


problems such as soil degradation and erosion problems. Composting of the biogenous fraction of waste and the subsequent application of compost in urban agriculture was therefore considered to be a solution in the course of development cooperation projects. However, several efforts made in promoting composting technology turned out to be nonviable due to different reasons (Linzner & Wassermann, 2006).

In Addis Ababa (AA), the capital of Ethiopia, solid waste is one of the top priority problems. The waste management situation in AA can be characterised by inadequate collection service coverage, limited recycling activities, inadequate landfill disposal and inadequate or no management of hazardous and healthcare waste. A large portion of waste is dumped illegally on the streets, riversides, and public areas and burnt in the streets and backyards due to lacking knowledge toward waste and its value. The only landfill in AA has reached its limit and cannot be characterised as engineered, sanitary landfill but more as a dumpsite. All these practices lead to the contamination of air, soil and water bodies, the spreading of vermin and, therefore, pose a huge risk for human health and the environment.

Also, still limited information is available on the waste quantity generated and its impact. The estimated 200,000 t per year of municipal solid waste collected consists of approx. 60 -‐ 80 % organic (biodegradable) material (Tessema, 2010) and can be used as input material into an aerobic degradation process (composting). Converting urban biogenous wastes into fertiliser (compost) is an adequate way of closing the nutrient cycle in urban agglomerations. When the biogenous waste is dumped, the nutrients are washed out -‐ causing leachate contamination and additionally, the organic share of the waste stream is responsible for producing greenhouse gas emissions under anaerobic landfill conditions (mostly methane and nitrous oxide). A more reasonable option would be to close the nutrient loop by producing compost and applying this fertiliser in (peril-‐urban) agriculture. Thus, a long-‐term compost application has positive impacts on yields and soil properties by increasing humid substances in top-‐soils and increased structure and water-‐holding capacity, thus preventing soil degradation and erosion. Therefore, composting of the biogenous fraction of waste and the subsequent application of compost in agriculture improves food security of the population in AA and has beneficial impacts on environment and health (Linzner and Wassermann (2006); Linzner (2010)).

b. Previous collaboration

The Association of Ethiopians Educated in Germany (AEEG) with the cooperation of the Institute of Waste Management (ABF-‐BOKU), the Centre for Development Research (CDR) and other partners have enabled a small-‐scale technology and knowledge transfer by designing a pilot composting plant to address organic waste management and to establish a link to urban agriculture. These issues had been thoroughly discussed in a first Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) workshop held in September 2008, and it was agreed to start the project at a small-‐scale pilot level in Addis Ababa. A marketing approach was chosen for implementation, where composting is considered as a way of producing a valuable product (fertiliser) that can be sold. From the waste management point of view, this leads to improved hygiene, as uncontrolled dumping of biogenous waste is harmful to human health. In addition biogenous waste that is composted in a decentralised way saves landfill volume (extends lifespan of landfills) and leads to reduced waste collection, transport and disposal costs for the municipalities (Rouse et al. (2008)).

4


The pilot open windrow composting site was launched in December 2009 with a financial support of the German Development Service (DED) at a site located in Kolfe Keranyo (KK) Sub-‐city Woreda 081.

Figure 1: SSWMAA Impressions: composting process, training, demonstration fields, activities on the school fields, compost quality laboratory training. (© CDR) From 2010 to 2014 the project team has worked successfully in the project “Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Addis Ababa” (SSWMAA) providing relevant solutions by introducing and implementing source separated (biogenous) waste collection, compost production and urban agricultural practices. Within the project, a number of training courses were conducted for households, waste collectors and the team at the composting site. In addition, an international laboratory-‐training course was conducted in AA in order to provide knowledge on process control and compost quality assurance. A demonstration field was installed, and various media representatives, schools, sub-‐districts and other delegations visited the site. A market assessment was conducted in order to assess potential customer groups and their willingness to pay for compost to be used as fertiliser.

3. Beneficiaries, participation, work schedule and project activities

a. Beneficiaries

The project location is in KK sub-‐city, from this sub-‐city, Kebele 07 is selected as pilot area for the project. The presence of the already existing composting station in this Kebele, the strong institutional cooperation between the main actors engaged in waste management, the AA Environmental Protection Authority (AA-‐EPA), AA Sanitation Administration Agency (AA-‐SAA) and other administrative offices are among the criteria for the selection.

Target groups are (1) inhabitants from KK, in the project start-‐up phase approximately 250 Households (HH) and 50 house-‐to-‐house waste collectors as well as (2) pupils and teachers from a

1 Addis Ababa is divided into 10 sub cities; Kolfe Keranyo sub city is located in the north western part of Addis Ababa. It has a population of 428,654 covering an area of 61.25 km2 which makes it the most densely populated sub city. The sub city is divided into 10 Woredas (Kebeles), which is the smallest administrative unit. The composting site is situated in Woreda 08.

