fundamental niche
DESCRIPTION
Realized niche. Fundamental niche. Character displacement in beak size in poulations of Galapagos finches. # prey predator kills; on predator efficiency = c, # prey, # predators. Efficiency of converting kills to new predators. Death rate of predators in absence of prey. # kills. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Fundamental niche
Realized niche
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Character displacement in beak size in poulations of Galapagos finches
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€
dN prey
dt= rN prey 1−
N prey
K− cN pred N prey
⎛ ⎝ ⎜
⎞ ⎠ ⎟
# prey predator kills; on predator efficiency = c,
# prey, # predators
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€
dN pred
dt= b(cN pred N prey ) − dN pred
# kills
Efficiency of converting kills to new predators
Death rate of predators in absence of prey
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Type I functional response
Daphnia magna consuming yeast cells
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Type IIFunctional response
Parasitoid that attacks cocoons of pine sawfly
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Type III functional response
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Cryptic coloration in the flounder, which is capable of changing their color and pattern rapidly to match bottom sediments.
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Cryptic coloration the walking stick, which feeds on leaves.
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Aposematism:Monarch
Batesian mimicry:Viceroy
Müllerian mimicry
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Effects of grazing by beetle (Gastrophysa viridula) on dock plant (Rumex crispus)
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Interaction between herbivory and pollution
• N pollutants: decrease C:N ratio >> more palatable• Combined stress of herbivory and pollution may be synergistic
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Symbiosis• Close association between individuals of two or more species• Includes parasitism and mutualism• Parasitism: member of one species (parasite) feeds on, but
usually doesn’t kill member of another species (host)• Mutualism: an interaction between individuals of two or
more species in which the growth, growth rate, and/or population size are increased in reciprocal association
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Volatile fatty acids: 57 gMicrobial cells: 128 g
Minerals: 43 gRumen dry matter: 343 g
960 g alfalfa Methane, CO2
369 g feces(50 g bacteria; 319 g food residue
• 4.7 L total volume• 20% volume = microorganisms
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Rhizobia-legume mutualism
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Roots of Red Clover with Adhering Bacteria
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Spring Wheat Rhizosphere with Fungi and Bacteria.
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Paramecium/Chlorella symbiosis
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Cleaner-customer mutualism
Indicator indicator:honeyguideMutualism b/t bird and honeybadger or humans
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Deep Sea Pompeii Worm Alvinella pompejana Close-up showing the bacteria-coated filaments that cover the body of this
hydrothermal vent worm. � 2004 Peter Batson/Image Quest Marin
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Beltian body
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protoeukaryoteKrebs cycle-containing bacterium
promitochondrion
eukaryote
spirochaete
cyanobacteria
chloroplasts
mitochondria
flagellate
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dN1
dt=r1N1(K1 −N1 −a12N2 )
K1
Lokta-Volterra
dN1
dt=r1N1(K1 −N1 + a12N2 )
K1
Mutualism??