1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 ABSTRACTThis project report is about designing a hydraulic ram pump to transfer water

from a river into awater tank with given dimensions and conditions. The

hydraulic ram pump designed is believed to be the most suitable and efficient

for the given conditions based on the calculations performed.

For the first step of designing, all the related problems are listed and understand.

Then, thespecifications, criteria and evaluation of the solutions are developed.

This including choosing themost suitable operational working principals for the

hydraulic ram pump (hydram), outline of thetheoretical background behind the

operation and its details calculations, which are being referredto the concept and

theory entitles to Fluid Mechanics.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

1. To design a Hydraulic Ram Pump which is able to fill a water tank at

height of 20m fromriver flow.

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1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

In this project, we are required to design a hydraulic ram pump to fill a water

tank at a height of 20m from river flow. The conditions are as follows:

River Water (source): Depth = 0.5m Wide = 1.5m Flowrate = 120m /sec

Tank (to be filled): Volume = 1200m3

[ Figure1. layout of hydraulic ram ]

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2 . Litearature review

2.1 INTRODUCTION

A hydraulic ram pump (also called hydram) is a pump that uses energy from a

falling quantity of water to pump some of it to an elevation much higher than

the original level at the source. No other energy is required and as long as there

is a continuous flow of falling water, the pump will work continuously and

automatically. Provision of adequate domestic water supply for scattered rural

populations is a major problem in many developing countries. Fuel and

maintenance costs to operate conventional pumping systems are becoming

prohibitive. The hydraulic ram pump (hydram) is an alternative pumping device

that is relatively simple technology that uses renewable energy, and is durable.

The hydram has only two moving parts; these are impulse valve and delivery

valve which can be easily maintained.

Ram Pumps have been used for over two centuries in many parts of the world.

Their simplicity and reliability made them commercially successful, particularly

in Europe, in the days before electrical power and the internal combustion

engine become widely available. As technology advanced and become

increasingly reliant on sources of power derived from fossil fuels, the ram pump

was neglected. It was felt to have no relevance in an age of national electricity

grids and large - scale water supplies. Big had become beautiful and small-scale

ram pump technology was unfashionable. In recent years an increased interest

in renewable energy devices and an awareness of the technological needs of a

particular market in developing countries have prompted a reappraisal of ram

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pumps. In hilly areas with springs and streams, the potential for a simple and

reliable pumping device is large. Although there are some examples of

successful ram pump installation in developing countries, their use to date has

merely scratched at the surface of their potential. The main reason for this

being, lack of wide spread local knowledge in the design and manufacture of

ram pumps. Hence, the wide spread use of ram pumps will only occur if there

isa local manufacturer to deliver quickly; give assistance in system design,

installation, and provide an after-sales service.Ram pumps have been around for

many decades and are popular for two main reasons:

1. They need no external source of power -- the force of moving water gives them the power they need.

2. They are extremely simple, with just two moving parts.

The basic idea behind a ram pump is simple. The pump uses the momentum of a relatively large amount of moving water to pump a relatively small amount of water uphill.

To use a ram pump, you must have a source of water situated above the pump. For example, you must have a pond on a hillside so that you can locate the pump below the pond. You run a pipe from the pond to the pump. The pump has a valve that allows water to flow through this pipe and build up speed.

Once the water reaches its maximum speed, this valve slams shut. As it slams shut, the flowing water develops a great deal of pressure in the

pump because of its inertia. The pressure forces open a second valve. High-pressure water flows through the second valve to the delivery pipe (which

usually has an air chamber to allow the delivery pipe to capture as much high-pressure water as possible during the impulse).

The pressure in the pump falls. The first valve re-opens to allow water to flow and build up momentum again. The second valve closes.

The cycle repeats.

The delivery pipe can rise some distance above both the pump and the source of the water. For example, if the pump is 10 feet below the pond, the delivery pipe might be up to 100 feet above the pump.

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You can see that the one big disadvantage of a ram pump is that it wastes a lot of water. Typically, only about 10% of the water it consumes actually makes it up the delivery pipe. The rest flows out of the pump as the water builds momentum.