5


partner school in KK, Abune Basileos School, and (3) stakeholders. The stakeholder group consist of inhabitants from KK, waste collecters, school communities (pupils, teachers, parents), AA municipial authorities, national and international development agencies, universities and environmental education and urban agriculture activists. The proposed project will explore the possibility of establishing an innovation platform for institutionalizing the MSWM approach. An innovation platform comprises of stakeholders of farmer organisations, NGOs, local government authorities, municipality administration, the private sector, universities and research organisations and it is operational and increases stakeholders’ commitment to supporting and/or implement MSWM. The purpose of the innovation platform is to share information and experiences among stakeholders across organisations, cities, and disciplines to derive lessons of what works where.

b. Local embedding, participating BOKU institutions

Project implementation on site is under DI Waltengus Wegayehu responsibility. He has graduated at the Fachhoschule Hamburg with a master thesis on the Drinking-‐Water-‐ Supply-‐ System in Debre Zeit and Mojo, Ethiopia. He has worked on action-‐oriented initiatives targeting sustainable development and multi-‐stakeholder interventions in Addis. Since he worked on Ethiopian agricultural enterprises focusing the export market only, he dedicated his experiences in fostering urban agriculture to increase the resilience of urban population towards food security. He was the on-‐site manager in the project “Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Addis Ababa” (SSWMAA).

Improved development outcomes emanates from increasing the performance of multiple actors and the effectiveness of their interactions. To ensure the sustainability of the planned intervention and the used resources, cooperation with local acting already enshrined institutions will be established. A range of expertises and capabilities on economic empowerment, marketing strategy, continous education etc is availbale in AA. Thus, linkages to development actors with realted to Austria such as CARE Ethiopia, SOS Kinderdorf, Menschen für Menschen, Ethiopian Red Cross etc will be established and possible synergies identified.

The Centre for Development Research (CDR) is a multi-‐disciplinary scientific unit located at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria. It brings together development scientists, lectures and science administrators committed to finding ways into a secure and equitable future for everyone. As a scientific unit the Centre for Development Research is devoted to working towards poverty reduction and food security. Together with research and development partners in the South the centre searches for strategies to increase well-‐being and improve rural life. Through interaction with local partners the centre helps formulating development scenarios with leverage. Sustainable Solid Waste Management is an emerging expertise that the Centre for Development Research has in its portfolio.

The Institute of Waste Management (ABF-‐BOKU) has sound experience in waste management practices with regard to low-‐income countries and has carried out projects in West Africa, East Africa, Russia, China, South America and on the Balkans. DI Roland Ramusch (né Linzner), who is mainly working in this area for ABF-‐BOKU, is also a member of the CDR partner community. DI Erwin Binner is a senior scientist and expert in composting. A major research objective of ABF-‐BOKU is “Sustainable improvement of livelihoods in less-‐industrialised and newly industrialising countries by development of adapted waste management measures”. The goal is to develop adapted waste management measures in consideration of technical, financial, cultural, social, institutional and organisational aspects. These measures include technological (e.g. decentralised composting), organisational (e.g. documentation system for hazardous wastes) and capacity development measures (e.g. curriculum development, training courses). Decentralised waste management measures and the participatory inclusion of the local population shall provide a sustainable contribution to development in Ethiopia.

6


Through the support of the working area „Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning“ at BOKU (CE and LLL) an additional benefit has been secured. CE and LLL will on first hand support the project with 30,000 € over the project period and therefore BOKU substantially contributes to this project. Second, CE and LLL provides expertise in development of LLL programmes, as well as implementation and evaluation of them. As project partners, the BOKU expertise will add a value and will be responsible to implement lifelong learning programmes with the project stakeholders.

4. Work schedule and project activities

SUGAR AA project will start with an inception workshop to develop a detailed and specified work plan, according to the up to date project environment and conditions on site. The following section provides a draft; therefore minor deviation can be expected. As the project start is not exactly agreed on before funding has been secured, the activities are scheduled for an implementation any time.

Draft time line:

1st year

• WP 1: Start-‐up workshop and partner meeting is conducted, and the detailed implementation plan is prepared. (Month 1)

• WP 2: Selection of households and house-‐to-‐house waste collectors; providing working and protective materials for these groups. Training is given for these groups on importance and impacts of MSWM practices, waste sorting, how to make compost from solid biogenous wastes and other environmental related works. Trained persons act as multipliers. (Month 1 -‐ 6). Source-‐separated waste collection is started in the selected area, the separated waste will be transported and processed on the already existing composting station that is operated in KK or other established site (schools), recording of waste and compost parameters (quality and quantity) and process monitoring started. (Month 1 -‐ 12)

• WP 3: The marketing strategy “Compost for Ethiopia” with the support of BOKU experiences in Austria, will be discussed and drafted along the meeting in WP 1. Bazaars, participation at fairs, open house and shops for selling the compost as best organic fertilizer organized by stakeholders, partners, private persons, government institutions are targeted. Household and communities in the sub city and nearby the schools can be reached by selling organic vegetables from the urban agriculture practice. (Month 1, 3 -‐ 9).

