functional neuroanatomy: the nervous system and behaviour chapter 2
TRANSCRIPT
Functional Functional Neuroanatomy: The Neuroanatomy: The nervous system and nervous system and
behaviourbehaviourChapter 2Chapter 2
Neuroanatomical methodsNeuroanatomical methods
nisslnissl
myelinmyelin
golgigolgi
autoradiographyautoradiography
ImmunohistochemistryImmunohistochemistry
In vivo imagingIn vivo imaging
Examples of Nissl stainsExamples of Nissl stains
Example of fibre stainExample of fibre stain(gold chloride)(gold chloride)
Example of Golgi methodExample of Golgi method
Example of autoradiographyExample of autoradiography
Example of immunohistochemistryExample of immunohistochemistry
Arc-positive cells after varying amounts of sleep deprivation
Imaging brain structureImaging brain structure
Imaging activityImaging activity
Types of cells in the nervous Types of cells in the nervous systemsystem
NeuronsNeurons The main information processorsThe main information processors
GliaGlia Important supporting rolesImportant supporting roles
Types of glial cellsTypes of glial cells
AstrocytesAstrocytes support, nurturancesupport, nurturance
Oligodendroglia or Schwann cells•insulation
Oligodendroglia or Schwann cellsOligodendroglia or Schwann cells
insulationinsulation
MicrogliaMicrogliaRepresent the immune system in the brain Represent the immune system in the brain
(protect from invasion, clean up debris)(protect from invasion, clean up debris)
Basic structure of the neuronBasic structure of the neuron
cell bodycell body
nucleusnucleus
dendritedendrite
axonaxon
myelinmyelin
boutonsboutons
Categorization of neuronsCategorization of neurons
by shapeby shape multipolar, unipolar, bipolarmultipolar, unipolar, bipolar
Categorization of neuronsCategorization of neurons
by shapeby shape multipolar, unipolar, bipolarmultipolar, unipolar, bipolar
by sizeby size large (pyramidal, eg)large (pyramidal, eg) small (granule, eg)small (granule, eg)
Categorization of neuronsCategorization of neurons
by shapeby shape multipolar, unipolar, bipolarmultipolar, unipolar, bipolar
by sizeby size large (pyramidal, eg)large (pyramidal, eg) small (granule, eg)small (granule, eg)
by functionby function sensory neuronsensory neuron motor neuronmotor neuron interneuroninterneuron
The basics of the synapseThe basics of the synapse
Neurons communicate at synapsesNeurons communicate at synapses
synapses can be chemical or electrical, synapses can be chemical or electrical, but chemical synapses are more commonbut chemical synapses are more common
Boutons, cleft, dendritic spines, postsynaptic membrane, vesicles, transmitter, receptors
Synaptic terminology
Axonal transportAxonal transport
Anterograde vs retrograde Anterograde vs retrograde
microtubules and neurofilamentsmicrotubules and neurofilaments
Anterograde vs retrograde axonal transport
Information flowInformation flow
Terminology:
Afferents and efferents
convergence (many:one) and divergence (one:many)
nuclei (containers of DNA) and nuclei (collections of neurons)
Neuroanatomical terms Neuroanatomical terms and conventionsand conventions
Neuroanatomical directionsNeuroanatomical directions
Rostral vs. Rostral vs. caudalcaudal
Dorsal vs. Dorsal vs. ventralventral
Medial vs. Medial vs. laterallateral
Superior Superior vs. inferiorvs. inferior
Terminology:Central nervous system (CNS) vs Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
MeningesMeninges
Dura mater (tough mother)Dura mater (tough mother)
arachnoidarachnoid
pia materpia mater
The very thingThe very thing
Major divisions of the brain
Lobes of cerebral Lobes of cerebral cortexcortex
Sulci and gyri maximize surface area
CytoarchitectureCytoarchitecture
Brodmann’s areasBrodmann’s areas
The limbic systemThe limbic system
Basal gangliaBasal ganglia
Midline structures of the brainMidline structures of the brain
DiencephalonDiencephalon
ThalamusThalamus A large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to A large mosaic of nuclei which contribute to
sensory and motor processing (you’ll meet sensory and motor processing (you’ll meet several of the nuclei later in the course when several of the nuclei later in the course when we look at systems).we look at systems).
HypothalamusHypothalamus Located just inferior to the thalamusLocated just inferior to the thalamus A collection of nuclei involved in motivated A collection of nuclei involved in motivated
behaviour (feeding, drinking, sexual behaviour (feeding, drinking, sexual behaviour)behaviour)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)Mesencephalon (midbrain)Tectum (roof)Tectum (roof) Superior and Superior and
inferior colliculiinferior colliculi
Tegmentum Tegmentum (floor)(floor) Some reticular Some reticular
nuclei and nuclei and cerebellar relay cerebellar relay nucleinuclei
Also contains Also contains substantia nigra substantia nigra and crus cerebriand crus cerebri
MetencephalonMetencephalon
CerebellumCerebellum A ‘mini’ brain for computing skilled A ‘mini’ brain for computing skilled
movements and many other thingsmovements and many other things
PonsPons Many cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei, Many cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei,
long tractslong tracts
MetencephalonMetencephalon
Pons (contains cranial nerve nuclei, Pons (contains cranial nerve nuclei, reticular nuclei)reticular nuclei)
MetencephalonMetencephalon
CerebellumCerebellum Many fine folds (folia) increase surface areaMany fine folds (folia) increase surface area Very large # of cells with very tight Very large # of cells with very tight
organizationorganization
Myelencephalon (medulla)Myelencephalon (medulla)
Some nuclei related to breathing, heart Some nuclei related to breathing, heart rate (so-called vegetative functions)rate (so-called vegetative functions)
Long tractsLong tracts
Another view of the brainstemAnother view of the brainstem
Spinal cordSpinal cord
Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system
Ventricular systemVentricular system
Blood supplyBlood supply