THE CRUEL CHALLENGES OF POLITICS AND ” POLITICS

WITHIN POLITICS”

Reflections on the life and times of President Thabo

Mvuyelwa Mbeki, Lecture Delivered at the ANC Branch

Meetings at the University of Johannesburg (UJ) and

Helderfontein Conference Centre, Johannesburg,

November 23 and 24, 2012, respectively.

By Tito Mboweni, Governor Prior, South African Reserve Bank

Chairperson of this African National Congress Branch;

Deputy Chairperson;

Secretary of the Branch and other Branch Executive Members,

Leaders of the ANC and other formations here present;

Community Leaders;

Esteemed members of the branch;

Esteemed Guests;

Ladies and Gentlemen

Dear Friends,

We start with Rev Tiyo Soga’s famous hym.

“Lizalis' idinga laKho,Fullfill/realise your promise

Thixo nKosi yenyaniso!Faithful/Truthful God

Zonk' iintlanga, zonk' izizwe,All races, all nations,Ma zizuze usindiso.

must be saved

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Amadolo kweli lizwe,All knees in this world

Ma kagobe phambi kwaKho;Must bow before youZide zithi zonk' iilwimi,

So that all tonguesZiluxel' udumo lwaKho.

Proclaim your glory

Law'la, law'la, nKosi, Yesu!Govern/Prevail our GodKoza ngaWe ukonwaba;

Happiness can only come through youNgeziphithi-phithi zethu,

Because of our struggles/uprisings/challengesYonakele imihlaba.

The world is damaged

Bona izwe lakowethu,Look at our world

uxolel' izoono zalo;Forgive our sins

Ungathob' ingqumbo yaKho,Do not send your wrathLuze luf' usapho lwalo.

To kill the children

Yaala, nKosi, singadeliProhibit us God from disobeying

Iimfundiso zezwi laKho;The teachings of your Word

Uze usivuselele,Revive us

Sive inyaniso yaKho.We can hear your Truth”

I was indeed very much pleased to receive the invitation to share my reflections with

you today on President Mbeki, President of the African National Congress from 1997

to 2007. This of course being part of a series of lectures organized by the movement

in celebration of the centenary year of the founding of the ANC. This decision by the

leadership to remember its presidents deserves our collective appreciation as this

offers all of us the opportunity to look back in history, on the journey traversed by our

forebears and learn the inspiring lessons of our human existence. And so in

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reflecting upon President Mbeki's life and times, we do so fully aware of the

conditions, which influenced his role and what he did to change them. I am

specifically reminded of Karl Marx, who articulates this more eloquently in his work,

the 18 th Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte when he says that "Men make their own

history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under

circumstances chosen by themselves. The tradition of all the dead generations

weighs like a nightmare on the brain of the living”. The material conditions are the

most influencing factors in how we act out our desired paths. At the same time, as

we also learn from materialist philosophy, we can change our material conditions,

thus ushering in new conditions, and thus the process of change is an ongoing one.

' Nothing is stable except stability itself', as the philosophers of yesteryear have

observed.

President Mbeki’s many detractors would have us believe that he did nothing

positive during his official leadership times and that all they remember him for was

his position on AIDS. Meanwhile, the rest of Africa celebrates him as an outstanding

African leader. Maybe the old dictum that prophets are recognized in faraway places

bar at home is true?

Bertolt Brecht once wrote that,

" There are men who struggle for a day,

And they are good.

There are others who struggle for a year,

And they are better.

There are some who struggle many years,

And they are better still.

But there are those who struggle all their lives,

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And these are the indispensable ones"

It is in the category of "those who struggle all their lives" that President Mbeki

belongs. This year he turned seventy years of age and he is still struggling for a

better Africa. And it is he whose life and times we are celebrating today.

