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Week 1

"""When!loading!a!brick,!triangle!

foundation!might!be!the!most!stable!one.!

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"""Different! triangle! foundations!

which!shows!in!the!pictures!above! !

also!have!different!loading!ability.!

Normal!triangle!which!use!double!

layers!of!papers!has!more!loading!

ability!than!other!one.!

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"""!Using!MDF!bricks!to!build!a!

tower,!similar!as!loading!a!brick,!

the!most!important!thing!is!its!

foundation.!More!layer!of!

foundation!can!make!this!tower!

more!stable.!

"""!Make!a!door!can!affect!the!

upward!bricks.!So!the!structure!of! !

the!door!should!be!compact.! !

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Static!Loads:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Static!loads!are!assumed!to!be!

applied!slowly!to!a!struction!until!

it!reaches!the!peak!value!without!

fluctuating!rapidly!in!magnitude!

or!position.!

1.!Live!loads:!moving!loads!

2.!Occupancy!loads:!weight!of!

people,!etc.!

3.impact!loads.!

Dynamic!Loads:!

Applied!suddenly!to!a!structure.!

Like!wind……!

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Relatively!stiff!structure!oscillate!

rapidly!and!have!short!period!

while!flexible!structure!oscillate!

more!slowly.!

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! ! !Bibliography:!

Francis(D.K.(Cheng.(Building Construction Illustrated.(John(Wiley(&(Sons(INC.(2008.(Page:(2.02~2.03(2.09~2.11.(

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Week 2

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Pinned!joints:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Roller!joints:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! to!its!support!with!pin!joints.!

Theoretically!allow!rotation!but!resist! ! ! allow!rotation!but!resist!translation.! ! ! ! ! ! The!pin!joints!is!high!bending! ! !

translation! ! in!any!direction.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Stresses!from!developing.! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Fixed!frame!is!a!rigid!frame!connected! ! ! ! ! Three@hinged!frame!is!a!structural! !

Fixed!joints:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! to!its!supports!with!fixed!joints.!A!fixed!is! ! ! assembly!of!two!rigid!sections!connected!

Maintain!the!angular!relationship! ! ! ! ! ! more!resistance!to!deflection!with!a!hinged! ! to!each!other!and!to!its!supports!with!pin!joints.!

between!the!joint!elements,!restrain! ! ! ! frame!but!more!sensitive!to!settlements! ! ! ! Least!affected!by!support!settlement.!

rotation!any!direction.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hinged!Frame!is!a!rigid!frame!connected!

! ! ! ! ! !

1.!Solid!System! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 4.!Hybrid!

Example:!The!Great!Wall! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Example:!Water!cube!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Special!material:!ETFA! !

2.!Skeletal!System! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Membrane!are!thin,!flexible!surfaces!that!carry! !

basic!structure! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! loads!primarily!through!the!development!of!tensile!

Example!:!Eiffel!Tower! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! stresses.!They!may!be!suspended!or!stretched!between! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Posts,!or!be!supported!by!air!pressure.!

3.!Membrane!System! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! In!the!picture!which!shows!above,!the!force!on!the!left!hand!side!

efficient,!cheap!way!to!cover!large!area.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! should!be!supportive!force!! !

Example:!North!Court,!Melbourne!Uni.!

Bibliography:-

Francis-Ching.-Building Construction Illustrated.-John-Wiley-&-Sons-INC.-2008-:-2.17,-2.29~2.30.- -

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Type%of%foundation%system:% How%to%decide%foundation%use?%

1.%Shallow%foundations% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 2.%Deep%foundation% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % 1.%Pattern%and%magnitude%

when%Stable%soil%of%adequatebearing% % % % % the%soil%underlying%a%foundation%is% % % % % % for%a%building%loads% % % % % %

capacity%occurs%relativel%near%to%the% % unstable%or%of%inadequate%bearing% % % % % % % 2.%Subsurface%and%groudwater%

ground%surface.%They%placed%directly% % % % % capacity.%They%extend%down%through% condition.%

below%the%lowest%part%of%a%structure% % % % % % unsuitable%soil%to%transfer%building% % % % % % 3.topography% %

and%transfer%building%loads%directly% % % % % % to%a%more%appropriate%bearing%stratum% % % 4.impact%on%adjacent%properties.% %

to%the%supporting%soil%by%vertical% % % % % % % % % of%rock%or%dense%sands%and%gravels%well% % 5.building%code%requirement%

pressure.% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % below%the%superstructure.% % % % % % % % % % % % % % 6.construction%method%and%risk.%

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Different(type(of(footings:(

The(most(common(forms(of(spread(footings(are(strip(footings(and(isolated(footings.(

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Strip(footings:( Isolated(footings( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Continuous(footing:(

Continuous(spread(footings(of(foundation( Isolated(footings(are(the(individual( ( It(is(a(reinforced(concrete( ( (

Wall.( spread(footings(supporting(freestanding( ( footing(extended(to(support(

! Columns(and(piers.( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( a(row(of(columns.(

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! How!the!spread!and!continuous!footings!relate!to!wall!system.!

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Cantilever(Strap).footings:. . . . . Combined.footings:. . . . . . . . . . . . . Mat.foundation:.

Consist.of.a.column.footing. . Reinforced.concrete.footing. It.is.a.thick,.heavily.reinforced.concrete.slab.that.

Connected.by.a.tie.beam.to. . . . . for.a.perimeter.foundation. . serves.as.a.single.monolithic.footing.for.a.number. .

another.footing.in.order.to. . . . . wall.or.column.extended.to. of.columns.or.an.entire.building..They.are.used. .

balance.an.asymmetrically. . . . . support.an.interior.column. . . . . . . when.the.allowable.bearing.capacity.of.a. .

imposed.loads.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . load.. foundation.soil.is.low.relative.to.building.loads.

! and.interior.column.footings.become.so.large. .

. that.it.becomes.more.economical.to.merge.them. . .

. into.a.single.slab..

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*!Cantilever!and!combined!footing!are!often!used!when!a!foundation!

abuts!a!property!line!and!it!is!not!possible!to!construct!a!symmetrically!

loaded!footing.!To!prevent!the!rotation!or!differential!settlement!that!

an!asymmetrical!loading!condition!can!produce,!continuous!and!cantilever!

footings!are!proportioned!to!generate!uniform!soil!pressure.! !

!

