funda gis data strs

8/8/2019 Funda GIS Data Strs

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GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION

SYSTEM


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WHAT IS A GIS ?

GEOGRAPHIC implies that locations of the data items areknown, or can be calculated, in terms of Geographic

coordinates (Latitude, Longitude)

INFORMATION implies that the data in a GIS areorganized to yield useful knowledge, often as coloured

maps and images, but also as statistical graphics, tables,

and various on-screen responses to interactive queries.

SYSTEM implies that a GIS is made up from several inter-

related and linked components with different functions.

Thus, GIS have functional capabilities for data capture,

input, manipulation, transformation, visualization,

combinations, query, analysis, modelling and output.


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An organized collection of computer hardware, software,

Geographical data and personnel designed to efficiently capture,

store, update, manipulate, analyze & display all forms of

Geographically referenced information is called GIS.

Definition of GIS


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WHY GIS ? To invent and monitor resources

To test the sensitivity of our analysis

assumptions

To simulate potential impacts of

management alternatives


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Uses of a GIS

Mapping geographical characteristics for

analysis

Modeling alternative processes

for management plans

Managing a utilitys assets

Monitoring changes in environmental

factors


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Application areas ofGIS

Agricultural applications Forestry applications

Water resources applications

Urban and regional planning applications

Wetland mapping Land use/ Land cover mapping

Geologic and soil mapping

Wildlife ecology applications

Archaeological applications

Environmental assessment, monitoring and management


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REPORTING/

OUTPUT

SUBSYSTEMS

DATA

MANIPULATIONAND ANLYSIS

SUBSYSTEM

DATA INPUT/

DATA CAPTURE

SUBSYSTEM

DATA

STORAGEAND

RETRIEVAL

SUBSYSTEM

GIS Architecture

G

I

S


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DATA INPUT/DATA

CAPTURE

SUBSYSTEM

DATA STORAGE AND

RETRIEVAL SUBSYSTEM

REPORTING/ OUTPUT

SUBSYSTEMS

DATA MANIPULATION

AND ANLYSIS

SUBSYSTEM

Key board entry

Manual Digitizing

Scanning and automatic digitizing

DBMS

Format conversion

Spatial measurements

Reclassification

Buffering

Overlay

Modelling surfaces

Maps

Graphical outputs


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MEASUREMENT MONITORING

MAPPING MODELLING

4LULCCADASTRAL

AGRICULTURE

HYDROLOGY

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESMENT

DRAINAGE NETWORK MODEL

TERRAIN MODELS DTM

Ms

ACTIVITIES


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Contribution Disciplines

Geography

Cartography

CAD,CAC

Computer Software

AutomatedCartography

Mathematics

Statistics

Surveying

Photogrametry

Digital

Photogrametry

Remote Sensing

Technology

G

I

S


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REAL

WORLD

RAW

DATA

DATA

MODEL

OUTPUT

DATA

T1

DATA COLLECTION

T2

DATA INPUT

T4

DATA OUTPUT

DATA MANIPULATION AND ANLYSIS

T3

TRANSFORMATION BASED VIEW OF THE GIS


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GEOSPATIAL

DATAUSERS

COMPUTER

SYSTEM

KEY COMPONENTS OF GISKEY COMPONENTS OF GIS

Hardware&SoftwareCapture, Storage,

processing

Analysis, Display etc.,

Maps,Aerial photographs, Satellite

Images, Statistic Tables etc,

Design of Standards, Updating,

Analysis and Implementations


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HARDWARECOMPONENTS


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Arc/Info

ArcView

SpansGIS

PAMAPGIS

GENAGIS

INTERGRAPH

NICATLAS

GIS Software...


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Data Capture Sources

Digitizing from paper maps

Scanning

Traditional surveying techniques

Paper records & field notes

Photogrammetry

Remote sensing GPS


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SPATIAL DATA

Raster

Vector

DATAMODELANDSTRUCTUREDATAMODELANDSTRUCTURE

RASTERMODELRASTERMODEL VECTOR MODELVECTORMODEL


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ATTRIBUTE DATAATTRIBUTE DATAATTRIBUTE DATA

Attributes can be numeric or alphaanumeric data

that is assigned to a point, line or area spatial

features

Example Attributes

Stand ID, Compartment no,Vegetation type,

Name of the Forest Block,Type of Road,VSS

code etc.,

Attributes are the characteristics of the map featuresand holding of the descriptive information about the

geographic features.

Attributes are non spatial data.color


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FEATURESOFACOVERAGE

TICTIC

1 2

3

4

5 6

ABE POI TABE POI T

ODEODE

ARCARCPO D

A OTATIOA OTATIO

PO YGOPO YGO


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Point Features

Spatially distributed entities, activities orevents

Points have a single geographic coordinate

such as:

Tree

Traffic accident

Lamp post


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Line Features


Lines (Arcs) are a series of geographiccoordinates joined to form a line such as:

Road

Stream

Railway


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Area Features


Areas (Polygons) are a series of geographic

coordinates joined together to form aboundary such as:

Lake

Soil types


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Topology - mathematical representation of

geographic features(arcs, nodes, polygons and

points)

When topology is built, it creates spatial

relationship among the features

Topology can be very important for certain types of

analysis.

TOPOLOGY


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GISData and Structures

SPATIAL DATA

RASTER DATA

VECTOR DATA

NONSPATIAL DATA / ATTRIBUTE DATA

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPATIAL DATA AND

NON-SPATIAL DATA IS TOPOLOGY


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GRAPHICREPRESENTATIONOFSPATIALDATA

RASTERDATA

REPRESENTATIONVECTORDATA

REPRESENTATION


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RADIOMETRIC CORRECTIONS

GEOMETRIC CORRECTIONS

ENHANCEMENTS

MERGING CLASSIFICATION

CHANGE ANALYSIS

VECTORISATION

Image processing includes ..

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