There is nothing magical happening in a ram pump. A different design that accomplishes the same thing might work like this:

Water flows downhill from the pond and drives a water wheel. The water wheel is connected to a conventional shaft-drive pump (a

reciprocating pump, a centrifugal pump, etc.) The pump moves water uphill.

This design has more moving parts, but it accomplishes the same thing and has the advantage that it scales to any size very easily. The idea of using the energy of flowing water has been around for a long time!

TECHNOLOGIS THAT AVOIDS CONSTRAIN OF WATER SUPPLY

In many parts of the world, villages are situated above the spring: it does not allow water to flow to compounds by gravity. For example, in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) province, Indonesia, 70 percent of the population lives upstream the closest source of water. A pump is needed to lift the water from this source to their compound. Dr. Terry Thomas from the Warwick University, UK explained in 1994 that “whilst in general the power for water-lifting can come from engines, electrical mains, animals, humans or renewable (climatic) sources, in the particular context of rural areas in poor countries the choice is more constrained. In many such countries:

There are virtually no rural electrical mains: Engines pose problems of both fuelling and maintenance.

Draught animals may be unavailable or difficult to apply to water lifting. and Renewable are erratic, complex and import intensive.

The Hydraulic Ram Pump (Hydram) stays away from these constrains:

The source of energy of this technology is the water itself and gravity. It has a low cost maintenance cost.

It works as long as water is available. The pump has very few moving parts that are simple to produce locally

and to maintain by the community itself.

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2.2 Brief History

In 1772 John Whitehurst of Cheshire in the United Kingdom invented a

manually controlled precursor of the hydraulic ram called the "pulsation

engine". The first one he installed, in 1772 at Oulton, Cheshire, and raised water

to a height of 16 ft (4.9 m). He installed another in an Irish property in 1783. He

did not patent it, and details are obscure, but it is known to have had an air

vessel. The first self-acting ram pump was invented by the Frenchman Joseph

Michel Montgolfier (best known as a co-inventor of the hot air balloon) in 1796

for raising water in his paper mill at Voiron. His friend Matthew Boulton took

out a British patent on his behalf in 1797. The sons of Montgolfier obtained an

English patent for an improved version in 1816, andthis was acquired, together

with Whitehurst's design, in 1820 by Josiah Easton, a Somerset-born engineer

who had just moved to London.Easton's firm, inherited by his son James (1796–

1871), grew during the nineteenthcentury to become one of the more important

engineering manufacturers in the United Kingdom,with a large works at Erith,

Kent. They specialized in water supply and sewerage systems world- wide, as

well as land drainage projects. Eastons had a good business supplying rams for

water supply purposes to large country houses, and also to farms and village

communities, and a number of their installations still survived as of 2004. The

firm was eventually closed in 1909, but the ram business was continued by

James R Easton. In 1929 it was acquired by Green & Carter, of Winchester,

Hampshire, who were engaged in the manufacturing and installation of the well-

known Vulcan and Vacher Rams. The first US patent was issued to J. Cerneau

and S.S. Hallet in 1809. US interest in hydraulic rams picked up around 1840,

as further patents were issued and domestic companies started offering rams for

sale. Toward the end of the 19th Century, interest waned as electricity and

electric pumps became widely available.

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By the end of the twentieth century interest in hydraulic rams has revived, due

to the needs of sustainable technology in developing countries, and energy

conservation in developed ones. A good example is AID Foundation

International in the Philippines, who won an Ashden Award for their work

developing ram pumps that could be easily maintained for use in remote

villages. The hydraulic ram principle has been used in some proposals for

exploiting wave power, one of which was discussed as long ago as 1931 by

Hanns Günther in his book in hundert Jahren.

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2.3 Working Principle of Hydraulic Ram Pump

Although hydraulic ram pumps come in a variety of shapes and sizes, they all

have the same basic components as shown in Fig. 2. The main parts of a ram

pump are hydram body, waste valve, delivery valve, snifter valve, air chamber

and relief valve. Ram Pumps have a cyclic pumping action that produces their

characteristic beat during operation. The cycle can be divided into three phases;

acceleration, delivery and recoil.

[ Fig2.-Showing the flow of water in the hydram body.]

