Fundamental Forces OfThe Universe

Project By:-Shamshad Khan Rishabh Singh

Four Fundamental Forces

Weak Nuclear

Strong Nuclear

Electro-Magnetism

Gravitation

Gravitational Force

Gravitational force is the force of attraction between all masses in the universe; (especially the attraction of the earth's mass for bodies near its surface) 

"the more remote the body is less the gravity“ The weakest of all forces. Has infinite range (acts across the entire universe) The “particle” that carries the force is called a graviton "the gravitation between two bodies is proportional to the

product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”

Gravitational Force

"Why do objects move toward the earth?" "Objects yearn to be united with the earth."

Why do objects slow down when you put them in motion?

"Objects in motion slow down because they get tired.“

These are the works of Aristotle, which held sway for almost 2,000 years until the beginning of modern physics with Galileo and Isaac Newton.

Few Questions regarding Gravitation.

Scientists Known for their contribution in study of Gravitation.

Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

ELECTRO-MAGNETISM

•Electric force and Magnetic force both can create Electro-magnetic force.

Electric Force

It act only on charged

particles such as protons and

electrons.

Particles with opposite charge

attract and same charge

repel(push apart).

Magnetic ForceIt acts on certain metals(with magnetic

character), on the poles of magnets and on moving charges.

Magnets are dipole(have two poles i.e. south pole and north pole).

Like electric force, magnetic force is attractive for opposite poles and

repulsive for similar poles.

The Fundamental Interactions

Interaction Strength Range(m)

Mediator Mass(GeV)

Gravitation 10^-43 ∞ Gravitons 0

Electromagnetic 10^-2 ∞ Photons 0

Strong 1 10^-15m Gluons 0

Weak 10^-6 10^-18m Bosons 80,80,91

THE UNIFICATION

How magnetism generates electricity.

•Famous Scientists in the field of Electro-Magnetism

Hans Christian Orstead

.

Fig: The Compass-wire Experiment

14th August 1777-9th March 1851

James Clerk Maxwell

13th June 1831-5th Nov. 1879

Unified Electricity and Magnetism.

Formulated Maxwell’s Equations

Proposed Light as an EM-wave.

Electromagnetic Force

Acts between electrically charged particleshave infinite mass.

Described by Electro-Magnetic fields(EM-fields).

Act through an exchange(or Mediation) of particles named photons.

Uses of Electromagnetic Force

All the particles with either electric charge or magnetic moment(and of course a photon)

interact with the electromagnetic interaction.

Hydro-Electric Dams, Nuclear Power Plants, Generators etc. work on this phenomenon.

Describes a number of phenomenon such as Friction, Rainbows, Lightening.

Is the basis of existence of all electrically-driven devices such as Computers, Televisions, Lasers

etc.

STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE

Quarks• There are six types of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top and bottom.• All quarks have an electric charge charge of either 2/3 or -1/3.• All quarks have a spin of 1/2.

Gluons• Gluons have a mass and electric charge of 0.• Gluons have a spin of 1.

Properties of Quarks and Gluons

Diffrence between Electro-Magnetic and Strong Force.

WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE

Weak Nuclear Force or Weak Interaction is responsible for decay of material . It can observed on any material it time lapsed. Weak interaction is responsible for such phenomena as beta decay consolidated with electromagnetism as a single

interaction called electroweak interaction.

DEFINITION OF WEAK INTERACTION

Example Of WEAK INTERACTION

What hold the Neutrons and Protons in the nucleus of an

atom together? Weak Nuclear Force is the glue that does

that. If the number of these particles gets too big, the weak

force cannot hold all the Protons and Neutrons that are

moving around together and they are moving around

together and they drop something.

The Fifth Force

Weak Nuclear

Strong Nuclear

Electro-Magnetism

Gravitation

Dark Energy