• WP 4: Back stopping for the registration of KK Women Associaton. Identify partners for economic empowerment programm. Set up joint coaching and assitance for business development. (Month 1 -‐ 12)

• WP 5: Annual open house, chronologically with WP1. Identification of potential partners in Ethiopia and inaugural visits. Contact between sub-‐cities and other cities of the country are established on the possible scaling-‐up and dissemination of the project output. Intensification of media contacts. (Month 1, 6 -‐ 12)

• WP 6: The quality of the compost produced is tested (periodically at local laboratories as well as – less frequently -‐ at ABF-‐BOKU), on the composting site through windrow formation as process optimisation is established. (Month 1 -‐ 6)

• WP 7: Identify partnerships with educational institutions at a local level to provide attractively and relevant programmes. Along with WP 2, employees of the composting site in AA, as well as teachers of the schools will be trained to conduct the trainings independently to sustainable anchor them at the composting site. In the first months with involvement already trained stakeholders a manual with support from experts of BOKU will be developed. Learning

7


outcomes, target group, extent and content of the course will be jointly worked out with WP 2 and WP 4. (Month 1 -‐ 12)

2nd year

• WP 1: The project progress of the first year is evaluated by partners (Project monitoring and evaluation meeting). (Month 1)

• WP 2: Additional training of household is conducted; processing of the source-‐separated waste collection is continued at the composting station; recording of the quantity and quality, process monitoring of certain parameters continued. (Month 1 -‐ 12)

• WP 3: Establishing business partnerships for the marketing campaign, along with WP 5 and the inaugural visits in other parts of Ethiopia. (Month 1, 3 -‐ 9)

• WP 4: KK Women Associaton fully operating. Trainings and coaching availbale for economic empowerment. Develop plans for home-‐grown microfinance system. (Month 1 -‐ 12)

• WP 5: Open house, chronologically with WP1. Identification of potential partners in Ethiopia and inaugural visits. Contact between sub-‐cities and other cities of the country are established on the possible scaling-‐up and dissemination of the project output. Foster relationship through joint activities with already identified partners. (Month 1, 6 -‐ 12)

• WP 6: The quality of the compost produced is tested at the AA-‐EPA laboratory; training of experts from other (sub) cities on compost quality analyses, sampling procedures and composting process monitoring will be conducted at AA-‐EPA laboratory and on the compost station under supervision of ABF-‐BOKU; Compost analysis protocol suitable to Ethiopian conditions is reviewed and the manual is disseminated. (Month 1 -‐ 6)

• WP 7: The course manual that was developed in the previous year will be tested, under the presence of experts from BOKU. The purpose is to adapt the course on relevant adjustments. Trainees will evaluate via questionnaires the course and as usual in LLL programmes, monitoring of the implementation and evaluation will enhance the manual. Importance will be given to sustainable hand over the course to stakeholders and Ethiopian partners. (Month 1 -‐ 12)

3rd year

• WP 1: The second year project achievements are evaluated by partners (project monitoring and evaluation meeting). A terminal workshop is conducted. (Month 1 + 12)

• WP 2: Composting of source-‐separated waste on the station is continued. (Month 1 -‐ 12)

• WP 3: Establishing business partnerships for marketing campaign, along with WP 5 and the inaugural visits in other parts of Ethiopia. (Month 1 -‐ 12)

• WP 4: Continuations of economic empowerment. Home-‐grown microfinance system established. (Month 1 -‐ 12)

• WP 5: Open house, chronologically with WP1. Foster relationship through joint activities with already identified partners and develop strategies for the continuation of cooperation after the project end. Networking with stakeholders, governmental and non-‐governmental organizations on the possible establishment of compost quality association in Ethiopia is started; the whole output of the three years project is collected and published as an information booklet. (Month 7 -‐ 12)

• WP 6: In the terminal workshop the course manual, the current and future use by stakeholders and partners will be discussed, and appropriate measures will be made. (Month 10 -‐ 12)

8


• WP 7: In the terminal workshop the course manual, the current and future use by stakeholders and partners will be discussed and appropriate measures will be made. (Month 10 -‐ 12)

Description of the work packeges:

WP 1 (Lead CDR): Coordination: The project consortium has the following structure: Project coordination team: Project Coordinator Florian Peloschek -‐ CDR BOKU, Project Coordinator Ethiopia Waltenegus Wegayehu. Each institutional partner will appoint a focal person who represents it in the coordination team. These persons will be Marion Ramusch – CE and LLL , Roland Ramusch -‐ ABF-‐BOKU, CARE WP 2 (lead Waltenegus Wegayehu): Provide multi-‐stakeholder training and capacity development in the source-‐separated waste collection, compost production and application in urban agriculture and small-‐scale farming. ! Working areas will be: Avoidance of methane production through composting and; small-‐scale

compost site construction; compost production; monitoring of input and output; compost quality; compost application; urban agriculture practice; TVET (Technical Vocational Education and Training) " development of life long learning programme (BOKU know-‐how)