Foundation)walls:)(3.12))��������)

Concrete)Foundation)Walls:) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Concrete)Masonry)Foundation)Walls)

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Anchor)bolts)for)sill)plates.)Minimum)wall)thick:)8”)

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Concrete)footing.) ) ) ) Steel)dowels)anchor)foundation)walls)to)footing.) Anchor)bolts)for)sill)plates)of)light)frame)cons.)

)

) Fill)cells)at)the)top)with)grout.)Screen)to)retain)

Key)provide)additional)resistance)to)lateral)slippage.) Grout.)

) Concrete)slab)

) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Steel)dowels)anchor)foundation)wall) ) &)concrete)footing) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

) To)footing.)

)

Concrete(Slab:(

Concrete(Slab(may(be(used(at(or(near(grade(level(

To(serve(as(a(combined(floor(and(foundation(

System.(

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! Perpend'

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! Ironed'mortar'joint'

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! Course(!number!of!layers)=!86mm!

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! *"what"is"the"function"of"bricks’"holes?"

! ! ! ! ! ! BRICK! Header'face' Allowed'reinforced'rods'to'be'installed'in'

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! ! Stretcher'face' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '

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! Describe'Strut:'

' It'is'a'steel'column.'

'

! The!moment!of!point!A!is:!

! 5000N!X!2(!length!of!the!arm)=!10000N!

! 5KN!

! A!! !!!!!Expansion!Joint:!

! ! An!expansion!joint!or!movement!is!an!assembly! !

! 2M! ! designed!to!safely!absorb!the!heatKincluded! !

! expansion!and!contraction!of!construction! !

! material,!to!absorb!vibration,!to!hold!parts! !

! together,!to!allow!movements.!

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Campus'Tour:'

1.!1888!Building:!Café,!in!front!of!ERC!

This!beam!outside!the!bulding! !

is!called!“I”!beam!which! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

has!the!shape!of!letter!I.!

This!beam!connects!the!building!to! !

the!concrete!column!outside!the!building.!

Which!may!provide!extra!force!to!help! !

This!building!more!stable.!

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This!concrete!beam!outside!the!bulding!

Used!precast!concrete.!The!shape!which!make!it! !

Looks!like!it!is!consisted!of!bricks!actually!are!models!

This!beam!outside!the!building!is!mainly!used!for! !

Decoration,!it!has!no!specific!function!for!supporting!

Whole!building.!

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! South&lawn&car&park:&

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! South!lawn!car!park!is!a!underground!parking!space!which!is!near!Ballieu! !

! ! ! ! ! Library.!

! Inside!the!car!park,!there!are!certain!big!“!column”!which!has!the!function!of!

! Structural!support.!But!these!columns!have!special!shape.! !

! This!shape!is!because!of!the!trees!on!the!ground(!and!the!parking!space!is!

! Underneath!the!ground),!so!it!can!holds!the!roots!of!trees!as!well.! !

! This!concrete!is!precast!concrete!which!joint!together!by!round!steel.! !

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Arts&West&Building:& &

1.!This!big!steel!beam!in!the!arts! !

west!building!is!mainly!for!decoration,!has!no!

structural!function.!But!this!beam!here!helps!to!

hold!the!roof!of!the!entrance!which!is!right!behind!

it.!

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2.!This!concrete!structure!is!underneath!the!

steel!beam.!It!is!also!precast!concrete!which!is!

easy,!fast!to!assemble.!It!has!two!different!type!of! !

surfaces,!which!used!different!models.!Its!function!

is!also!for!decoration.! ! !

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Natural!Philosophy:!

This!part!of!steel!rope!

Has!no!structural!function!which!

Can!not!provide!supporting!force.!

It!is!also!only!for!decoration.!

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This!curved!steel!

“I”!beam!provide!main! !

supporting!forces!for!this! ! !

structure!outside!the!building.!

“I”!beam!is!fixed!on!the!ground.!

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North!Court:!

This!structure!in!North!Court!is!membrane!structure.!Membrane!cover!is!the!most!efficient!and!economical!way!to!

cover!one!large!area.!It!is!flexible!and!has!beautiful!look.!This!membrane!used!in!North!Court!is!mainly!for!collecting!

rain!water!and!provide!shelter!for!students!to!have!meals.!It!has!hopper!looks!which!rain!water!can!be!collected!for!

recycling.!

The!membrane!is!fixed!by!steel!wire.!The!whole!structure!works!together!as!rain!water!collecting!system.!

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Reference:(

F.(Ching.((2007).(Building(Construction(Illustrated.((4th(edition)(The(United(States,(John(Wiley&(Sons,(INC.( (

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A!floor!system!may!be!composed!of!a! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Common!material!use:! steel!decking!or!wood!planks!have!relatively! !

Serious!of!linear!beams!and!joists!overlaid! 1.!Concrete.! Short!spans.!

With!a!plane!of!sheathing!or!decking,!or! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! CastAinAplace!concrete!floor!slabs!are!

Consist!of!a!nearly!homogeneous!slab!of! classified!according!to!their!span!and! 3.!wood!

Reinforced!concrete.! Cast!form.! ! Wood!beams!support!structural!planking!or!

! Precast!concrete!planks!may!be!supported! ! decking.!

Because!it!must!safely!support!moving!loads,! ! by!beams!or!loadbearing!walls.!

A!floor!system!should!be!relatively!stiff!while! ! 2.!Steel!

Maintaining!its!elasticity.! Steel!beams!support!steel!decking!or! !

! Precast!concrete!planks.! !

The!type!of!floor!material!is!decided!by!the! !

Function!of!that!space.!For!example,!the!density! Concrete(

Of!footings!or!beams!are!higher!if!this!room!was! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Steel(

Designed!for!heavy!stuff.!

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( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Wood(

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1.!Concrete!floor! If!the!floor!is!to!serve!as!a!hori3!

Precast(concrete(structure:( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( zontal!diaphragm!and!transfer-(

Characteristic33333Greater!structural!efficiency,! lateral!forces!to!shear!walls,!steel!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Less!depth,!reduced!weight! reinforcement!must!tie!the!pre3!

! Longer!span.! Cast!slab!units!to!each!other!over! !

Definition:!The!units!are!cast!and!steam3cured! ! their!supports!and!their!end!

! Off3site!and!transport!to!the!construction! ! bearing.!

! Site.!So!the!size!and!proportion!of!unites! !

! May!be!limited!by!transportation.! ! !

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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2.!concrete!slabs!

(1).(One(way(slab(

One!way!slab!is!uniformly!thick,!reinforced!in!one!direction!and!cast!integrally!with!parallel!supporting!beams.!