Acceleration - When the waste valve is open as shown in figure 2, water

accelerates down the drive pipe and discharges through the open valve. As the

flow increases it reaches a speed where the drag force is sufficient to start

closing the valve. Once it has begun to move, the valve closes very quickly.

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Delivery- As the waste valve slams shut as shown in figure 3, it stops the flow

of water through it. The water that has been flowing in the drive pipe has

considerable momentum which has to bedissipated. For a fraction of a second,

the water in the body of the pump is compressed causing alarge surge in

pressure. This type of pressure rise is known as water hammer. As the

pressurerises higher than that in the air chamber, it forces water through the

delivery valve (a non-return valve).The delivery valve stays open until the water

in the drive pipe has almost completely slowed and the pressure in the pump

body drops below the delivery pressure. The delivery valve then closes,

stopping any back flow from the air vessel into the pump and drive pipe.

Recoil- The remaining flow in the drive pipe recoils against the closed delivery

valve - ratherlike a ball bouncing back. This causes the pressure in the body of

the pump to drop low enough for the waste valve to reopen. The recoil also

sucks a small amount of air in through the sniftervalve. The air sits under the

delivery valve until the next cycle when it is pumped with the delivery water

into the air vessel. This ensures that the air vessel stays full of air. When the

recoil energy is finished, water begins to accelerate down the drive pipe and out

through the open waste valve, starting the cycle again. Throughout the cycle the

pressure in the air vessel steadily forces water up the delivery pipe. The air

vessel smoothes the pulsing in flow through the delivery valve into an even

outflow up the delivery pipe. The pumping cycle happens very quickly,

typically 40 to 120 times per minute. During each pumping cycle only a very

small amount of water is pumped. However, with cycle after cycle continuing

over 24 hours, a significant amount of water can be lifted. While the ram pump

is operating, the water flowing out the waste valve splashes onto the floor or the

pump house and is considered' waste' water. The term' waste' water needs to be

understood. Although waste water is not delivered by the ram pump, it is the

energyof this water that pups the water which is delivered.

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[ Figure 3: Flow of water when waste valve is closed.]

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2.4 Theory on Hydraulic Ramp (Hydram) Pump

Energy Cars, airplanes, light bulb, water pumps, computers, the human body

have all something incommon: they need energy to work. This energy can come

from many sources such as electricity, fuel, manpower, food. Different

technologies are used to transform one source of energy to another. For

example, car engines transform the chemical energy of the fuel into mechanical

energy allowing wheels to rotate. Another example related to water supply

projects is electric pumps: they use electricity to transform electrical energy into

potential energy of the lifted water. The potential energy is the energy of every

object due to its altitude. The object needs another source of energy to be lifted

and will lose its potential energy if it falls. Hydramsare designed to lift water

(i.e. give potential energy to the water) from a low cost source of energy.

Avoiding using fuel and electricity, the water hammer effect has shown to be

efficient and is the principle of hydrams.

No Velocity

Very High Pressure

Water Hammer Effect

The water hammer effect is a phenomenon that increases the pressure of a

water pipe in a short period of time.

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2.5 ENERGY

Cars, airplanes, light bulb, water pumps, computers, the human body

have all something in common.they need energy to work. This energy can

come from many sources such as electricity, fuel, manpower, food.

Different technologies are used to transform one source of energy to

another. For example, car engines transform the chemical energy of the

fuel into mechanical energy allowing wheels to rotate. Another example

related to water supply projects is electric pumps: they use electricity to

transform electrical energy into potential energy of the lifted water.

The potential energy is the energy of every object due to its altitude. The

object needs another source of energy to be lifted and will lose its

potential energy if it falls. Hydrams are designed to lift water (i.e. give

potential energy to the water) from a low cost source of energy. Avoiding

using fuel and electricity, the water hammer effect has shown to be

efficient and is the principle of Hydrams.

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[Figure 4 & 5: Water hammer effect.]

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If the velocity of the water in a pipe is high enough, a fast closure of the pipe

will cause a water hammer effect as shown in Figure 4. The water flowing will

be compressed to the valve whichhas been closed suddenly. As a comparison, if

a hundred people run very fast in a corridor and suddenly, they face a closed

door, the space between them will be reduced, everybody will touch each other.