WP 3 (lead Waltenegus Wegayehu): Marketing strategy and strategic partner for the marketing campaign. ! Working areas will be: Development of a marketing strategy to economical sale of high quality

compost in AA and Ethiopia, (partially BOKU knowhow is available, partially working on new grounds), packaging with a compost analysis result as proof of high quality to get a good price per kg compost. Bazaars, fair, open house and shops for selling the compost as best organic fertilizer, target groups: Household and community of the sub city, schools, authorities and universities. Selling organic vegetables from the urban agriculture practice. Market review, branding, pricing. Training of retailers, sales people together with WP 2. Establishing business partnerships for marketing campaign (Ethiopian Horticulture Association, Association of Women in Business etc…)

WP 4 (lead Waltenegus Wegayehu): Women empowerment. Establishing of KK Women Association to enhance entrepreneurship and develop small-‐scale business in cooperation with the other WP leaders.

! Working areas will be: Back stopping registration of KK Women Associaton. Economic empowerment. Economic development coaching. Home-‐grown microfinance system

WP 5 (lead Waltenegus Wegayehu): Scaling-‐up of best practices for composting to other sub-‐cities of AA and recording the amount of compost produced on different sites for compensation of CO2 equivalents. ! Working areas will be: Training and networking for extension of appropriate waste collection

for a higher turnover on the site. Site crew will be trainers of trainees to reach more households allocated to KK composting site, up to 600 by establishing KK-‐Women’s association (WP 5). Additional composting sites as in the Abune Baslios School. More schools were identified already: Ayer Tena secondary school and Woyra School. First contact can be established with scaling up workshop” organised as open house event. Annual information days as an “Open house” will be held at the sites of project partners, for example, Abune Basileos School. Activities will reach out to other sub cities of Addis Abebea and in other Ethiopian cities.

9


Networking is an integral part of this WP, therefore all activities are supported with social events as coffee ceremony etc. Lobying activities, even though it has a bad public reputation, will be discussed during the annual meetings along WP 1 and a code of conduct for lobbying activities that regulates relations with stakeholders in Austria and Ethiopia and defines principles for transparent and responsible lobbying.

WP 6 (lead ABF-‐BOKU): Scientific backstopping by BOKU experts will feed into research and teaching activities at BOKU.

! Working areas will be: ABF-‐BOKU will obtain deep insights on municipal solid waste management challenges in a low-‐income country. The scheduled practical trainings (e.g. compost quality analyses) will extend the existing database on compost qualities and process monitoring under tropical conditions. In addition, the project will generate knowledge on stakeholder integration and marketing aspects; both important prerequisites for the economic viability of waste management projects in low-‐income countries. All this will contribute to the lectures Global Waste Management II and Planning and Assessment of Waste Management Systems. Process optimisation on site -‐ windrow formation -‐ is a good example for BOKU knowhow to be implemented in the specific case

WP 7 (lead CE and LLL): CE and LLL provide expertise in development of LLL programmes, as well as implementation and evaluation of them.

! Working areas will be: Development and implementation of an LLL course in urban agriculture composting practice together with the stakeholders and support the local team in the development of the training centre. Within the planned measures, particular attention will be given to women empowerment, in line with WP 4.

5. Consideration of co-‐benefits

The proposed project intends to target multiple and positive co-‐benefits. The separate collection of biogenous waste, subsequent conversion into a locally available fertiliser and application in agriculture additionally lead to the following co-‐benefits:

Ownership:

• Increasing the capacity of the implemented stakeholders (organisations) working on solid waste management and environmental problems;

• student involvement to carry out master thesis research. Participation and inclusion: • Create linkages between appropriate municipal solid waste management and urban agriculture;

• develop a composting demonstration site and garden for training and visits to establish an entry point for upscaling and multiplying activities.

Empowerment:

• Foster multi-‐stakeholder training in source-‐separated waste collection, compost production and compost application in urban agriculture and small-‐scale farming leads to empowerment and capacity development;

• developing marketing strategies for compost and foster economic development of compost producers and waste collectors.

10


• developing of a LLL programmes, as well as implementation and evaluation of it with BOKU expertise will add a value for all project stakeholders

Sustainability:

• Closing the nutrient loop by transforming biogenous wastes into a locally available fertiliser instead of losing nutrients in dumps and the landfill;

• positive impact on hygiene as well as health and environmental impacts due to improper waste management practices;

• reduction of greenhouse-‐gas emissions • disseminating and scaling-‐up of best practices to other sub-‐cities of Addis Ababa (AA). Equity, equality and non-‐discrimination:

• Job creation in waste collection and composting (focus on vulnerable groups such as single mothers) creates income – special courses shall provide extended services for vulnerable groups, e.g. training in entrepreneurship for composting team;

• added value by supporting vulnerable groups with regular medical checks.