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(2).%One%way%joist%slab.%

A!joist!or!ribbed!slab!is!cast!integrally!with!a!serious!of!closely!spaced!joists,!which!in!turn!are!supported!by!a!parallel!set!of!beams.!

! ! !

! Designed!a!serious!of!T!beams,!joist!slabs!are! !

! More!suitable!for!long!spans!and!heavier!loads!

! Then!one>way!slabs.!

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Joist!band!is!broad,!shallow!supporting!beam! !

! That!is!economical!to!form!because!its!depth! !

! Is!the!same!as!that!of!the!joists.!

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(3).!Two!way!slab!and!beam!

A!two!way!slab!of!uniform!thickness!may!be!reinforced!in!two!directions!and!cast!integrally!with!supporting!beams!and!columns!on!

all!four!sides!of!square!or!nearly!square!bays.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tensile!reinforcement!

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! ! [4”%minimum%slab%depth]%

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(3).!Two!way!waffle!slab.!

A!waffle!slab!is!a!two!way!concrete!slab!reinforced!by!ribs!in!two!direction.!Waffel!slabs!are!able!to!carry!heavier!loads!and!span!

longer!distance!than!flat!slab.! !

! For!maximum!efficiency,! !

! Bays!should!be!square!or!square! !

! Or!nearly!square,!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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! Tensile!reinforcement.! !

! 75mm~115mm!slab!depth!

! suitable!for!span!7~16m! !

(4).!Two!way!flat!slab.!

A!flat!plate!is!a!concrete!slab!of!uniform!thickness!reinforced!in!two!or!more!directions!and!supported!directly!by!columns!without!

beams!or!girders.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tensile!reinforcement!

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3.!structural!steel!faming!

Structural!steel!girders,!beams,!and!columns!are!used!to!construct!a!skeleton!frame!for!structures!ranging!in!the!size!from!one!story!

buildings!to!skyscrapers.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Framing!beams!into!girders!minimizes!floor!

(1).!One@way!beam!system! depth;!some!mechanical!services!can!pass! !

! through!the!holes!cut!into!the!beam!waves.!

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! Two@layer!system!increases!floor!depth! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Considerably!but!provide!more!space.!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

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(2).!Two!way!beam!system!

! When!a!large,!column!

! Free!space!is!required,!

! Long@spanning!plate!

! Girders!or!trusses!can!

! Be!used!to!carry!the!

! Primary!beam,!which!

! In!turn!support!a!layer!

! of!secondary!beams.!

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Triple'beam'system:' '

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! More!structurally!efficient!wide!flange(W)!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !S!shape! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Shape!have!largely!superseded!classic!I! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Beam(S)!shapes.!Beams!may!also!be!in!the!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Form!of!channel(!C)!sections,!structural! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tubing,!or!composite!sections.!

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !W!shape!

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! !C!shape! Wood!joist!

!

! !Structural!tubing.!

!

!

!

!

! Steel!Joist.!

!

!

! !

Oval%Pavilion%Site%Visit:%

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (Full%site%plan—Ours%is%the%pink%part%which%is%the%kitchen)%

Our!site!kitchen!locates!at!the!back!

Of!Pavilion,!which!has!kitchen!

,!cold!room!and!also!part!of!

the!toilet.!This!part!is!also!a! !

two!stories!structure,!a! !

basement!is!underneath.!

The!supporting!structures!are! !

Steel!and!timber!frame.!

!

At!the!ground!floor,!they!use!“!Two@way!Beam!System”!

Two@!way!system!is!used!when!a!large!column!free!space!

Is!required.!

!

!

!

Weekly&Quiz&Summary:&

& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & Joist&span&

&

&

& Joist&

& Cantilever&

&

& &

*What&is&the&purpose&of&floor&system??&

To&transfer&dead&and&live&loads&via&horizontal&

members&to&supports.&

&

Why&choose&precast&concrete??&

Faster,&economic,&high&quality.&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

&

& Bearer&

&

& Foundation&wall&

&

Reference:(

F.(Ching.((2007).(Building(Construction(Illustrated.((4th(edition)(The(United(States,(John(Wiley&(Sons,(INC.(

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Wall$system$

Walls$are$the$vertical$constructions$of$a$building$that$enclose,$separate,$and$protect$its$interior$spaces.$

1.#In#addition#to#support#vertical#loads,#exterior#wall#construction#must#be#able#to#withstand#horizontal#wind#loading.#

2.#Because#external#wall#serves#as#protective#shield#against#the#weather#for#the#interior#spaces#of#a#building,#their#

construction#should#control#the#passage#of#heat,#infiltrating#air,#sound#and#water#vapor.#

3.#the#interior#walls#or#partitions,#which#subdivide#the#space#within#a#building,#may#either#be#structural#or#

nonloadbearing.#

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Reinforced#concrete#columns#

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Reinforced#concrete#beams#and#slabs#above#

#

## # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Layout#columns#along#a#regular#grid#for#economic#forming#of#beams#

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # And#slabs.#Columns#should#be#continuous#to#the#building#foundations.#

#

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # Whenever#is#possible,#vary#required#steel#

# # Reinforcement#rather#than#column#size;# #

# # When#necessary,#vary#only#one#dimension#

# # of#a#column#at#a#time.#

#

#

#

! Wall$forms$

!

! Spreaders,!usually!of!wood,!space!and!keep!the!wall!or! !

! Forms!apart.!

!

! Form!ties.!

! !

! Plywood!sheathing!! Bracing!

!

! Wood!stud!

!

!

! Horizontal!walers!reinforce!the!vertical!member! !

! Of!formwork!

!

! Sill!plate.!

!

Fabrication!in!a!factory!environment!enables!the!units!to!have!a!consist!quality!of!strength,!durability,!and!finish,!and!eliminates!the!

need!for!offCsite!fromwork.!

!

