functions of circulation to transport: 1. solutes - gases - nutrients - chemical wastes - chemical...
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Functions of circulationFunctions of circulation
To transport:
1. Solutes
- gases
- nutrients
- chemical wastes
- chemical signals- hormones
2. Heat - insects
3. Force
- use in locomotion (e.g. spiders, slugs)
- use in ultrafiltration across membranes
4. Immunity
5. Clotting
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A version of proposed evolutionary relationships between animal phyla
A version of proposed evolutionary relationships between animal phyla
Radialsymmetry
Poriphera
Cnidaria
Ctenophora
Platyhelmintha
NematodaAnnelida
ArthropodaMollusca
Echinodermata
Chordata
Unicellularorganisms
Hemichordata
Vertebrata
No body cavities
Urochordata
Multicellulariity
No tissues
True tissueorganization
Bilateral symmetry
Have body cavitiesand blood vascularsystem
Body cavitydevelops frommesoderm
Body cavitydevelops fromother cells
Evolution of Circulatory systems
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Comparative circulatory systems
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1. Pump
2. Channels
3. Blood/Hemolymph
Components of circulation systemComponents of circulation system
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Methods of circulationMethods of circulation
Circulation of external medium in Poriphera and Cnidaria(propulsion by cilia, flagella, or muscle contraction)
Open circulatorysystem of arthropods and most molluscs
heart
hemocoelheart
respiratorysurface
Closed circulation in annelids and cephalopod molluscs; respiratory surface may be skin or gills
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Closed Open•Blood remains in vessels •Blood directly bathes tissues
•High pressure •Usually lower pressure
•Regulate flow to each organ •Less regulated flow
•Return to heart rapid •Return to heart slower
•Found in: •Found in:
vertebrates, echinoderms, most arthropods, urochordates
cephalopods* (why?) most other molluscs
annelids*
Open vs. closed systemsOpen vs. closed systems
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Vertebrate respiratory mechanismsVertebrate respiratory mechanisms
Efficiency of O2 extraction
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Types of pumps:Types of pumps:
Peristaltic e.g. squirt; insect; worms
Contractile chamber e.g. vert. branchial heart
Tube chamber with separate muscles e.g. vert. veins
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Flow in rigid tubesFlow in rigid tubes
Q = (P1-P2) š r2
8 L
Poiseuille’s LawFlow in a rigid tube can be described by:
Q is flow volume rate
(P1-P2) is pressure diff.
r is radius of tube
L is length of tube
is fluid viscosity
Average flow velocity will be flow volume rate Q divided by the x-sectional area
Q = Velocity
š r2
Q = P / R
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Flow dynamicsFlow dynamics
E=(pv)+(mgh)+(1/2mu^2
Bernoulli’s theorem: Energy = Pressure + Kinetic + Gravity
Where does the energy go?
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Flow dynamicsFlow dynamics
assume flow rate steady (no other path)
Bernoulli’s theorem: Energy = Pressure + Kinetic + Gravity
Flow from high E to low E
(not high P to low P)
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compliance- (1/spring constant)
• Veins are volume reservoir and high compliance. Terrestrials!! Stand up and you might get a head rush, which is actually an “out of head rush”. Compensated by adrenergic fibers. If you prick me and I bleed, do I not vasoconstrict?
• Arteries are pressure reservoir. Less compliance. Smooth heartbeat. Keep pressure relatively constant to not strain capillaries. Also maintain efficiency of diffusion with constant velocity.
Vessels are not rigid tubesVessels are not rigid tubes
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The body plan of platyhelminths makes diffusion an effective mechanism of transport.
The body plan of platyhelminths makes diffusion an effective mechanism of transport.
O2
nutrients
Fick equation:
J = k(Cs - Cx)
where J = quantity of a commodity moved per unit time
k = a constant related to how readily the commodity can move
Cs = concentration at the source
Cx = concentration some distance away from the source
Only good when: very small, very thin, very inactive--or all three
What energy drives this?
S/V= 6 L2/L3
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radial canal
Each canal is lined with beating cilia
ring canal
Aequorea victoria,
A very simple distributing system: the gastro-vascular system of Cnidaria
A very simple distributing system: the gastro-vascular system of Cnidaria
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Open circulation in insectOpen circulation in insect
septa
Low metabolism?
Pulsatile organs
Dorsal diaphragm
Nerve cord
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Insect circulationInsect circulation
Anterior dorsal aorta peristalsis
External muscles assist filling of dorsal heart (“suction”)
Accessory pumps for antennae, legs, wings
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Typical crustacean circulation
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THE ANIMAL OF THE DAY
Hagfish (Ph:Chordata; ?:Agnatha)THE ANIMAL OF THE DAY
Hagfish (Ph:Chordata; ?:Agnatha)
<2 feetWhy is it interesting?