11


B. CO2-‐eq-‐Methodology applied Methane emissions from waste related processes (e.g. landfills) are considered as highly relevant regarding the total anthropogenic methane emissions. It is predicted, that these emissions increase from 18 % (2005) to 36 % in 2030 (Höglund-‐Isaksson, 2012). The applied methodology for calculating avoided greenhouse gas emissions is based on the UNFCCC methodologies AM0025 (alternative waste treatment processes) and AMS-‐III.F (avoidance of methane emissions through composting). Small-‐scale composting projects bear difficulties in applying the measurement and monitoring requirements set out by UNFCCC. Therefore, these methodologies have to be adapted to reflect the situation in a low-‐income country in the framework of a small-‐scale project. Amongst others this is related to insecurities in the variations of availability of input material, seasonal variation of the composition of the delivered input material, varying conditions in the composting process and in assumptions to be made in the avoided landfill emissions due to composting.

In the following, suitable methodologies for the estimation of carbon credits are described.

1. Carbon offset

The approach used in the following considerations is that biogenous waste when disposed of in landfills / dumps, generates greenhouse gases (mainly methane + carbon dioxide) under anaerobic conditions. If this biogenous waste is composted, then a considerable amount of GHGs is reduced, as composting is an aerobic process which mainly generates carbon dioxide. Figure 2 shows the approach of setting up a carbon offset project aiming at converting separately collected biogenous waste from different sources (household, schools, markets etc.) into compost instead of disposing it of in a landfill.

Compared to landfilling, composting itself produces a lower amount of GHGs, depending on the operational management of the composting plant (emissions from aerobic biological process). It is also possible to allocate credits, e.g. the emissions avoided from landfilling, emissions due to avoided mineral fertiliser usage and credits from carbon storage in soils, the two latter related to compost application.

The following considerations focus on 1,000 kg (1 metric tonne) of biogenous waste that is separately collected and converted to compost in a small-‐scale composting plant. According to IPCC (2013) the following GWP100 are used in the calculations (see table 1). As described in table 1, the GWP100 for methane is outlined with 28, for nitrous oxide the applied value is 265.

Table 1: GWP and GTP with and without climate-‐carbon feedbacks (IPCC, 2013)

12


Figure 2: Methodological approach of biowaste composting

2. Avoided emissions from landfilling biogenous wastes

a. Used methodology:

Composting instead of landfilling biogenous wastes, permanently avoids methane emissions caused by anaerobic degradation in landfill sites. Thus for calculating CO2-‐compensation the gas generation potential of biogenous wastes is used instead of calculating the annual avoided methane emissions by use of gas prognosis models as it is applied in the UNFCCC model.

b. Estimation of methane emissions potential

Biogenous wastes delivered to composting plants commonly are not analysed. Therefore, some assumptions about the input composition have to be done for calculations. Due to the high share of

13


woody materials (garden and yard wastes) these materials are not used in anaerobic digestion plants. Thus, also results of gas generation capacity analyses are not available.

Separately collected biogenous wastes from kitchens, restaurants and markets often are used for anaerobic digestion. Because of the missing woody materials the composition differs compared to input material of composting plants. The source-‐separated collection in AA will mainly take place at the household level. Thus the composition of collected biogenous wastes will be similar to Austrian inputs into anaerobic digestion plants.

At ABF-‐BOKU several inputs of the Viennese digestion plant were analysed during a project. 16 samples were analysed regarding chemical composition. One of these samples, as well as two other biogenous wastes (anaerobic plant SAB (Salzburg) and flower waste) were analysed by long-‐term incubation tests lasting 150 up to 240 days. For calculating the gas generation potential (for a several 100 years period) a model, developed at ABF-‐BOKU was used (Tintner et al., 2011; Binner et al., 2013), which also allows the estimation of carbon degradation.

c. Direct estimation of gas generation potential by gas generation tests

By the three long-‐term incubation tests (ASI, 2012) the following data were generated:

• Test no. 109: input digestion plant SAB (Salzburg) water content (WC) = 65 %, gas generation potential = 530 Nl/kg DM (dry matter)2 resp. 185 Nl/kg wet matter. 1,000 kg WM # 185,000 Nl gas, degradation of carbon = 67 %

• test no. 301: flower waste (Vienna) WC = 61 %, gas generation potential = >450 Nl/kg DM resp. 175 Nl/kg wet matter. 1,000 kg WM # 175,000 Nl gas, degradation of Carbon = 50 %

• test no. 243: input digestion plant Vienna WC = 65 %, gas generation potential = 480 Nl/kg DM resp. 170 Nl/kg wet matter. 1,000 kg WM # 170,000 Nl gas, degradation of Carbon = 60 %.

d. Estimation of carbon release by carbon balance

Additional to these results of laboratory tests and modelling, an estimation of the gas generation potential by carbon balance was done.

Therefore, the following material properties were used:

• Separately collected biogenous wastes prepared for composting show water content (WC) of approx. 45 %. The average of the feedstock mixtures of 4 Austrian composting plants is 51 %. It has to be kept in mind, that these feedstock materials are wetted during pretreatment. Thus 45 % was used.

• The organic carbon content (TOC) was estimated to 35 % dry matter (DM). The carbon content strongly depends on the collection system. Due to the high share of wastes from gardens and parks the average of the 4 Austrian composting plants is TOC = 27 %. Without yard wastes (input of digestion plant Vienna) the average TOC = 45 %.