Masonry(walls(

Masonry(walls(consist(of(modular(building(blocks(bonded(together(with(mortar(to(form(walls(that(are(durable,(fire(

resistant,(and(structurally(efficient(in(compression.(

Masonry(walls(may(be(reinforced(or(unreinforced.(Unforced(masonry(walls(also(called(plain(masonry.(

( Mortar(

( Mortar(is(a(plastic(mixture(of(cement(or(lime,(or(a(combination(of(both,(with(sand(and( ( ( (

( water,(used(as(a(bonding(agent(in(masonry(construction.(

( (

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Unreinforced(masonry(walls(

( 1.(Grouted(Masonry(

( Grouted(masonry(walls(have(all( (

( Interior(joints(filled(entirely(with( (

( Grout.(

( The(grout(used(to(consolidate(the( (

( Adjoining(materials(into(a(solid(mass(

( Is(a(fluid(Portland(cement(mortar(that( (

( Will(flow(easily(without(segreation(

( Of(the(ingredient.(

(

(

2.#Solid#masonry# 3.#Cavity#walls# Reinforced*Masonry*

* Walls(*Next*page)*

#

# Reinforced#masonry#walls# #

# Used#steel#reinforcing#bars# # # # #

# Placed#in#thickened#joints# #

# Or#cavities#with#a#fluid# #

# Grout#mix#of#Portland# #

# Cement,#aggregate,#and#

# Water#of#a#greater#strength#

# In#carrying#vertical#loads# #

# And#increased#resistance#to#

# Bucking#and#lateral#forces.#

Solid#masonry#walls#may#be#constructed# # # Cavity#walls#are#constructed#of#a#facing#

Of#either#solid#or#hollow#masonry#units# and#a#backing#wythe#of#either#solid#or# #

Laid#contiguously#with#all#joints#solidly# # # # hollow#masonry#units,#completely#separate#

Filled#with#mortar.# By#a#continuous#air#space#and#bonded#with#

# Metal#wall#ties#or#horizontal#joint#reinforcement.#

#

#

Reinforced*Masonry*Walls*

1.#Reinforced#Grouted#Masonry# 2.#Reinforced#Concrete#Unit# # General# # Requirements#

# # Provide#horizontal#reinforcement#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

Reinforcing#steel#bars#are#fully# # It#has#horizontal#bond#beam#at#top.#

Embedded#in#portland#cement.# # All#cells#containing#reinforcement#are# # At#the#top#of#parapet#walls.#

Reinforced#grouted#masonry#should# # filled#solidly#with#grout.#

Conform#to#the#requirements#for#plain# reinforcement#continues#down#to# #

Grouted#masonry.# # # A#reinforced#concrete#footing.#

#

Expansion)joint)and)Control)joint)

!

Expansion)Joint) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Control)Joints.)

Expansion!joint!are!continuous,!unobstructed!slots! Control!joints!are!constructed!to!open!slightly!to! !

Constructed!to!close!slightly!to!accommodate!the! ! accommodate!the!shrinkage!of!a!concrete!masonry!

Moisture!expansion!of!brick!and!stone!masonry! wall!as!it!dries!after!construction.!Shrinkage! !

Surfaces.!Expansion!joint!should!provide!lateral! cracking!can!be!also!controlled!masonry!units!and!

Stability!across!the!joint,!and!be!sealed!to!prevent! reinforcing!horizontal!joints.!

The!passage!of!air!and!water.! Control!joints!should!be!sealed!to!prevent!the! !

! Passage!of!air!and!water!and!interlock!to!prevent! !

! OutDofDplane!movement.!Joint!reinforcement!should! !

! Be!interrupted!to!allow!inDplane!movement.!

!

! There!are!3!basic!relationship!between!structural! !

! Steel!frame!and!the!curtain!wall!or!cladding!its! !

! Support.!DDDColumn!in!front!of!the!wall!plane!

! DDDColumn!within!the!wall!plane!

! DDDColumn!behind!the!wall!plane!

!

!

!

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!

!

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!

!

!

!

!

Balloon&System&

& Balloon&framing&utilizes&studs&that&rise&the& &

& Full&height&of&the&frame&form&the&sill&plate&

& To&the&roof&plate,&with&joists&nailed&to&the&

& Studs&and&supported&by&sills&or&by&ribbons&

& Left&into&the&studs.&It&provide&the&minimal&

& Vertical&shrinkage&it&affords&may&be& &

& Desirable&for&brick&veneer&and&stucco& &

& Finfishes.&

&

& Factory&should&also&consider&when&select& &

& Exterior&wall:&

& 1.&stud&spacing&required&

& 2.sheathing&or&backing&requirement&

& 3.&durability,&maintenance&requirement&

& ��&

&

&

&

& &

Wood$Stud$Framing$

!

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!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Stud!wall!members!can!be!timber!or!steel,!structural!frames!can!be!constructed!from!reinforced!

concrete.!

Plywood!is!an!engineered!sheet!product!and!used!for!structural!bracing.!

The!structural!element!of!brick!veneer!walls!is!timber!stud!frame.!

Parliament*Site*Tutorial*Model*Making*

Frame:*The*main*frame*of*the*ground*floor*is*steel*frame.*

* The*frame*form*is*Two:way*Beam*system,*which*we*can*

* See*in*the*pictures.*Our*team*used*foam*board*to*represent*

* Steel*beams.*Two:way*beam*system*is*used*when*a*large,* *

* Column*free*space*is*required.*Long*girders*or*trusses*

* Can*be*used*to*carry*the*primary*beam,*which*in*turn* *

* Support*a*layer*of*secondary*beams.*

* Secondary*beams*

*

Primary* *

Beams*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

*

Reference:(

F.#Ching.#(2007).#Building#Construction#Illustrated.#(4th#edition)#The#United#States,#John#Wiley&#Sons,#INC.#

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! Week!6!

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!

Roof!system!

Roof!system!functions!as!the!primary!sheltering!element!for!the!interior!spaces!of!a!building.!

The!construction!of!the!roof!should!also!control!the!passage!of!moist!vapor,!the!infiltration!of!air,!and!the!flow!of!heat!and!solar!

radiation.!A!roof!must!be!constructed!to!span!across!the!space!and!carry!its!own!weight!as!well!as!the!the!weight!of!any!attached!

equipment.!

!

Roof$Slopes$ $

1.$Flat$roofs!

Flat!roofs!require!a!continuous!membrane!roofing! Flat!roof!can!be!efficiently!cover!a! !

Material.! Contents:! Building!of!any!horizontal!dimension,!

! And!may!be!structured!and!designed! !

! Reinforced!concrete!slabs!! serve!as!an!out!doo!to!r!space.!

! !

! Flat!timber!or!steel!trusses! ! The!slope!usually!leads!to!interior! !

! ! Drains;!perimeter!scuppers!may!be!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Timber!or!steel!beams!and!decking! ! used!as!overflow!drains.!

!

! The!primary!and!secondary!roof!beams!may! !

! Wood!or!steel!joists!and!sheathing! suppo!rted!openFweb!steel!joists,!metal!decking!!

$ Or!concrete!slab….!

! They!supported!by!exterior!walls.!