In the same way, with velocity, water has kinetic energy. By closing quickly the

pipe, this kinetic energy will be transformed into pressure. This effect is

characterized by a loud noise that is similar to a hammer banging a metal

component.

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2.6 Applications and limitations of hydraulic ram pumps

For any particular site, there are usually a number of potential water lifting

options. Choosing between them involves consideration of many different

factors. Ram pumps in certain conditions have many advantages over other

forms of water-lifting, but in others, it can be completely inappropriate. The

main advantages of ram pumps are:

Use of a renewable energy source ensuring low running cost.

Pumping only a small proportion of the available flow has little

environmental impact.

Simplicity and reliability give a low maintenance requirement

Automatic, continuous operation requires no supervision or human input.

The main limitations are:

They are limited in hilly areas with a year-round water sources

They pump only a small fraction of the available flow and therefore

require source flows larger than actual water delivered

Can have a high capital cost in relation to other technologies

Are limited to small-scale applications, usually up to 1KW, but this

requires economical and other considerations. Specific situations in

which other technologies may prove more appropriate are:

*In terrain where streams are falling very rapidly, it may be possible to extract

water at a point above the village or irrigation site and feed it undergravity. If

the water requirement is large and there is a large source of falling water (head

and flow rate) nearby, turbine-pump sets can provide the best solution. Many

ram pumps could be used in parallel to give the required output but at powers

over 2KW, turbine-pump systems are normally cheaper. In small-scale domestic

water supply, the choice can often be between using a ram pump on a stream or

using cleaner groundwater. Surface water will often need to be filtered or

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treated for human consumption, increasing the cost of a system and requiring

regular filter maintenance. Under these conditions, to select a hydram pump,

economical considerations compared to other technologies have to be looked

at.3.

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3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR HYDRAM PUMP

Considerations in hydraulic ram pump system design

The following factors need to be considered in hydraulic Ram pump system

design.

Area suitability (head and flow rate)

Flow rate and head requirement

Intake design

Drive system

Pump house location

Delivery pipes routing

Distribution system

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3.2 Maintenance and service life considerations

The critical parts that require frequent maintenance are bolts, studs and nuts.

Therefore, it is usually preferable to have stainless steel bolts, studs and nuts,

even though they are costly and difficult to source.

3.3 General considerations

Shape of hydram has little effect on performance

Valve design considerations. The correct design of valves is a critical

factor in the overall performance of ram pumps. Hence, this needs special

consideration.

Strength considerations. This determines thickness of hydram body and

air chamber.

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3.4 Basic Parts

From the figure it shows a typical hydraulic ram installation that comprises

Supply

Supply pipe (drive pipe)

Impulse valve/ waste valve/snifter valve

Delivery valve

Air chamber

Delivery pipe

[ Figure 6:.basic parts ]

3.5 Pipe consideration

For all pipes being used and the hydram body, the material that we

suggested is commercial steel pipe based on the following reason:

Strength and flexibility

high resistance to direct heat

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Resistant to very high pressures

Easy to install, maintain, operate and connect

Perfect for the extension work in pumping stations,riverbanks, steep

sloping crossingsand reservoirs

Feature of withstanding traffic vibrations and shocks

Specifically, the types of steel pipe we suggest to use is Galvanized steel

since this type of steelis coated with zinc layer to protect steel pipes from

corroding.This form of steel provides resistance to corrosion and rust thereby

making it highly preferred to make pipes. This also helps in increasing the

overall life term of the pipe fittings as well.

3.6 Snifter valve

It is a device to allow the air to enter the air vessel located above delivery

valve but below delivery pipe. Is it very important for air to enter because air

in the air vessel mixes with water while hydram is running. As a result, the

volume of air in the air vessel decreases and this will bring about the

reduction in the pump’s efficiency, thus it is important to have snifter valve.

In short, snifter valve enable the maintenance of a necessary air level inside

the air vessel.

