WHAT IS A REVOLUTION?

•Fundamental change in way political system operates

•Change in the basis on which rulers come to power, their authority and their mission in office

•How do these revolutions stack up? Are they just a change of rulers?

•Glorious Revolution 1688•American Revolution 1776

•French Revolution 1789•Haitian Revolution 1791

•Russian Revolution 1917

Reactionary Moderate Radical

Change!

Return to the past!

Conservative

Change! The

old way stinks!

Liberal

THESE REVOLUTIONS LED TO:

• Change of Rulers• Change in relationship between rulers and ruled

• Increased participation of people in Government

…BUT DID THEY PROVIDE LIBERTY

AND EQUALITY FOR ALL?

England King James and King Charles

spending WAY too much money! Charles dissolves Parliament – He

wants to be an Absolute Monarch! English Civil War!

Oliver Cromwell

and Roundhead

s win!

Does my head look

round to you?

…at least you still

have one…

Charles loses his head! After Cromwell dies, James

II… I don’t think so!

William and Mary (of Orange) invitation

ENGLAND

7 Years War 1756 – 1763 – a victory North America

India American Revolution 1775 – 1783 – a loss

Glorious Revolution 1689 Overthrows King James II (a Catholic

in Protestant England) barred any future Catholic

succession to the throne. King no longer allowed to suspend

laws King no longer allowed to levy taxes King no longer allowed to maintain

a standing army in peacetime with Parliament’s consent

Constitutional Monarchy!

France

FRANCE

Louis the XVI calls for meeting of the three “estates”

3rd Estate creates their own National Assembly

7 Years War – Huge Debts – including colonies… Aristocrats MAD – new taxes! Merchants and New Middle-Class MAD –

Aristocrats had privileges they didn’t! Urban people MAD – high prices and

unemployment! Rural people MAD – taxes and obligations to the

Church and State

Liberty!The state of being free within

society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority

on one's way of life.

Equality!The state of being equal, esp. in status, rights, and opportunities

Liberty or Equality? …which would you prefer?

Can you have complete liberty and complete equality at the same

time?

….lets discuss!

Radical and Violent Revolution!

Declaration on the Rights of Man (all men are born free and equal!)

Calls for Universal Suffrage

End Slavery? State replaces

Church in many functions:

Recording births and deaths

Marriages Holidays

Thousands killed

The Committee of Public Safety Protect the revolution - Traitors to are

everywhere! 40,000 executions per year!

To protect the revolution from foreign influence, attack them first!

Levee en masse – national draft 800,000 soldiers to spread

liberty and equality throughout Europe!

End of Feudal Obligations! Universal education! Price controls!

French Republic CalendarVendémiai

re

Brumaire

Frimaire Nivôse Pluviôs

eVentôs

eGermin

al FloréalPrairi

alMessidor

Thermido

r

Fructidor

vintage mist frost snow rain wind seed blosso

mmeado

wharves

t heat fruits

The twelve months were grouped by seasons (so, we have four groups of three months), and all the months in a group rhyme

Each month had three 10 day weeksEven time was converted to be more “rational” –

Each day was divided in 10 hours, ( the fifth hour was noon, and the tenth was midnight).

Each hour had 100 decimal minutes, and each decimal minute 100 decimal seconds. Since there are 86400 "normal" seconds in a day, and 100000 decimal seconds, this gives the following equivalence:

1 decimal second = 0.864 seconds1 decimal minute = 1 minute 26.4 seconds1 decimal hour = 2 hours 24 minutes

Napoleon “Tames” the

revolution in 1804

Preserved the moderate elements Civil equality Secular law Religious freedom

…dispensed with LIBERTY (and racial equality) – Dictatorship!

Republic?

Napoleonic Wars a series of wars fought between France and alliances involving Britain, Prussia, Spain, Portugal, Russia and Austria at different times, from 1799 to 1815.