2.$Sloping$roof$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Structural$Steel$Roof$Framing$

! !

! Wood/steel!rafter!and!shathing!

!

!

!

! Timber!or!steel!beams,!

! !

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Purlins!and!decking!

!

Steel%rigid%frame:! Steel%Trusses:%

Steel!rigid!frame!consist!of!two!columns!and!a!beam!or!girder!that!are!

Rigidly!connected!at!their!joints.!

Vertical!loads!cause!a!rigid!frame!to!develop!horizontal!thrusts!as!its!

Base.! !

!

! ! Crown!

!

! !

!

!

!

! Metal!or!cementitious!roof!decking!or!panels!span!purlin!

! Shoulder! spaces.!

! Chanel!or!W!shape!purlins!span!the!trusses!spacing!

!

! Members!are!bolted!or!welded!with!gusset!plate! !

! Connections.!

! !

! Steel!trusses!are!generally!fabricated!by!welding!or! !

! Bolting!structural!angles!and!tees!together!to!form! !

! The!triangle!framework.!Because!of!the!slenderness!of!

Frame!spacing=Span!of!purlins! ! Frame!spacing=Span!of!girts! these!trusses!members,!connection!usually!require!the!

Steel!frame!may!be!left!exposed!in!unprotected!noncombustible! use!of!steel!gusset!plates.!Heavier!steel!trusses!may!

Construction.! Utilize!wide!flange!shapes!and!structural!bracing.!

!

!

Metal&roof&decking&

! Metal!roof!decking!is!corrugated!to!increase!its!stiffness!and!ability!of!

! Span!across!open6web!steel!joists!or!more!widely!spaced!steel!beams!

! And!to!serve!as!a!base!for!thermal!insulation!and!membrane!roofing.!

! !

! The!decking!paddles!are!puddle6welded!or!mechanically!fastened!to!the!

! Supporting!steel!joists!or!beams.!

!

! Metal!roof!decking!is!commonly!used!without!concrete!topping,!requiring! !

! Structural!wood!or!cementitious!panels!or!rigid!foam!isulation!panels!to!

! Bride!the!gaps!in!the!corrugating!and!provide!a!smooth,!firm!surface!for!

! The!thermal!insulation!and!membrane!roofing.!

! !

! ! To!provide!maximum!surface!area!for!the!effective!adhesion!of!rigid!foam!

! Insulation,!the!top!flange!should!be!wide!and!flat.!If!its!decking!has! ! ! ! !

! stiffening!grooves,!the!insulation!layer!may!have!to!be!mechanically! ! !

! fastened.! !

!

!

Rafter&Framing&

1.!Gable!roofs.!

Gable!roofs!slope!downward!in!two!parts!form! !

a!central!ridge,!so!as!to!form!a!gable!at!each!end.!

! Ridge!board!is!a!nonstructural!horizontal!

! Member!to!which!the!upper!ends!of!the! !

! Rafters!as!aligned!and!fastened!

!

2.#Hip#Roof# 3.#Gambrel#Roof#

#

#

# .#

# Ridge#

board#

# purlin#

# common7#

# rafter#

#

# Rafter7#

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # span#

#

# Beams#and#loading#walls#

#

#

Hip#roof#have#sloping#ends#and#sides#meeting#at#an# Gambrel#Roofs#

Inclined#projecting#angle.# Gambrel#roofs#are#divided#on#each#side#into#a#shallower#

# Slope#above#a#steeper#one.#

Ridge#board#

Common#rafters#

Hip#rafter#form#the#junction#of#the#sloping#sides#of#

A#hip#roof.#

Jack#rafter#is#any#rafter#that#is#shorter#than#the#full#

Length#of#the#roof#slope,#as#one#meeting#a#hip#or#a#valley.#

Hip#jacket#are#jack#rafter#extending#from#a#wall#plate#to#a#

Hip#rafter.# #

4.Flat'roofs'

Flat%roofs%are%framed%in%a%manner%similar% % %

To%floor%joist%framing.%

%

%

% Roof%joist%

%

% Double%trimmer% %

% joist%

%

%

%

%

% Lookout%rafters%

% % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Supported%the%roof%overhang%

%

%

Wood%Post?beam%Connections%

1.%ridge%connection%

%

%

%

2.#Post#Beam#connection# # # # # #

#

#

#

#

#

#

#

Eave# # #

# *Roof#sheathing#

# *Top#chord#

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # *Web#block#or#strut#

# Tied#to#web#system#

# Of#truss.#

# Fascia#

Soffited#eave# Vented#softfit# #

#

The$commonly$used$material$in$the$construction$industry$today$is$steel,$because$it$has$good$compression$and$tensile$properties$

and$can$be$formed$into$many$different$products.$

$

Site%visit%Interim%Submission%Presentation:% %

$ Group$1’s$site$in$Footscary:$

$ 4$town$houses.$

$ Foundation:$Raft$slab.$600mm$deep$and$300mm$wide.$

$ Steel$beams:$I$beam,$they$are$quite$expensive$because$ $

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ They$are$fire$resistant.$

$ Frame$work:$wood$stud$frame,$made$from$pine,$known$

$ As$light$weight$frame.$

$ Bracing:$Two$bracing$system.$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

$ $

$

Reference:(

F.#Ching.#(2007).#Building#Construction#Illustrated.#(4th#edition)#The#United#States,#John#Wiley&#Sons,#INC.#

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!

Roofing'material'provide'the'water3resistant'covering' ' ' ' ' ' ' Eave'Flashing'

for'a'roof'system.'They'range'in'form'from'virtually'

continuous,'impervious'membranes'to'overlapping'

or'interlocking'pieces'of'shingles'and'tiles.'

'

To'prevent'water'from'leaking'into'a'roof'assembly' '

And'eventually'the'interior'of'a'building,'flashing'

Must'be'installed'along'roof'edges,'where'roofs'change'

Slope'or'abut'vertical'planes,'and'where'roofs'are'penetrated'

By'chimneys,'vent'pipes'and'skylights.' '

'

Exterior'walls'also'must'provide'protection'from'the'weather.'

Moisture'is'normally'present'in'the'interior'spaces'of'a'building'

In'the'form'of'water'vapour.'

'

On'norm'sloping'roofs,'eave'flashing'consisted'of'two'layers' ' Eave'flashing'is'required'whenever'there'is'a'possibility'that'ice'might' '

' ' Form'along'the'eave'and'cause'melting'ice'and'snow'to'back'up'under'the'

' ' Roofing'shingles.'