• Unlike other chordates, hagfish possess several hearts.• A systemic heart & accessory hearts to help with venous return.• Mostly closed circulation, but some sinuses w/o endothelium.• As much as 80% of O2 through skin.• Systemic heart is myogenic, & not innervated. • Blood pressure is quite low.
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THE ANIMAL OF THE DAY
Hagfish (Ph:Chordata; ?:Agnatha)THE ANIMAL OF THE DAY
Hagfish (Ph:Chordata; ?:Agnatha)
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Amphibian (bullfrog, Rana)Amphibian (bullfrog, Rana)
separate at high flow rates
S = O2 saturation
What happens when the frog dives?
* crocodiles dive too???
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Control of heart rateControl of heart rate
1. Neurogenic hearts- beat initiated by CNS
- annelids, crustaceans, arachnids
2. Myogenic hearts - they got rhythm
- vertebrates, most molluscs, some insects
- are modulated by autonomic CNS
sympathetic v. parasympathetic input
(noreprinephrine v. acetyl choline)
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How change amount transported?How change amount transported?
The volume transported over time (Q) can be changed by:
1. Increased rate of pumping (f). e.g birds, mammals
2. Increase volume (V) for each stroke of the pump.
e.g. fish
3. Increased carrying capacity of the fluid
(i.e. blood).
Q = f • V
Each of these can account for individual differences or species diff.
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Heart rate decreases w/sizeHeart rate decreases w/size
mammals
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Heart rate decreases w/ mammal sizeHeart rate decreases w/ mammal size
log scale
log scale mammals Why? (slope)
Other methods?
(predict slope)
logarithmic relationship: r = k • M b (b = slope = –.25)
log r = log k • b(logM)
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Heart mass directly proportional to body mass (0.6%) in mammals
Heart mass directly proportional to body mass (0.6%) in mammals
Stroke volume is proportional to body mass in mammals, and can not account for phylogenetic variation in metabolism.
h.m. = k • b.m 0.98
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Heart rate v. Stroke volumeHeart rate v. Stroke volume
*
* What else is changing?
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Lower volume Q compensated by carrying capacityLower volume Q compensated by carrying capacity
Hemocyanin is an O2 carrying pigment found in many invertebrate bloods. Unlike Hb, it is dissolved in the hemolymph.
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The total cross-sectional area of the vessels increases with distance from the heart.
Consequently, the velocity of flow decreases, and then increases after passing the capillaries.
Why?
Q = Velocity
š r2
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Blood pressure decreases away from heartBlood pressure decreases away from heart
As x-sectional area increases, pressure decreases in arterioles.
When x-sectional area decreases again in venules, the pressure does not return due dissipation due to friction w/ capillaries.
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Distribution of blood
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Control of cardiovascular systemsControl of cardiovascular systems
Baroreceptors
- atrial tonic receptors cause reflexive compensation
Chemoreceptors (CO2, O2, pH)
- if CO2 increases or O2, pH decrease, then slow heart if not breathing (how maintain B.P.?)
Stretch receptors
- increased atrial volume changes hormones to inc. urine
Thermoreceptors
Sympathetic v. parasympathetic centers & signals
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Feedback control in circulationFeedback control in circulation
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Control of capillariesControl of capillaries
Nervous system:
- Sympathetic norepinephrine to -adrenergic receptors.
- Parasympathetic ACh release.
(effects on heart rate?)
Local control:
NO; peptides; histamine
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Adaptation to posture changesAdaptation to posture changes
tree snakes have tight skin and anteriorly displaced hearts
ground snakes will pass out if held upright too long
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Pressure in humans
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Giraffe (Ph:Chordata, Ge:Giraffa)Giraffe (Ph:Chordata, Ge:Giraffa)
Lowering head could result in aneurysm.
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Giraffe (Ph:Chordata, Ge:Giraffa)Giraffe (Ph:Chordata, Ge:Giraffa)
• prehensile tongueWhat color?
• lower heart pressure & vasodilation
• tight skin around legs prevents pooling
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Don’t worry, sea slugs also have the same problem
Don’t worry, sea slugs also have the same problem
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1) Vasodilation in muscles; reduce resistance, reflex increases cardiac output.
2) Increased heart rate and force; stroke vol. in fish.
3) Release RBCs from spleen.
ExerciseExercise
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Diving verts need to limit consumption of O2.
If CO2 builds up, and lungs not stretched, then peripheral vasoconstriction -> reduced heart rate.
(vice-versa if lungs stretched)
Bradycardia shown by forced dive animals.
Not in free diving animals, unless chased.
DivingDiving
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Distribution of blood flow
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Relative osmotic pressure & exchangeRelative osmotic pressure & exchange
not quite even; lymph
Ultrafiltration.
protein colloids regain some fluid
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Phylogeny of respiratory pigments
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Respiratory Pigments