• The share of TOC that is degradable under anaerobic conditions is approx. 60 %. (The 3 long-‐term incubation tests and the modelling showed degradation rates of 50, 60 and 67 % respectively).

2 Nl = litres normalized to 0°C and 1013 mbar

14


• Using these assumptions, for each 1,000 kg of biogenous waste (on wet matter basis) a carbon amount of 195 kg DM (dry mass) is calculated. Using a 60 % long-‐term degradation rate of carbon under anaerobic conditions for each 1,000 kg of biogenous waste 115 kg TOC are transferred into landfill gas.

• Stöchiometric calculations for 1 g of TOC result in 1.868 Nl landfill gas generation. Composition of landfill gas is 60 vol.% CH4 and 40 vol.% CO2.

Thus 1,000 kg biogenous wastes release 215,800 Nl landfill gas resp. 129,500 Nl CH4 and 86,300 Nl CO2.

1 l CH4 is equivalent to 0.67 g CH4 (= 87 kg CH4 for 1,000 kg biowaste).

In 2013, the IPCC estimated a GWP-‐factor for methane of 28 (for a 100 years period).

Based on results of laboratory tests (gas generation) and carbon balancing, one metric tonne of biogenous input generates between 170,000 Nl and 215,800 Nl of landfill gas. Thus composting of 1,000 kg biogenous wastes avoids up to approx. 2,436 kg CO2-‐equivalents of landfill gas.

3. Emissions from open windrow composting process

a. Emissions from the biodegradation process according to Zeiner

In her master thesis Zeiner (2013) calculated a CO2 balance for an open windrow composting plant (input 5,700 t/year) in Peru by applying the UNFCCC methodology AMS III.F. version 8. Due to missing data for Peru she first did a balance for an existing Austrian plant with the same technique (input 23,750 t/a). These data were adapted to the plant in Peru. The calculation resulted in annually 155.8 t CO2-‐equivalents total emissions from the plant (= 27.3 kg CO2 / 1,000 kg input). The main share of total emissions occurred by methane emissions during the composting process (nitrous oxide was not considered in the UNFCCC model). In the following the emissions are presented according to the different parts of the system:

• Transport emissions: 1.15 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg Input

• Fuel use: 12.47 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg Input

• Composting process: 13.65 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg Input

• Leachate: 0.07 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg Input

The composting process itself (theaerobic biodegradation process) leads to emissions of 13.7 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg input. Like the plant in Addis is mainly based on human labour (including collection), no transport emissions or emissions due to fuel use at the plant are occurring.

b. Emissions from the biodegradation process according to KliKo

Linzner & Mostbauer (2005) calculated the emissions and credits of the Viennese biowaste management system where open windrow composting was used (Project: “Klimarelevanz der Kompostierung” (KliKo)). The major source of the emission balance is the biodegradation process (CH4 and N2O) with approx. 58 % of the overall emissions. The share of the separate collection of biowaste is approx. 18 % of the overall emissions and the total share of the emissions resulting from the processing facility and the composting plants is approx. 17 % of the total emissions. Besides the separate collection, about 7 % of the overall emissions result from other transportation

15


processes. Like the plant in Addis is mainly based on human labour (including collection), no transport emissions or emissions due to fuel use at the plant are occurring.

The emissions due to biodegradation processes are described with 35 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg input.

4. Mineral fertiliser substitution

Compost application substitutes mineral fertiliser use and therefore emissions in the production process of mineral fertiliser. As mineral fertiliser production is very energy intensive, compost use as fertiliser allows to apply credits due to substitution. In this case, it is necessary to have information on the nutrient contents of the produced compost and to compare these with the same amount of mineral fertiliser nutrients and the related emissions from its production.

Linzner & Mostbauer (2005) consider negative emissions (credits) of approx. 16.3 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg input. Zeiner (2013) reports literature data on credits for substitution of mineral fertiliser in the range of 35 – 90 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg input.

5. Carbon storage in soils

Within a project estimating influence of compost application on soil properties, Binner et al., (2014) used an adapted RothC-‐MC-‐model to estimate carbon sequestration for 25 years:

• using an annual application rate of 17 t/ha.a of compost (C/N = 10) and 1.8 t C/ha.a respectively (this amount is according to nitrogen limits of the Austrian Water Law) there is an carbon increase of 14.5 t/ha

• using higher annual application rate (nitrogen is fixed in composts!) of 34 t/ha.a of compost (C/N = 10) and 3.7 t C/ha.a respectively (this amount is according to nitrogen limits of the Austrian Water Law) there is an carbon increase of 28.7 t/ha

• thus per ton of applied compost a carbon amount of 34 kg is stored for the long term

• 1,000 kg feedstock material during composting process is transformed into approx. 333 kg of final compost (<10 mm), 333 kg oversized fraction > 10 mm (separated by sieving) and 333 kg loss of degradation (CO2, water)

• each 1,000 kg of biogenous wastes leads to the storage of 11 kg carbon (= 40 kg CO2-‐equivalents in soils)

Zeiner (2013) estimates credits for carbon fixation in soils according to the literature in the range of approx. 20 -‐ 130 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg input. Linzner & Mostbauer (2005) estimate credits for carbon fixation due to long-‐term compost application with 47 to 75 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg input.