'

'

Tile%roof! Vegetated%Roof%

Tile!roof!consist!of!clay!or!concrete!unites!that!overlap! !

Or!interlock!to!create!a!strong!textural!pattern.!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

They!are!also!heavy!and!require!roof!framing!that!is!strong! !

Enough!to!carry!the!weight!of!tiles.!Roofing!tiles!are!normally! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! There!are!3!types!of!vegetated!roofing!system:!

Installed!over!a!solid!plywood!deck!with!an!underlayment! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 1.intensive!vegetative!roofing!systems.(!305!minimum!depth)! !

Of!30!IB.! 2.Extensive!vegetation!roofing!system.(100~150!depth)!

! 3.Modular!block!system.(!75~100!depth)!

Flat%roof%assembiles%

!

! !

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

!

Thermal!insulation! Vapor!Rader:!impedes!the!passage!of!

! Water!vapor!into!the!roofing!geographic.!

! (used!the!average!tem!in!Jan!is<4°,!

! ! and!interior!humandity!in!winter!is!45%!or!greater!than!20°)!

! Roof!membrane!

!

! Roof!deck!

!

!

! Thermal!insulation!

!

! Vapor!retarder!

When!locates!below!the!roof!deck,!the!thermal!insulation!typically!consists!of!batt!insulation!installed!over!a!vapor!retarder.!A!

ventilated!air!space!between!the!insulation!and!the!roof!deck!is!required!to!dissipate!any!water!vapor!that!migrates!into!the!

construction!assembly.!

!

!

!

!

! Rainwater!shed!by!sloping!roofs!should!be!caught! !

! By!gutter!along!the!eave!to!prevent!ground!erosion.!

!

! Gutters!are!typically!of!vinyl,!galvanized!steel,!or!

! Aluminum.!

Flashing)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

Rainscreen)Wall)System)

Water)can)penetrate)exterior)wall)joints)and)assembles)by)the)kinetic)energy)of)raindrops,)gravity)flow,)surface)tension,)capillary)action)

and)pressure)diferential.) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Lapping)horizontal)joints)in)shingle)fashion,)sealing)vertical)joints,)and) )

) Sloping)horizontal)surfaces)away)from)the)interior)can)stem)gravity)flow.)

)

) Overlapping)materials)or)internal)baffles)deflect)the)kinetic)energy)of) )

) WindBdriven)raindrops.)

)

) Drip)break)the)surface)tension)that)causes)water)to)cling)to)and)flow)

) Along)the)underside)of)horizontal)or)nearly)horizontal,)surfaces.)

)

) Discontinuities)or)air)gaps)disrupt)the)capillary)movement)of)water.)

)

)

According)to)how)exterior)walls)deter)water)penetration,)they)are) )

categorized)as:)

1.Mass)wall)system.)()concrete,)solid)masonry,)etc.)) )

2.)Barrier)wall)system)()EIF)walls…))

3.)Drainage)walls.()Traditional)stucco…..))

4.)Rainscreen)wall.)

Curtain(Wall(

! A!curtain!wall!is!an!exterior!wall!supported!wholly!by!the!steel!or! !

! Concrete!structural!frame!of!a!building!and!carrying!no!loads!other!than!

! Its!own!weight!and!wind!loads.! !

!

! Conditions!of!curtain!walls:!

! 1.!Loads:!

! The!curtain!wall!panel!must!be!adequately!supported!by!the!structural! !

! Frame.!

! 2.!wind!

! The!wall!must!be!able!to!transfer!wind!loads!to!the!structural!frame!of! !

! The!building!without!excessive!deflection.!

! 3.!fire!

! Fire!resistance!equipment!required.!

! 4.!Sun!

! Brightness!and!glare!should!be!controlled!with!shading!devices.!

! 5.!temperature!

! Allowance!must!be!made!for!differential!movement!caused!by!the! !

! Variable!thermal!expansion!of!different!materials/!

! 6.!Water:!rain!collection!

The$purpose$of$thermal$insulation$is$to$control$the$flow$or$transfer$of$heat$through$the$exterior$assemblies$of$a$

building$and$thereby$prevent$excessive$heat$loss$in$cold$seasons$and$heat$gain$in$hot$weather.$

$

Video$Summary:$

To$prevent$water$penetrating$into$a$building$,$three$different$strategies$are$employed:$

1.$Remove$openings.$

2.$Keep$water$away$from$openings.$

3.Neutralise$the$forces$that$move$water$through$opening.$

One$is$sufficient$but$two$or$more$are$pursued$as$security$in$case$one$is$failed.$

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Detailing)for)heat:)

Control)heat:)

Heat)gain)and)heat)loss)occours)when)

66666Heat)is)CONDUCTED)though)the)building)evelope)

66666The)building)evelope)and)building)elements)are) )

) ) ) ) subjected)to)radiant)heating)sources.)

66666Thermal)mass)is)used)to)regulated)the)flow)of) )

) ) ) ) heat)through)the)building)envelope.)

)

)

Effective)control)of)heat)gain)and)heat)loss)saves)money) Controlling)Heat666Radiation)

And)increase)comfort)levels)for)building)occupants.) Radiation)can)be)controlled)by)using)

Conduction:) 666Reflective)surface)such)as)low)glasses,)reflective) )

1.)Thermal)insulation,)to)reduce)heat)conduction) ) ) materials)to)reduce)building)elements)from) )

2.)Thermal)breaks,)made)form)low)conductive)materials) ) becoming)warm/hot.)

,)like)rubbers)and)plastic)to)reduce)the)heating)transfer) 666Shading)systems:)like)eaves,)solar)shelve)to)prevent) )

from)outside)to)inside)when)using)highly)conductive) radiation)striking)the)building)evenlope.)

materials)like)metals.)

3.)Double)glazing.)

)

Reference:(

F.#Ching.#(2007).#Building#Construction#Illustrated.#(4th#edition)#The#United#States,#John#Wiley&#Sons,#INC.#

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Doors%and%Doorways%

Doors%and%doorways%provide%access%from%the%outside%into%the%interior%of%a%building%as%well%as%passage%

between%interior%soaces.%Doorways%should%therefore%be%large%enough%to%move%through%easily%and%

accommodate%the%moving%of%furshing%and%equipment.%

! The!choice!of!window!size:! !

! Physical!appearance!of!this!building!

! Natural!light,!ventilation,!view!potential!

! Spatial!quality!of!the!interior.!

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! !

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! Hollow!metal!door!type:!