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4 DESIGN

When we design a water system using ram pumps, we like to know before we

build it, how much water it will deliver to how much head and with what

efficiency manually manipulating these parameters using design methodology

for different input parameters.Afterthat, we then design the hydram using

SOLIDWORKS software which a CAD (computer aideddesign) software as .

[ Figure 7: Isometric view of the hydraulic ram ]

[ Figure 8: Cross-sectional view of the hydraulic ram pump ]

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[ Figure 9:sectional view of the hydraulic ram pump ]

[ Figure 10 : Sectional view of delivery valve ]

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[ Figure 11: Outer view of delivery valve ]

[ Figure 12: Cross-sectional view of waste valve ]

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[Figure 13 (a): Sectional view of waste valve ]

[ Figure 13 (b): Sectional view of waste valve ]

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[ Figure 13(c): Outer view of waste valve ]

[ figure 14:Entire assembled figure]

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4.1 Component ussed

DESIGN

as When we design a water system using ram pumps, we like to know before we build it, how much water it will deliver to how much head and with what efficiency manually manipulating these parameters using design methodology for different input parameters.Afterthat, we then design the hydram using SOLIDWORKS software which a CAD (computer aideddesign) software.

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SR. NO. NAME OF

MATERIAL

SIZE & TYPE

1. BALL TYPE VALVE UPVC(1”inch)

2. T-JOINT UPVC(1”)

3. UNION UPVC(1”)

4. NON RETURNABLE

VALVE(LAYER

TYPE)

BRASS(1”)

5. SPRING TYPE NON

RETURNABLE

VALVE

BRASS(1”)

6. T-JOINT UPVC(1”)

7. BALL TYPE VALVE UPVC(1/2”)

8. UNION UPVC(1/2”)

9. REDUCER UPVC(1” TO ½” inch)

10. VALVE UPVC(1/2”)

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11. WATER PRESSURE

MEASUREMENT

MET.

SS

12. PIPE REDUCER UPVC TO PVC

13. PRESSURE

CHAMBER ENDCAP

PVC(4”)

15. PRESSURE

CHAMBER WITH

INNERSIDE TUBE

FILLED

PVC(dia=4”inch,length=3.5foot)

Connections Note Read through the instructable and understand all the pipe-fitting connections that will happen before buying materials. The store may not have exactly what you're looking for, and you may have to improvise. I wound up getting some different parts because my local store didn't have the exact parts I was looking for. This usually appears in the form of not having a threaded fitting, but having a smooth pipe connection, or vice versa. Not a problem, you can figure it out. 

Installation Materials

Long section of 1-1/4" PVC ("drive pipe", connects pump to water supply) Garden Hose (male end threads into 3/4" union, supplies pumped water) Bricks, blocks, rocks to prop up and anchor pump Shower Drain assembly (must be able to attach to 1-1/4" pipe, for attaching

pipe to water supply)

Build Materials and Tools

PVC Primer (I used Oatey Purple Primer) PVC Cement (Oatey again, just what they had) Teflon Thread Tape Hacksaw Measuring Tape

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Clamps Pocket Knife Lab gloves (keeps the chemicals on the pipe and off your hands) Bike Pump (to inflate the innertube).

4.3 OPERATIONAL FIGUERE EXPLINATION

as shown in below figures operation perform under these

figures.

(1) Water (blue arrows) starts flowing through the drive pipe and out of the

"waste" valve (#4 on the diagram), which is open initially. Water flows

faster and faster through the pipe and out of the valve.

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(2) At some point, water is moving so quickly through the brass swing check

"waste" valve (#4) that it grabs the swing check's flapper, pulling it up and

slamming it shut. The water in the pipe is moving quickly and doesn't want

to stop. All that water weight and momentum is stopped, though, by the

valve slamming shut. That makes a high pressure spike (red arrows) at the

closed valve. The high pressure spike forces some water (blue arrows)

through the spring check valve (#5 on the diagram) and into the pressure

chamber. This increases the pressure in that chamber slightly. The pressure

"spike" the pipe has nowhere else to go, so it begins moving away from the

waste valve and back up the pipe (red arrows). It actually generates a very

small velocity *backward* in the pipe.

