functional specialization 2: forebrain and cerebral cortex › ~jfkihlstrom... · functional...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cerebral Cortex
Lecture 4
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Functional Specialization So Far
• Neurons and Nerves– Afferent, Efferent,
Interneurons• Peripheral Nervous
System– Autonomic
• Sympathetic, Parasympathetic
– Somatic• Afferent, Efferent
Pathways
• Brain– Hindbrain
• Pons, Medulla, Cerebellum
– Midbrain• Reticular Formation
– Forebrain Subcortical Structures
• Hypothalamus• Hippocampus• Amygdala
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Topography of Cerebral CortexTelencephalon
Lateral View
Medial View
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Locating Yourself in the Brain
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Folds in Cerebral Cortex
•Gyrus (Gyri)•Inferior Frontal•Superior Temporal
•Sulcus (Sulci)•Central Sulcus•Parieto-Occipital•Pre-Occipital Notch
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Cytoarchitectonicsof the
Cerebral CortexBrodmann (1909)
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Primary Motorand
Somatosensory Areas
•Primary Motor Cortex•Precentral Gyrus
•Brodmann Area 4•Premotor Cortex
•Brodmann Area 6•Brodmann Area 8
•Postcentral Gyrus•Brodmann Areas 1-3
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Consequences of StrokeInsufficient Blood Supply to Brain
• Paralysis – voluntary motor function
• Anesthesia– tactile sensation
• Aphasia – speech, language
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Sensory and Motor HomunculusPenfield & Jasper (1954)
ScientificAmerican
11/79
FrontalLobe
ParietalLobe
Lateral Fissure
Longitudinal Fissure
Central Fissure
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•Primary Auditory Cortex•Superior Temporal Gyrus
•Heschl’s Gyrus (AI)•Brodmann Areas 41, 42•“Tonotopic” Organization
•Primary Visual Cortex•Striate Cortex (VI)
•Brodmann Area 17•“Retinotopic” Organization
•Extrastriate Cortex•Brodmann’s Areas 18, 19
Primary Auditoryand Visual Areas
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Specialization in Extra-Striate Cortex
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“Association Areas”
• Posterior– Perceptual Integration
• Frontal– Executive Functions– Problem-solving
• “Prefrontal” Cortex– Frontal Gyri
• Superior, Middle, Inferior
– Frontal Sulci• Superior, Inferior
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Some Common Neurological Symptoms
Amnesia AphasiaAlexia
Agraphia AcalculiaApraxiaAgnosia
(Memory)(Speech)(Reading)(Writing)(Math)
(Action)(Knowledge)
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Major Syndromes of Aphasia
• Broca’s Aphasia: “Expressive”– Slow, Labored, Inarticulate Speech
• Possible Problems with Writing, Reading Aloud– Speech Comprehensible– No Problems Understanding Speech, Reading
• Wernicke’s Aphasia: “Receptive”– Fluent (Phonetics, Grammar)– Paraphasias– Semantic Deviance– Problems Understanding Speech, Writing
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Language Centers in the Brain
Scientific American
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Coordination of Language FunctionsPetersen et al. (1988, 1989)
Scientific American
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fMRI
Electrocorticogram of Verb GenerationEdwards et al. (2007, 2010)
Courtesy of R.T. Knight
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Wernicke’sArea
MotorCortex
Broca’sArea
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Face Recognition in the Fusiform Gyrus
• Prosopagnosia– Bodamer (1947)– Brodmann Area 37
• Also Areas 18, 19
• fMRI in Face Recognition• “Fusiform Face Area” (?)
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Self-Regulation in the Anterior Cingulate Gyrus
• Part of Limbic Lobe– Anterior Cingulate Cortex
• “ACC”
• Executive Functions– Controlled Processing
• Self-Regulation– Error Detection– Conflict Monitoring
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The Parietal Cortex and Attention
• Hemispatial Neglect– Contralateral
• Temporoparietal JunctionTypical performance by a “neglect” patient on the line-bisection task
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Imaging the Stage Model of AttentionFan et al. (2005), after Posner & Peterson (1990)
• Alerting and Interruption– Fronto-Parietal– Thalamus
• Orienting and Localizing– Superior Parietal
• Executive Control– Anterior Cingulate Gyrus– Frontal
• Disengage• Move (Shift)• (Re-) Engage• Inhibit
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Old and New Views of Specialization
Cerebral CortexFunctional Specialization So FarTopography of Cerebral Cortex�TelencephalonLocating Yourself in the BrainFolds in Cerebral Cortex�Primary Motor�and � Somatosensory �AreasConsequences of Stroke� Insufficient Blood Supply to BrainSensory and Motor Homunculus�Penfield & Jasper (1954)Primary Auditory�and Visual AreasSpecialization in Extra-Striate Cortex“Association Areas”Some Common Neurological SymptomsMajor Syndromes of AphasiaLanguage Centers in the BrainCoordination of Language Functions�Petersen et al. (1988, 1989)Slide Number 17Face Recognition in the Fusiform GyrusSelf-Regulation �in the Anterior Cingulate GyrusThe Parietal Cortex and AttentionImaging the Stage Model of Attention�Fan et al. (2005), after Posner & Peterson (1990)Old and New Views of Specialization