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Required!space!around!doorway!for!door!swing.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Door!slides!on!an!overhead! !

! Most!convenient!operation!for!entry!and!passage! track.!

! Most!effective!door!type!for!thermal!and!acoustic!

! Insulation!and!for!weather!resistance,!can!be!fire!rated.!

!

!

!

! Require!no!operating!space!but!is!difficult!to!seal!against!

! Weather!and!sound!

! Used!on!exterior!as!sliding!glass!door.!

! Used!in!interior!primary!for!visual!screening.!

!

!

!

! Full!width!doorway.!

! No!operating!space!but!difficult!to!weather!proof.!

!

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!

Fire%door%assembiles,%consisting%of%a%fire3resistive%

door,%and%hardware,%are%required%to%protect%

openings%in%fire3rated%walls.%

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Maium%door%size:%1220%X%3050%

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Door%frame%and%hardware%must%have%a%fire%

resistance%rating%similar%to%that%of%the%door.%

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Door%must%be%self3latching%and%be%equipped%with%

closers.%

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No%glass%and%louver%combinations%are%permitted.%

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Wood$Flush$Doors!

!

Hollow!Core!Doors!

It!has!the!frame!work!of!stiles!

And!rails!encasing!an!expanded!

Honeycomb!core!of!corrugated!

Fiberboard!or!a!grid!of!interlocking!

Horizontal!and!vertical!wood!

Strip.!

Light!weight,!little!inherent!thermal!

Or!acoustic!insulation!value.!They!

May!be!used!as!the!exterior!door!

If!water!proof.!

!

!

!

!

! Solid!core!doors!have!a!core!of!bounded!lumber!blocks,!particleboard,!or! !

! Mineral!composition.!It!is!the!lightest!but!has!low!screwGholding! !

!

Wood$Rail$and$Stile$doors.$

$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Wood$rail$and$stile$doors$consist$of$a$frame$work$of$

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Vertical!stiles!and!horizontal!rails!that!hold!solid!wood!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Or!plywood!panels,!glass!lights,!or!louvers!in!place.! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The!stiles!and!rails!may!be!solid!softwood!or!veneered! ! ! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Hardwood.!

!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Battern!doors!consist!of!vertical!board!sheathing!nailed!at! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! right!angle!to!cross!strips!or!ledgers.!Diagonal!bracing!is!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! nailed!between!and!nothed!into!the!ledgers.!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! *used!primarily!for!economy!in!rough!construction!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! *Tongue!and!groove!sheathing!is!recommended!for!weathertightness!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! *!Subject!to!expansion!and!contraction!with!changes!in!moist!content.!

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Closer'

' Door'closer'

! Door!closers!are!hydraulic!or!pneumatic!devices!that! !

! automatically!close!doors!quickly!but!quietly.!

! They!help!reduce!the!shock!a!large,!heavy!used!door! !

! Would!otherwise!transmit!upon!closing!to!its!frame.!

!

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Panic!hardware!

Door!latching!assembly!that!disengages!when!pressure!is!applied!

On!a!horizontal!bar!that!spans!the!interior!of!a!emergency!exist!door.!

!

Window'elements'

'

Window'elements:'

Metal'window'frame,'wood' Rough'opening'

Insect'screen'

'

' Casing'Trim'

Head'is'the'uppermost'member' *'casing'refer'to'the'trimwork'around'

Of'a'window'frame.' a'window'opening,'consisting'of'head' '

Jab'is'either'of'the'two'side'member' ' and'jamb'casings,'window'sills'and' '

A'window'frame.' aprons.'

'

Sill'is'an'additional'sill'fitted'to'a'

Window'frame'to'cause'rainwater' '

Away'form'a'wall'surface.'

'

Exterior'casing'

'

Drip'or'head'casing'

Side'casing'

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Double!glazing!glass!

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! A!sunspace!is!a!glass!porch!or!room!adjoining!another! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

! Living!space!and!oriented!to!admit!large!amounts!of!

! Sunlight.!Sunspace!are!often!used!in!passive!solar!

! Design!in!conjunction!with!a!thermal!mass!of! !

! Masonry,!rock!or!concrete!to!store!solar!heating.!

!

!

!

Reference:(

F.#Ching.#(2007).#Building#Construction#Illustrated.#(4th#edition)#The#United#States,#John#Wiley&#Sons,#INC.#

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Joints'and'Connections'

!

! The!manner!in!which!forces!are!transferred!form! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! One!structural!element!to!the!next!and!how!a!structural! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! System!performs!as!a!whole!depends!to!a!great!extent!on!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The!type!of!joints!and!connection!used.!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Three!ways!for!structural!elements!joint!together:!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Butt!joints:!allow!one!of!the!elements!to!be!continuous! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! And!usually!require!a!third!mediating!element!to!make!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The!connection.!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Overlapping!joints:!allow!all!of!the!connected!elements! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! To!bypass!each!other!and!be!continuous!across!the!joint.! !

! ! !

!

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! The!connectors!used!to!joint!the!structural!elements!may! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Be!in!the!form!of!a!point,!a!line,!or!a!surface.!

!

!

!

! ! Pinned!joints:!rotation!but!no!resist!trans0!

! Lation.!

!

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!

!

! Rigid!or!fixed!joints:!Maintain!the!angle!

! Restrain!rotation!

! !

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! Roller!joints:!Allow!rotation!

! Resist!translation!in!a! !

! Direction!perpendcular!

! Into!a!way!from!faces!

!

! Cable!anchorage:!Allow!rotation!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Resists!translation!in!the!cable!direction.!