Napoleon

Creates huge empireEnds feudalismEqual rightsReligious tolerationCodifies laws (Napoleonic

Code) Some welcomed the change, some

resisted – stirs up NATIONALISM

Intent on spreading French progress by

FORCE

Haiti (…and the U.S.?) 1802 Slavery legal again! Slaves Revolt! Napoleon sends in

the troops! Yellow fever and fierce resistance

destroys French troops Faced by imminent war against

Britain and bankruptcy, Napoleon sells French possessions

(that he took from Spain) in North America to the United States—the Louisiana Purchase —for less than three cents per acre

Toussaint Louverture

Egypt?!

Russia1812 invasion of Russia

…as far as Moscow!…long and disastrous retreat!

Entered Russia with over 400,000 troops – less than 40,000 make it home…

Napoleon finally defeated by combined armies of Europe 1815 - Waterloo

…after all that, a King is placed on the throne…

Louis the XVIII…albeit with much less power as a constitutional monarchy…

Crap.TA-DA!!

Defeated by European coalition at Waterloo!

1815 - Napoleanic Era comes to an end

LATIN AMERICA

1768

The colonial period was marked by a rigidly stratified

society. At the top of the system were the

peninsulares , Spaniards born in Spain, they held most of the

political powercreoles , persons of pure Spanish ancestry born in

America. Had much of the wealth but wanted more

political powerMost of the population were mestizos , mixed Spanish and

Indian ancestry; at the bottom were Indians and Negroes.

Casta

Persons of mixed race were collectively referred to as "castas”

By the end of the colonial period in 1821, over one hundred categories of possible variations of mixture existed.

The system implied that the quality and character of people depends on their color and ethnicity.

Social and economic implications

INDEPENDENCE

Elite planters resented Spanish merchantilism French invasion of Spain led to the collapse of Spanish

Monarchy Revolution becomes struggle for power between Elites

– (Creoles and Penisulares) …not equality for all…

Venezuela and other Latin American nations…

Pre-Industrial Revolution

Village life dominated – nearly self sufficient

Most villagers were farmers – simple methods were used

Entire family was involved

Early industries – wool & coal (domestic system)

…revolution of another sort

World Population 1400 – 375 million 1800 – 1 BILLION

Energy crisis – wood and charcoal scarce

(price ↑)

Need an alternative energy source to replace old limited resources (sound familiar?)

Fossil fuels! Coal, oil and natural gas New, powerful sources of

energy replace wind, water and muscle

LEADS TO A 50 FOLD INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY IN ONLY 150 YEARS

…combine new fuels with:

New and increased technology

Lots of cheap labor (why?)

New Entrepreneurial freedom (why?)

Coal fired Steam Engine!

Powered machinery textiles, iron steel, food processing,

chemicals, electricity, telephone, telegraph, etc…

Increased production

Why Europe? Europe and rest of the world very similar (life

expectancy, living standards, nutrition, etc) Smaller Nation-States led to highly

competitive atmosphere Newness – no large tax collecting

bureaucracy, lead to alliance between leaders and merchants (charters, monopolies, scientific societies, etc)

Competition – capitalism leads to innovation World Trade – forced to compete with goods

from Asia

Why Britain? 52 millions lbs of cotton used in 1800 588 million lbs of cotton used in 1850

Lots of handy coal and iron deposits

More agriculture output meant lower food prices and less farm work meant more workers

World wide business market

Religious tolerance drew skilled labor from other areas

No revolution (like France)

Positive Effects Increased world productivity

Synthetic materials are developed

New inventions improved quality of life for many

Growth of railroads Population growth

stabilized Death rates fell (people

ate better and kept cleaner)

Birth rates fell (family planning practiced because people didn’t need large families to ensure survival)

Rise of Middle-Class Merchants to clerks vote by 1832

Impact of Industrial Revolution

70% are lower (laboring) class Suffered most and gained the least! Overcrowded, smoky, dangerous, low wages, child

labor, etc…

Rise of Socialism

Karl Marx – Industrial capitalism was unstable!

Those who did all the work, suffered the most and would surely rise up and create a classless society!

REVOLUTION!