Born into an intellectual family, surrounded by books, periodicals and newspapers,

he was to spend most of his life surrounding himself with all manner of information

sources including, of late, the massive instant electronic library. He also surrounds

himself with friends and colleagues who read, discuss, debate and seek to

understand the world more profoundly in order to change it for the better. Although

not anywhere near a poet himself, try as he might, he loves poetry and often quotes

ad infinitum from some of the greatest poets of the world. Some of these poets have

had a lasting impression on him. I will return to this later on in these reflections.

His parents however, were not only early on African intellectuals, they were also

activists who fully understood that unlike some philosophers who spend time

analyzing the world, their role was both to understand the world and seek to change

it for the better. He soon also joined in the activism of his parents at an early age.

This powerful combination of an intellectual and an activist home, seems to have had

a profound impact on President Mbeki. He has spent his life being the embodiment

of these characteristics. No- one can take that away from him. But I must be careful

here lest I be accused of some form of “reductionism”. Being born into an activist

intellectual family does not automatically mean that one is also going to follow in the

footsteps of the parents. In fact the world of full of many examples of children born of

intellectual parents but they became the “good for nothing” people.

This tradition, of activist intellectuals, dates back in our history to the dispossession

of the African people by colonial forces and their resistance and the role of the early

African intellectuals. The first African in our country to be ordained as a priest, and, I

might be wrong about this, to have a university degree was the Rev Tiyo Soga. Tiyo

Soga as we know was sent to Scotland in 1847 and 1857 to study and also

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graduated from Glasgow University. He was a remarkable man. Who can forget his

words:" This ‘Morning Sir’ (thing) amongst the Xhosas when they see a white person

is annoying". Quite right Reverend!! It was the conditions of conquest, the turning of

Africans into foreigners in their own country, their total disposession and forceful

integration as "slave" laborers, that turned many like Tiyo Soga into activists. They

were amongst the first to be educated at Missionary Schools and in the process

converted to Christianity. They fought hard to be recognized as equals, made in the

image of God. As Chief Luthuli once remarked, "this segregation thing, going against

what the scriptures say, I could not countenance and that is why I am in the

struggle".

And so from the mission schools emerged a whole crop of early African intellectuals

who could not countenance exclusion from normal participation in the affairs of state

or their being made second or third class citizens in their own country. They fought

with all means at their disposal: they wrote, petitioned, protested, started

newspapers (ILanga lase Natal, Imvo Zabantsundu and many others), preached

equality in their churches, joined forces with chiefs and commoners and linked up

with like-minded people in the United States of America and the United Kingdom and

founded all types of organizations towards the ends of equality and justice. They

fought hard for our freedoms.

These characteristics of our forebears, have found concrete expression in President

Mbeki. A thinker, a writer, an organizer, political leader, a campaigner and above all,

someone who is committed to the freedom and advancement of his people in South

Africa, in Africa, in the African diaspora and amongst all who are exploited and

excluded by the global forces of power and money.

There are many things to say about President Mbeki. Let me talk about a few of

these.

In exile, President Mbeki relentlessly worked to build a global anti-Apartheid

movement together with the leadership of the ANC, led by President OR Tambo. He

played his role in different capacities: political secretary to the ANC Presidency,

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Head of Information and Publicity and also Head of the Department of International

Relations. These roles do not actually depict the totality of his role during the

struggle. The actual content of these roles will become clearer the day he publishes

his autobiography, which if I might say, is long overdue. We wait with bated breath to

learn about his contacts inside South Africa during the struggle (see for example

Endgame, Secret Talks and the End of Apartheid by Willie Esterhuyse, 2012), the

role he played in preparing for negotiations and how it felt returning home to start the

actual negotiations.

I first met President Mbeki in 1985, at the ANC office at 28 Penton Street, London,

UK. We had a brief argument, not a debate really, about how a mass movement

could be democratic. This was in the context of the then Mass Democratic

Movement (MDM) phenomenon. I said to him that a mass movement could not be

democratic within the context of repression and that such a movement is likely to be

guided all the time not by democratic processes but by "democratic centralism". We

never agreed but decided that we would continue the discussion at some future date.

That discussion has still to take place!! That was the beginning of what has now

been a long, comradely, brotherly and collegial relationship.