16


6. Estimating carbon credits based on different scenarios

a. Estimation of carbon credits per tonne input for the composting plant Addis Ababa by ABF-‐BOKU

In the following, the results of different reports and studies are summarised.

Emissions Credits

Value (min.)

kg CO2 eq. per tonne organic input

Value (max.)

kg CO2 eq. per tonne organic input

avoided methane emissions from landfills

-‐1,919

(= 170,000 Nl gas)

-‐2,436

(= 215,800 Nl gas)

emissions from composting (biological degradation process)

-‐-‐-‐ + 13.7 + 35

substitution of mineral fertiliser -‐ 16.3 -‐ 90

carbon storage in soils -‐ 20 -‐ 130

total

(+ net emission); (-‐ net credit) -‐1,942 -‐2,621

Table 2: Summarised emissions and credits of open windrow composting in AA

Table 2 shows the overall balance of emissions and credits of the open windrow composting process for the small-‐scale facility in AA. A minimum scenario leads to net credits of 1,942 kg CO2 eq. per tonne biogenous waste. A maximum scenario results in 2,621 kg CO2 eq. per tonne biogenous waste net credits.

b. Estimation of carbon credits per tonne input for a composting plant in Peru by UNFCCC method:

In her master thesis Zeiner (2013) calculated a CO2 balance for an open windrow composting plant (input 5,700 t/year) in Peru by the UNFCCC CDM-‐methodology AMS III.F. version 8 (see chapter 3.a).

For a project lifetime of 10 years, emission reductions of about 35,900 t CO2-‐equivalents were estimated by the CDM-‐ methodology AMS III.F. of UNFCCC. Thus in average per year 630 kg CO2 eq. per 1,000 kg input can be gained. This low amount mainly is due to the used method. In her conclusions, Zeiner (2013) discussed the UNFCCC method. The main observation was the method for calculation of the baseline scenario. Although the composting process avoids the whole gas generation potential immediately, the AMS III version 8 calculates annual avoided methane emissions by using landfill gas generation models. Thus for each of the ten years of the lifetime period only the share of the methane emissions that would have been set free by landfilling the wastes during the observed year is allowed to be gained! Gas generation in landfills is a very long lasting process. It can be obtained that gas will be generated during 20-‐50 years. Thus during ten years only a small share of the potential would be generated (for the waste composted during the

17


first year the generation of ten years, for amount composted in year 2 gas generation for 9 years etc). Therefore the calculated 630 kg CO2 eq. are not considered as a minimum value in Table 2.

c. Estimating yearly carbon credits for AA

Table 3 displays the calculation of the annual calculated net carbon credits of the open windrow composting in AA. The monthly input of biogenous waste is calculated in two scenarios. Scenario 1 uses 2,000 kg of monthly organic input, as this quantity was achieved in 2013. Scenario 2 calculated with a maximum capacity of the current plants in AA, where in total 8,000 kg of biogenous waste can serve as input material.

Monthly biogenous input [kg]

Scenario 1 Scenario 2

2,000 8,000

Net carbon credits

[kg CO2 eq. per tonne organic input]

Net carbon credits

[kg CO2 eq. per year]

Net carbon credits

[kg CO2 eq. per year]

MIN: -‐1,942 -‐46,608 -‐186,432

MAX: -‐2,621 -‐62,904 -‐251,616

Table 3: Annual calculated net carbon credits of open windrow composting in AA

Therefore, an annual overall net carbon credits ranging from -‐ 46,608 to -‐ 251,616 kg CO2 eq. can be concluded.

7. Co-‐funding

In the current situation, the existing composting site in Kolfe Keranyo Sub city cannot be operated cost covering, neither if compost can be sold at a progressive price (0.40 EUR per kg) nor at a conservative price (0.20 EUR per kg). Depending on cost estimations (different running costs, compost quantities produced, and achievable market prices), different revenues per tonne avoided CO2-‐eq will be needed. The running costs of the site as well the generated income depend on seasonal fluctuations, salaries, etc. In the last years, the running costs (including salaries, materials, electricity, water) were 400 to 1,500 EUR per month. So in order to operate cost neutral by selling compost and earning CO2-‐compensation, the project will seek co-‐funding of € 30,000. -‐ for certain project activities as project management, trainings for economic development and waste management, developing the marketing strategy etc. from BOKU working area „Continuing Education and Lifelong Learning“. In the long-‐term, the existing composting site in Kolfe Keranyo Sub City will be operated cost covering due to higher waste turnover (and additional sites in location-‐specific modus operandi, as composting in the school yard.)

8. Budget

Please see separately submitted budget plan.