Reform

Socialism diffused by the new middle class Life had improved and they were protective of those

improvements No desire to lose new status

Wages rising, food prices dropping, child labor laws passing – Marx did not foresee society taking upon reform upon itself

…a note about Russia Absolute monarchy…still.

No legal political parties No nation-wide elections

Serfs (slaves) not freed until 1861

Forced industrialization New middle-class resents royal control Serfs go from fields to factories (still have no rights) 13 hr days, living in barracks, ruthless discipline

Marxist socialism sounds very appealing…

Why did Imperialism Develop? Economic factors – competition of industrial revolution

Resources Markets

Nationalistic factors – competition of nation-states We’re bigger and better than you

Cultural factors You should live like us, we are modern and awesome

(slavery should end!)

Military factors Protect those colonies

Britain Takes Over India

Sepoy – an Indian soldier employed by British East India Company

1857 Sepoy Mutiny – caste differences and beef/pork fat

The rebellion led to the dissolution of the East India Company in 1858, and forced the British to reorganize the army, the financial system, and the administration in India

India was thereafter directly governed by the Crown in the new British Raj

1909

"New Crowns for Old Ones!"

British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli presents Queen Victoria with the title of Empress of India in 1876.

There was a great deal of opposition, but the queen insisted, since she was a great enthusiast for imperialism and felt that such an act would signify her personal relationship with the Indians and the interest she professed to have in their welfare.

India

An Englishman in India dresses for his day, attended by four servants. Because of the very low income levels of the Indian people, British "colonials" in India could literally live like princes, with many servants attending to their every need.

Africa

Lots of resources!

Very few modern weapons!

Results of

Berlin Conferenc

e 1885

The Berlin Conference 1884 - 1885

IMPERIALISM

1914

China

Brought peace and prosperity Kept Chinese culture including Confucian

tradition and civil service system Conquered much of Central Asia and Tibet Western traders and missionaries flood into

southern Chinese ports

1644 - Qing - China’s final dynasty (Manchu Dynasty)Foreign, not considered “Han” Chinese

Troubled China

Increased population Poverty Starvation Peasant Uprisings

Lack of industrialization – not seen as a need Lack of change/reform

Discontent from within, slow to change and those sneaky Europeans find another way to undermine the power of China

Opium? When China continues to limit trade with the

West, Britain begins to illegally smuggle Opium into China Drains the country of silver Millions of addicts dependent on British Opium"Opium Wars" -

between China and Britain leads to defeats for China.

Britain gets Hong KongJapan attacks in 1894 ant takes Korea, Taiwan and Port Arthur.

50 of China’s most prosperous ports were deemed "treaty ports" which meant that they were open to foreign trade and residence.

European nations divided China into spheres of influence

The wishes of the Chinese were ignored. This, understandably, created a great deal of resentment amongst the Chinese.

Last Emperor

The Boxer Rebellion – anti-foreign movement

Hundreds of Europeans killed but European backlash leads to European control of most of China

1911 – Nationalist Chinese forces under Sun-Yat-Sen force the abdication of the last emperor Pu Yi

Ottoman Empire

Rising Nationalism means loss of peripheral territory: Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Balkans, Egypt

“Defensive” modernization efforts – lead to huge debts to industrial countries

Leads to loss of Sultan’s power and rising secularism

Young Ottomans and Young Turks push for more reform and Turkish Nationalism

The “Sick Man of Europe”

Japan

Only one port open to trade with outside world (Portuguese only)

…highly stratified society with samurai class at top and merchants at bottom – both jealous of each other

Agricultural innovation and rising urbanism

Class conflict (and no real need for samurai)

1852 Commodore Matthew Perry forces Japan to open trade with the U.S.

Westernization of Japan Meiji Restoration – the end of the Tokugawa

Shogunate in 1867 The Emperor and his ministers (making decisions

in his name)(not Shogun) controls a united Japan Rapid industrialization led by nation

(government monopolies created then sold to private companies); railroads, ports, etc

Fascination with western technology, politics, dress, etc

Military build-up and Imperialism Korea Taiwan Manchuria