I have mentioned some of what I know of him during the period 1960-1990. I left out

his role during his student days in the United Kingdom. The people who know more

about this are Aziz and Essop Pahad, his friends for many years. But over the years,

I got some tid bits: socialized a lot, wore bell bottomed pants, had an Afro-hairstyle

and learnt to smoke a pipe! Well, pipe, not a bad idea, the mark of a gentleman.

On a serious note, he was part of a group of ANC students who used every

opportunity to advance the cause of freedom in South Africa. He participated and led

student demonstrations, spoke at international meetings, even participated in a

drama group to drum up support for the anti-apartheid movement in the UK and

eastern Europe. During all this time, President Mbeki was preoccupied with the

commitment that South Africa will one day be free of apartheid and that all Africans

would stop saying ‘Morning Sir’, whenever they saw a white man.

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Somewhere in 1988, I was on a plane with him from Lusaka to Harare. He

complained bitterly about what he called "inertia" in the ANC leadership. "They don't

move", he complained. Basically he was saying that most of the leadership was

caught up within the "People's War" mentality and could not see that negotiations

were nearby. Discussion about negotiations was seen as weakness and yet the

reality was clear: we were on the verge of a negotiated solution. Then he went to the

back of the plane to smoke! You could smoke in planes those days, not a pipe

though.

Somewhere in November 1989, a conference was organized in Paris, Merle le Roi,

by Mrs. Mitterrand and Breyten Breytenbach, to discuss the way forward with the

struggle. In attendance were ANC members, COSATU, Idasa, some intellectuals

from South Africa and abroad, comrades from the anti-apartheid movement, etc. it

was at that conference that one Willie Breytenbach gave us the inclination that the

ANC was about to be unbanned. On reflection, President Mbeki knew this and the

conference was meant to prepare some of us psychologically that the unbanning

was nigh. I say this because reading between the lines of Endgame, one can see

this clearly.

On one morning, we were guests of the French National Assembly and President

Mbeki was to represent the South African delegation on stage. At the French

National Assembly! Alas, at the appointed time, he was not there. Word was that he

had over-slept after a long night of debates with van Zyl Slabbert and company.

What to do! Pallo Jordan, bless his soul, good man, stepped in at the last minute and

delivered the most authoritative speech on the French Revolution: the tennis court

oath! After his memorable delivery, the President of the French National Assembly

thanked him for educating the French about their history. President Mbeki was

spared embarrassment. Lesson learnt: one can work hard endlessly and at some

stage, the body says no, time to rest and re-charge.

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To understand what fuelled the man, we must develop an appreciation of his

passions and attendant vision. President Mbeki has always been concerned about

the achievement of the hopes and aspirations of the less fortunate ones in our

societies. As Deputy President of South Africa, he was concerned that the freedoms,

which we have achieved, were not translating quick enough into better living

conditions of the people. He now and again asked the question: what was going to

happen to the deferred dreams of the people? He has studied Langston Hughes for

years and this poem is almost his day to day sermon. Langston Hughes wrote the

poem: Harlem, A Dream Deferred and asked:

"What happens to a dream deferred?

Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?

Or fester like a sore

And then run?

Does it stink like rotten meat?

Or crust and sugar over---

like a syrupy sweet?

Maybe it just sags

like a heavy load

Or does it explode?"

This is haunting stuff! And so as Deputy President, he urged us to do more in

meeting the transformation agenda of South Africa so that the dreams of our people

must not be differed, 'sagging on like heavy loads' lest they might 'explode' thus

rendering all our struggle efforts worthless. He worked tirelessly to drive the cabinet

transformation agenda. And by the way, he was the one who attended to the

government agenda, chaired cabinet sub-committee and cabinet meetings. It was to

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him that President Mandela delegated the running of government whilst he, Madiba

focussed on our reconciliation efforts. It was to him that cabinet ministers consulted

on their work. The system worked. He was a de facto prime minister. Maybe there

some lessons to learn which might also work today as we progress further to avoid

the dreams of our people being deferred any further.