18


References ASI (2012): Ö-‐NORM S2027/2, Evaluation of waste from mechanical-‐biological treatment. Part 2: Stability parameters -‐

Gas generation by incubation test (GS21), Austrian standards Institute, Vienna, 1.7.2012 Höglund-‐Isaksson L. (2012): Global anthropogenic methane emissions 2005–2030: technical mitigation potentials and

costs. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 9079–9096, 2012. Link: www.atmos-‐chem-‐phys.net/12/9079/2012/; doi:10.5194/acp-‐12-‐9079-‐2012.

Binner E., Lechner P. and Huber-‐Humer M. (2013): Carbon sink MBT landfill – Interpretation of long term incubation tests (GS21), in: In: Kühle-‐Weidemeier M. (Hrsg.): Waste-‐to-‐Resources 2013, 5. Internationale Symposium MBT and MRF: Mechanical biological treatment (MBT) of MSW & material recovery facilities (MRF) with sensor based sorting technology, 11.-‐14. June 2013, Hannover, Germany. Proceedings; Cuvillier Verlag, Göttingen

Binner E., Mostbauer P., Kraus G., Lenz S., Böhm K., Ottner R., Huber Humer M. (2014): Kohlenstoffbindung im Boden durch Kompost, Endbericht ABF-‐BOKU Teil 2: Diskussion der Modelle zur Kohlenstoffdynamik in landwirtschaftlich genutzten Böden nach Applikation von Kompost und Modellierung der Entwicklung des Kohlenstoffgehaltes über 4 bzw. 25 Jahre. Forschungsprojekt in der Ökoregion Kaindorf, mit finanzieller Unterstützung der FFG, Wien im März 2014

Drechsel P., Quansah C. and Penning de Vries F. (1999): Stimulation of urban and peri-‐urban agriculture in West Africa -‐ Characteristics, challenges, and need for action. In: O.B. Smith (ed.) -‐ Urban agriculture in West Africa. IDRC/CTA, Ottawa, Wageningen, page 19-‐40.

Drechsel P., Cofie O., Vazquez R. and Danso G. (2001): Technology development for municipal organic waste recycling for urban and peri-‐urban agriculture. Nairobi, October 2001.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 2013. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. In: Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-‐K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Naues, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (Eds.), Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 1535 pp.

Linzner R., Wassermann G. (2006): Factors Constraining and Promoting the Implementation of Small-‐Scale Composting in West African Countries. In: Kraft E., Bidlingmaier W., de Bertoldi M., Diaz L.F. und Barth J. (Hrsg.), ORBIT 2006. Biological Waste Management. From Local to Global, Proceedings, Part 4 "Policy and Strategy, Climate Change, Pollution and Developing Countries"; Verlag ORBIT e.V. (Digital Proceedings on CD Rom: ISBN 3-‐935974-‐10-‐8), ORBIT 2006. Biological Waste Management. From Local to Global, 13. -‐ 15. September 2006, Weimar, 1201-‐1210; ISBN: 3-‐935974-‐09-‐4.

Linzner R., Mostbauer P. (2005): Composting and its Impact on Climate Change With Regard to Process Engineering and

Compost Application -‐ A Case Study in Vienna. [SARDINIA 2005 Tenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, S.Margherita di Pula, Cagliari, Sardinia/Italy, 3 – 7 October 2005]. In: Raffaello Cossu, Rainer Stegmann (Ed.): SARDINIA 2005 Tenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 3 – 7 October 2005, S. Margharita di Pula, Cagliari, Sardinia/Italy; Proceedings (Abstract; full paper on CD), pp.59-‐60; CISA Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre.

Linzner R. (2010): Decentralised composting of market waste and use in urban agriculture; Conakry, Guinea. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 23 (April 2010), 20-‐21; ISSN 1571-‐6244.

Rouse J., Rothenberger S. and Zurbrügg C. (2008): Marketing Compost -‐ A Guide for Compost Producers in Low and Middle-‐Income Countries. ISBN 978-‐3-‐906484-‐46-‐4, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology.

Schmitz D., Pwaloff A (2015): BOKU Carbon Offsetting System – Calls for Proposals 2015 Terms of Reference. Link: http://www.boku.ac.at/wissenschaftliche-‐initiativen/zentrum-‐fuer-‐globalen-‐wandel-‐nachhaltigkeit/themen/nachhaltigkeit/co2-‐kompensation/call-‐for-‐proposals.

Tessema M. (2010): Overview of Addis Ababa city solid waste management system. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Addis Ababa City Administration; 2010.

Tintner J., Kühleitner M., Binner E., Brunner N. and Smidt E. (2011): Modelling the final phase of landfill gas generation from long-‐term observations, Biodegradation 19 (2011), DOI 10.1007/s10532-‐011-‐9519-‐4, Springer

Zeiner E. (2010): Abschätzung der Treibhausgasemissionen für eine Kompostanlage in Peru -‐ Kritische Betrachtung der CDM-‐Methodologie AMS III.F. der UNFCCC. Masterarbeit at ABF-‐BOKU, Vienna

full-proposal sugar aa-abf cdr lll&ce-vs2€¦ · 3" boku continuing education & life...

Documents