Movement(joints:(

All(building(materials(expand(and(contract(in(response(to(normal(changes(in(temperature.(Some(also(swell(and(

shrink(with(the(changes(in(moisture(content.(Movement(joints(provide(a(complete(separation(of(material(and(allow(

free(movement(and(maintain(the(weathertightness(of(the(construction.(

(

( Types(of(movement(joints:(

( (

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 1.(Expansion(Joints((Continuous(,(unobstructed(slot,(between(2(parts)(

( ( ( Permit(thermal(or(moisture(expansion(to(occur(without(damage(

( To(either(parts(.It(can(always(serves(as(control(and(isolation(joints.( (

( (

( 2.(Control(Joints(Continuous(grooves(or(separations)(

( ( ( Form(a(plane(of(weakness(and(thus(regulate(the(location(and( ( (

( Amount(of(cracking(result(form(drying(shrinkage,(thermal(stresses(

( Or(structural(movement.(

(

( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( 3.Isolating(Joints(larger(geometrically(complex(structure)(

( Differential(movement(or(settlement(can(occour(between(the(parts.(

( In(small(scale,(it(can(also(protect(a(nonstructural(element(form(the(

( Deflection(or(movement(of(an(abutting(structural(member.(

Joint&Sealant&

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To#provide#an#effective#seal#against#the#passage#of#water#and#air,#joint#sealant#must#be#durable,#

resilient#and#have#both#cohesive#and#adhesive#strength.#

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Quiz:&

Composite&material&is&the&material&you&can&tell&it&has&different&constitutes&by&eye.&Like&aluminum&

sandwich&panel.&

&

*&Sill&detail(&pic&from&(http://pages.uoregon.edu/lovell/gallery_technical_detail.html)&

& & Casement&

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& Double&glacing.&

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Site%visit,%tutorial%week%911111Swanston%square.%

! Basic!info:! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 35!sorties,!3000!workers,!around!1400!hec.!Now!finished!29th!floor.! !

!

! Because!they!mainly!use! !

! reinforced!steel,!so!they! !

! use!cranes!to!deliver!all! !

! frame!work!and!big! !

! loading!decks.!

!

!

! In!this!site,!they!use!the!onDsite!cast!concrete!slab.!

! This!always!is!used!due!to!the!transportation,!may!

! Be!the!slabs!have!really!large!size.!

! They!release!the!outside!first!and!work!from!the! !

! Inside,!working!on!the!inside.!Then!post!the!concrete!

! Crops!it!and!then!finish.!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! This!way!is!really!fast!and!economic!when!building!

! Skyscrapers.!

!

! Drainage!system!on!the!balcony.!

! Pipe!downwards!to!transport!rain!water!to!the!gutter.!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! In!order!to!let!in!the!sunlight!in!a!room!without!window!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! But!f!aces!the!balcony,!they!change!this!wall!into!glass!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! to!let!in!the!natural!light.!

!

!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! With!the!open!of!the! !

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Roof,!we!can!see!the!

! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Supporting!Steel!beams!

!

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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! This!are!the!fire!shield!and!moist!shield.!

! They!are!not!too!thick.!

! Top!red!one!is!for!fire!resist,!and!

! Bottom!blue!one!is!for!vapor!resist.!

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Red!pipe!on!the!roof!is!for!pooring! Electricity!line!fixed!with!steel!plates!at!the! This!big!steel!pipe!with!pomp!

Concrete.!Use!the!pipe!to!poor!the! ! ! ! roof.!The!white!pipe!is!used!for!teansport! is!for!transporting!concrete!

Concrete,!then!cut!the!red!ends! ! water!vapor!from!bathroom!outside!of! ! upwards.!

Down!with!hammer.! ! The!building.!

!

Reference:(

F.#Ching.#(2007).#Building#Construction#Illustrated.#(4th#edition)#The#United#States,#John#Wiley&#Sons,#INC.#

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Loads&on&the&building& Occupancy(loads& & &

Loads:( ( resulting(from(the(weight(

1.(Static(loads(are(assumed(to(be(applied(slowly( of(people(and(furniture(

to(a(structure(until(it(reaches(its(peak(value(without( stored(material,(and(other(

fluctuating(rapidly(in(magnitude(or(position.( Similar(items(in(a(building(

*Live(load(comprise(any(moving(or(moveable(loads(

on(a(structure(resulting(from(occupancy.( Rain(loads(result(from( (

Dead(loads(are(static( ( the(water(accumulation( (

Loads(acting(vertically(downward(on(the(structure(

,(comprising(the(selfBweight(of(the(structure(and(the(weight(

of(building(elements,(fixtures,(and(equipment(permanently(

attached(to(it.(

(

Settlement(loads(are(imposed(on(a(structure(by(

Subsidence(of(a(portion(of(the(supporting(soil(and( (

Resulting(differential(settlement(of(its(foundation.(

(

Ground(pressure(is(the(horizontal(force(as(a(soil(mass(exerts(on(a(vertical(retaining(structure.(

Thermal(stresses(are(the(compressive(or(tensile(stresses(developed(in(a(material(constrained(against(thermal(expansion(or(contraction.(

(

Dynamic(Loads:(

Dynamic(loads(are(applied(suddenly(to(a(structure,(often(with(rapid(changed(in(magnitude(and(point(of(application.(Under(a(dynamic(

loads,(a(structure(develops(inertial(forces(in(relation(to(its(mass(and(its(maximum(deformation(does(not(necessarily(correspond(to(the(

maximum(magnitude(od(the(applied(force.(

The(two(major(of(dynamic(loads(are:(wind(loads(and(earthquake(loads.(

(

Wind(exerts(positive(pressure(or(suction(on(the(sides(and(leeward(surfaces(

And(normal(to(windward(roof(surfaces(having(a(slope(less(than(30°(

Wind(velocityFFF10m(

(

An(important(factor(may(increase(the(design(values(for(wind(or(seismic(forces(

On(a(building(because(of(its(large(occupancy,(its(potentially(hazardous(contents,(

Or(its(essential(nature(in(the(wake(of(a(hurricane(or(earthquake.(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

Quiz:&

Combination)of)roof)and)gutter)can)result)in)least)corrosion—Zinc)roof)sheet)and)

Galvanized)steel)gutter.)()they)both)have)to)be)the)same)material))

)

Examples)of:)

Villan)Material:) ) ) Timber) ) ) ) ) oil)based)paint)Timeber) Aluminum)window)

)

Hero)Alternative:)Smart)joinst) ) water)based)paint) Bamboo) timer)window)

)

KDWH:)Kien)Dried)Hard)Wood)

)

1:&1&drawing&presenting:&

&

)

The)roof)of)North)Function) )

Room.)

)

) ) ) ) Joint)sealant)

)

)

Thermal(insulation(

(

Gutter(Box(

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(

(

(

( Gutter(box(overall(look(form(outside,(

(

(

(

(

(

Our(site(is(the(roof(of(the(function(roof,(which(is(the(kitchen.(From(the(detailed(graph(above,(we(can(see(this(roof(part(

mainly(consist(of(gutter(box(and(flashing(on(its(surface.(It(has(thermal(insulation(in(the(middle,(which(is(not(too(far(

from(the(joint(sealant.(The(main(structural(frame(is(steel(frame.(

Reference:(

F.#Ching.#(2007).#Building#Construction#Illustrated.#(4th#edition)#The#United#States,#John#Wiley&#Sons,#INC.#

(