Thus, in 1994, the ANC had won the first democratic elections convincingly and

people's expectations were understandably very high. Another complicating factor

was the way the ANC election manifesto had been drafted. It promised too many

things: houses, a million jobs, etc. Upon reflection, this was an error influenced to

some extent by Greenberg's electoral politics. The original ANC platform of The Time

Has Come, was more than sufficient. But this was changed to A Better Life For All.

Nothing wrong with that except that when one starts to promise a million jobs and

RDP houses etc, things got a bit too promising to be true. Hindsight as is often said

is the best teacher.

However, the economy in 1994 was in crisis. The socio-economic position of the

majority of the people was deplorable. Unemployment was high and the country was

for all intents and purposes, bankrupt. Without an urgent fix, the lifeblood of our

manifesto would very quickly run dry.

Faced with international isolation for many years, the South African economy had

registered poor performance over a number of years. South Africa could not access

the international capital markets and was inward looking. The International Monetary

Fund could not extend loans to South Africa and the exchange rate was artificially

managed with two currencies: the financial rand for non-residents and the

commercial rand for South Africans. The central bank had the difficult task of

sourcing foreign exchange through a whole range of doubtful interventions: credit

lines with sanctions bursting banks and basically lived from hand to mouth. This

cocktail of crisis measures led to the country managing a forward book of some $25

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billion. At a growth rate of less than one percent(1%) the economy was in trouble.

Inflation was stubbornly above 15% and interest rates were at some stage as high as

25%. On the fiscal side, the country was on the brink of a debt trap. The deficit

before borrowing had ballooned to as high as north of 10% and the financing costs

were skyrocketing.

This was the country we wanted to change immediately. Without economic growth

and access to the international capital markets, the immediate task before us was

gigantic. It was through President Mbeki's astute stewardship that we began to turn

the titanic around.  First thing was to consolidate the fiscus. We focussed on

expenditure control in order to get the deficit levels down and reduce the debt

servicing costs. We called this ‘belt-tightening’. A kind of home-grown "structural

adjustment" program. We were loath to going to the IMF to borrow. In fact many of

us detested the very idea of it. You might recall that the IMF at that time was very

rigid in their policy recommendations. Of course they were waiting for us to come to

them but we said no. This is a historical fact which is normally forgotten  by those

who shout “’96 class project" at President Mbeki, Trevor Manuel and myself. Which

makes one wonder what these detractors would’ve done had they been in the hot

seat. Nevertheless, our second key decision was to approach the international

capital markets for a sovereign bond issue. We raised $750 million at a very steep

interest rate: six hundred basis points, that’s 6 percent, above thirty-year US

treasuries. But the risk worked. Over the next few years, this rate narrowed

significantly as we proved to the markets that we knew how to run an economy.

Thirdly, the central bank began to gradually reduce interest rates as inflation was

coming down. The forward book was being reduced and the economy began to grow

albeit at a slow pace still. The growing economy enabled us to start collecting more

taxes and we launched a tax amnesty for all those (like in Nafcoc and Fabcos) who

had not been paying tax. It worked and today South Africa’s tax morality and

collection efficiency are amongst the highest in the world. That our government was

successful in undoing an unsustainable economic foundation and replacing it with a

sound structure is a lesser-told story. It also resulted in the transformation of key

economic institutions such as SARS, the central bank and National Treasury into

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respected and trusted, world-class institutions. All this was no coincidence. It was not

because we were all bright sparks in our respective ministries, independently

cooking up strategies that miraculously aligned with each other. The plan succeeded

because it had discernible leadership in President Mbeki. He demanded focus,

excellence and accountability and this approach yielded results.