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(3) As the pressure wave or spike (red arrows) moves back up the pipe, it

creates a lower pressure situation (green arrows) at the waste valve. The

spring-loaded check valve (#5) closes as the pressure drops, retaining the

pressure in the pressure chamber.

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(4) At some point this pressure (green arrows) becomes low enough that the

flapper in the waste valve (#4) falls back down, opening the waste valve again.

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5) Most of the water hammer high pressure shock wave (red arrows) will

release at the drive pipe inlet, which is open to the source water body. Some

small portion may travel back down the drive pipe, but in any case after the

shock wave has released, pressure begins to build again at the waste valve (#4)

simply due to the elevation of the source water above the ram, and water

begins to flow toward the hydraulic ram again.

(6) Water begins to flow out of the waste valve (#4), and the process starts over

once again.

Steps 1 through 6 describe in layman's terms a complete cycle of a hydraulic

ram pump. Pressure wave theory will explain the technical details of why a

hydraulic ram pump works, but we only need to know it works. The ram pump

will usually go through this cycle about once a second, perhaps somewhat more

quickly or more slowly depending on the installation. Each "pulse" or cycle

pushes a little more pressure into the pressure chamber. If the outlet valve is left

shut, the ram will build up to some maximum pressure (called shut off head on

pumps) and stop working.

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4.2 SUGGESTION FOR FUTURE

One of the suggestion that can be apply is to use a bigger supply pipe to obtain

a largeamount of water so that more water can be delivered to tank. In this

report we use supply pipewith diameter of 0.1m, and we get only aboutflowrate

and it is just about1% of compared to the river’s flowrate. Bigger supply pipe

will increase the flowrate, but wealso need to increase size of hydram to cope

with bigger force that the water carries. It is not necessary to increase the

delivery pipe because referring to continuity equation, the flowrate across a pipe

is same. Since we already increase the flowrate of water by increasing the

diameter of supply pipe, thus with the same diameter of delivery pipe we can

get achieve a higher velocity of water flowing to the tank. But if we increase the

diameter of supply pipe tremendously we may also need to increase the delivery

pipe diameter so that more water can be delivered withhigh velocity. We can

also try to build a tank near the river to store the water collected from river. This

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is for us manipulate the velocity of water flowing since we cannot do anything

to the river. We know from continuity equation that the property that is shared

between the river, and waterflowing to supply pipe is the velocity. So if we find

any solution to increase the velocity, we could increase the flowrate in the pipe

thus increasing the pumping rate of the hydram.For the most optimum

performance of the hydram is to apply both of the suggestion but we need first

to consider the necessity of such high pumping rate according to usage of the

water delivered. If we were able to deliver a lot of water to the tank, but later we

will only just use some of it, then it will be a waste and will cost us high. Thus

we first need to identify thenecessary amount of water needed. From there we

try to adjust so that we can fulfill the demand with the minimum cost.

5 CONCLUSION

From the objective stated, we have come out the solutions from the study of

our hydraulic ramp pump (hydram), the modifications and assumptions made

were counted and the calculations give the exact answers for this project.From

the results obtained, we have found out that:-

A) There is broad prospect of utilizing the country's abundant surface water

run off potential for various purposes or requirements using locally

designed and manufactured hydraulic ram pumps and other similar

appropriate technologies.

B) To disseminate hydrams at potential sites throughout the country, there is

a need to create awareness through training and seek integrated work

with rural community, government institutions like water, energy and

mines bureau of local regions and non-governmental organizations.

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C) Hydraulic Ram pumps made by casting have many advantages, but they

could be expensive. In addition, considering the cost of civil work and

pipe installation, the initial investment could be very high. To reduce cost

of hydrams made by casting, there is a need for standardization.

Standardizing hydram pump size will also have an advantage to reduce

cost of spare parts and facilitate their easy access when they are needed.

D) The use of appropriate means of treating river water should be

looked at in conjunction with any development project of

domestic water supply using hydrams.

6 REFRANCE

1) Fluid power engineering [Techmax]

2) Fluid power engineering [R.s. khurmi]

3) Fluid mechanics [Techmax]

4) CAD/CAM [Techmax]

5) Internet

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