An area where the requisite standards were on display was cabinet. Debates in the

cabinet were fierce and President Mbeki, with Madiba's support, gave us his full

backing for the above-stated economic recovery program. Had it not been for his

support, we might have faltered very badly in the face of populist demands, which

were less sympathetic if not oblivious to the structural threats our economy was

facing. Although actively involved, President Mbeki was also good at giving us room

to manoeuvre, intervening only when things seemed to be spiralling in the wrong

direction. By 2005, the efforts we had made were being rewarded. The macro

variables were in place and the minister of finance could go for an expansionary

budget. I can confidently say it is thanks to President Mbeki’s attention to detail and

widespread knowledge that our plans cohered and thus allowed us to reach those

milestones.

It’s important for us to retell these stories, especially on a platform such as this one,

because the nature of the standard narrative sometimes suggests that some people

were in a convenient slumber during those times.

At the adoption of our constitution, President Mbeki made what has become the

clarion call for Africa's renewal. "I am an African", he declared. "My mind and my

knowledge of myself is formed by the victories that are the jewels in our African

crown, the victories we earned from Isandhlwana to Khartoum, as Ethiopians and as

the Ashanti of Ghana, as the Berbers of the desert.” It is no wonder or perhaps, it is

true to his nature, that his stated commitment to the African renaissance has

translated into concrete work which continues to consume a lot of his energy. He is

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passionate about Africa, the restoration of her history and thus the restoration of her

people’s dignity. This is a relationship he understands very well, which makes the

current, on-going destruction of Timbuktu particularly painful. Timbuktu, the ancient

university town in Mali, is a treasure trove of African-generated knowledge and South

Africa, under the leadership of President Mbeki, invested in the South Africa-Mali-

Timbuktu project to restore manuscripts and build modern libraries to house them.

His work on the African continent, spanning across a wide range of related issues,

eventually resulted in the Nepad programme- a plan presenting a unified picture of

Africa’s economic development. These days, he continues this work, focusing more

on brokering and maintaining peace in war-torn Sudan and South Sudan. We should

pay closer attention to this work, not only to celebrate his achievements but also to

understand our own roles in further advancing the African Renaissance.

Accept also, that whatever path you choose to make your contribution will bring its

own joys and dips. Those of us who’ve chosen the path of party politics, like

President Mbeki, suffer in ways unique to our modus operandi. Politics can be very

cruel. Actually, politics is tough. It is the domain of those made from 'sterner stuff'.

President Mbeki could attest to this fact. I think he partially suffered from the fact that

he was the de facto "principal" deputy to President Tambo. President Tambo opened

up the political space for him,' groomed' him, provided him with exposure to world

political leaders, trusted him with drafting important speeches and documents and as

such, spent more time with him. In the process, I think, President Mbeki assumed

"unconstitutional" powers within the ANC. By this I mean that his power was not

proportional to his official role. In this sense, he was more powerful and influential

than most of his NEC colleagues without an elected or senior appointed position.

That this occurred without any formalised agreement within the NEC became the

source of much discontent. I know a few of the ANC leaders who were deeply

offended by this and thus made President Mbeki's life very difficult.

Nevertheless, he played his role constructively. I recall that somewhere in 1988,

Chris Hani and Steve Tshwete made some statements to the effect that the 'lives of

the whites were too sweet and that this had to end', and they seemed to support the

careless bombing of the Wimpy bars etc.  This was against ANC policy. President

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Mbeki has said that he called them to his house for a discussion of this matter.

Before he could chastise them for their rather careless statements, they apologised.

But he went on to remind them what the policy of the ANC was and President Tambo

was going to make a statement distancing the ANC from their interviews. They

promised to abide by policy in future. The point I am trying to make is that he had

some "derived powers" to do that. Powers derived from President Tambo. And this is

what some ANC leaders detested although this hate was reserved for private caucus

and never official meetings.

This perception of him as unduly powerful would lead to many vicious caricatures of

him, the dangers of which would only surface much later. For example, in Lusaka,

President Mbeki was also known as 'The Duke of Kabulonga''. Kabulonga was the

suburb in Lusaka where he lived and the duke thing a kind of reference to his so-

called "Englishman- like manner". And so the spiral began. From The Duke of

Kabulonga, to the Crown Prince of ANC politics, the blue-eyed boy of Oliver Tambo,

etc etc.  In the nature of politics, it was not surprising at all that President Mbeki had

so many detractors within the movement. A concerted effort was made by some to

prevent him from ever becoming the substantive President of the ANC. In fact given

that he had emerged in exile as the one in pole position for this role, some conspired

to "groom" a leader from within South Africa to oppose President Mbeki. It was thus

not a surprise at all that whilst he led the ANC negotiations team in exile, he was

quickly replaced when we returned home. And so from Chief Negotiator, he became

just a delegate to CODESA. And this is the tight rope we walk in party politics. The

battle for internal power is sometimes so consuming that we are willing to forgo, at

crucial moments in the national struggle, the experience and capabilities of an

individual simply to hand over the power baton to another. This may indeed be the

mechanism by which we balance power amongst individuals but the more crucial

lesson for us is how to balance internal power battles with national development

objectives. After all, it is national development that gives meaning and purpose to the

party in the first place. Politics is both cruel and tough and President Mbeki knows

this first-hand.

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Despite the day-to-day bruises, there is surely nothing that can prepare one for a

‘palace coup’ staged by one’s own comrades under conditions of democracy. That is

what happened at Polokwane in 2007. That was as painful as politics can be. I once

stupidly asked him after Polokwane: what happens to a dream deferred? Wrong

question, wrong time and place. But he indulged me with a great response. He

talked for about thirty minutes about how his biographer had misunderstood him, and

so on and so forth. I choose not to talk about it as this has been the subject of Rev

Frank Chikane's book. But we have to go beyond Polokwane now and re-build the

movement.

Too much time has been lost and in the process, 'the rats and mice have been

feeding' on the movement's glorious history and achievements. At times one feels

that "the best lack all conviction, while the worst are full of passionate intensity". The

worst of our movement and society have certainly demonstrated passionate intensity

in their looting of state resources; resistance to genuine transformation; continued

subjugation of workers, particularly those who are not organised; paying the odd

bribe to police officers; raping toddlers; illegally moving capital to other shores. I

raise these examples to demonstrate that we all complicit in the undoing of our

society. Some of course, are blatant, shameless thieves. They are the worst

amongst us. They cook up state tenders, inflate prices, create non-existent projects,

"deliver" shoddy work and facilitate illegal capital flight! They have to go to jail!! And it

is in times like these that we should call upon the best not to lack all conviction" but

to take the baton of Tiyo Soga and the pioneers of the freedom struggle and trudge

on and be the ones who are 'full of passionate intensity". The activist intellectuals

have to come back to their movement and work amongst the people in the same

way, albeit different conditions, as did our forebears. President Mbeki needs to be

joined by many others in these efforts: lawyers, doctors, economists, faith leaders,

teachers, professors, accountants, bankers, newspaper editors and more. We must

join forces with all those who want to avoid the dreams of our people being deferred

much longer. We cannot allow a situation to continue where "the best lack conviction

while the worst are full of passionate intensity" and arrogance. Worse still, when

such "passionate intensity" seeks to silence those who question what seem to be the

wrongs in our society, in particular when there is blatant looting of state resources,

which could be channelled to better the lives of ordinary people.

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On a more personal note, over the years, I have come to know a little bit of President

Mbeki and 'sis Zanele. They represent what I call "class". They have got "class". The

way they do things, say things, or not say anything, the way they have decorated

their house with class and simplicity, you know, class!! In the middle of all the

political struggles, successes and challenges, defeats and pain occasioned his own

comrades, President Mbeki has stayed true to his conviction that "the sun will rise on

Africa" and that "it will never set on so glorious an African achievement", freedom!!

Let me not say more of that save to say I am also learning this class thing and

enjoying freedoms and accepting my responsibilities. For as Madiba says and

President Mbeki embodies, "I have walked that long road to freedom. I have tried not

to falter; I have made missteps along the way. But I have discovered the secret that

after climbing a great hill, one only finds that there are many more hills to climb. I

have taken a moment here to rest, to steal a view of the glorious vista that surrounds

me, to look back on the distance I have come. But I can rest only for a moment, for

with freedom comes responsibilities, and I dare not linger, for my long walk is not yet

ended.”

So as we mark the centenary of the ANC and pay tribute to its leaders, let us not

forget all our forebears who worked tirelessly for our freedom. I mention some of

them below: Tiyo Soga, John Tengo Jabavu, Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu, Richard

Mahabane, Thomas Mtobi Mapikela, John Knox Bokwe, Henry Selby Msimang,

Govan Archibald Mvunyelina Mbeki, Sefako Mapogo Makgatho, Zachariah

Keodirelang Mathews, Peter Matseke, Albert John Luthuli, Charlotte Makgamo

Manye Maxeke, Walter Benson Rubusana, Alfred Bitini Xuma, and many more.

These were pioneers of the freedom struggle. These are the men and women that

President Mbeki learnt from. They were highly educated people with a commitment

to free their people.

Let the centenary celebrations help to restore the moral and political compass of the

movement!

Amandla! Kea Rona!

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Ke Nako!

Mayibuye! iAfrica!

Long Live President Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki!

- ENDS –

SELECTED REFERNCES

1. Abedian, Iraj and Standish Barry (editors): Economic Growth in South Africa,

Selected Policy Issues. Oxford University Press. 1992

2. Chikane, Frank: Eight Days in September, The Removal of Thabo Mbeki.

Picador Africa. 2012

3. Couzens, Tim: Murder at Morija. Random House. 2003

4. Esterhuyse, Willie: Endgame, Secret Talks and the End of Apartheid.

Tafelberg. 2012

5. Gelb, Stephen (editor): South Africa’s Economic Crisis. David Philip. Cape

Town. 1991

6. Hadland, Adrian and Rantao, Jovial: The Life and Times of Thabo Mbeki.

Zebra Press. 1999

7. Harries, Peter: Butterflies and Barbarians, Swiss Missionaries & Systems of

Knowledge in South-East Africa. Wits University Press. 2007

8. Holland, Heidi: 100 years of Struggle, Mandela’s ANC. Penguin Books. 2012

9. Hughes, Heather: First President, A Life of John L Dube, founding president

of the ANC. Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd. 2011

10.Jones, Stuart and Muller, Andre: The South African Economy, 1910-1990

11.Keable, Ken (editor): London Recruits, The Secret War Against Apartheid.

Merlin Press. 2012

12.Magubane, Bernard M: The Making of A Racist State, British Imperialism and

The Union of South Africa, 1895-1910. Africa World Press, Inc. 1996

13.Meredith, Martin: The Making of South Africa. Pocket Books. 2007

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14.Mostert, Noel: Frontiers, The Epic of South Africa’s Creation and the

Tragedy of the Xhosa People. Pimlico. 1992

15.Odendaal, Andre: The Founders, The Origins of the ANC and the Struggle

for Democracy in South Africa. Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd. 2012

16.Pahad, Essop and Esterhuyse, Willie (editors): Africa Define Yourself,

Thabo Mbeki. Tafelberg and Mafube. 2002

17.Pottinger, Brian: The Mbeki Legacy. Zebra Press. 2008

18.Plaut, Martin and Holden, Paul: Who Rules South Africa? Biteback Publishing.

2012

19.Karis, Thomas and Carter, Gwendolen M: From Protest to Challenge, A

Documentary History of African Politics in South Africa, 1882-1964.

Hoover Institution Press.1977**

20.Roux, Andre: Everyone’s Guide to the South African Economy. Zebra Press.

1999

21. Sicre, Frederic (editor): South Africa at 10, Perspectives by political, business

and civic leaders. World Economic Forum. Human and Rousseau. 2004

22. Simons, Jack and Ray: Class and Colour in South Africa, 1850-1950. Idaf.

1983

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** This is in Five volumes and is a must have and read, study.

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