• Fundamental of Biosystem Engineering

• Mahmad Nor Jaafar• Abdul Razak Shaari• Contact: 04979-8530 or

8826• 4 Credit , 2hr Lecture , 1 hr

Tutorial and 2hr Lab.• Monday (9-11), Friday ( 9-12)

ERT 141

BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

What is Engineering ?

What is Biosystem ?

BIO = Life

SYSTEM = Part of components, linked, unity and purpose

BIOSYSTEMS

• The BIOSPHERE ( BIOSYSTEM)

• SYSTEM CONCEPT

• ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Integration of Engineering with Biological sciences for the production of safe food and protection of environment in a sustainable manner.

• The analysis,

design, &

control of

biologically-

based systems

for the sustainable production & processing of food & biological materials & the efficient utilization of natural & renewable resources in order to enhance human health in harmony with the environment.

Challenges

• Population growth>>> exponentially

• FOOD supply >>> arithmetically

• POP > FOOD

• NATURAL RESOURCES limiting

• MANAGING to PRODUCE more with less

• PRODUCTIVITY & EFFICIENCY.

BIG THREE

FOOD & WATER

MATERIALS & TOXICITY

ENERGY & TRANSPORTATION

Sustainable production issues

Three Bottom-line

PROFIT (ECONOMIC)

COMMUNITY ( Social Health)

ENVIRONMENT ( NATURAL RESOURCES)

The Bioshpere

• The space where biotic & abiotic worlds meet, at the overlap & interface of the 3 major spheres: atmosphere ( Air) lithosphere ( Soil, terrestrial ecosystem) the hydrosphere ( Water, aquatic ecosystem)

(Archer et al., 1987), illustrated in Fig. 1.2.

Lithosphere

Atmosphere

Biosphere

“Biosystem”

Hydrosphere

Figure 1.2. Schematic representation of the biosphere as an interface of the atmosphere, lithosphere, and hydrosphere

NEW AGRICULTURE

• AGROECOSYSTEM management

• Biological System

• Mechanization >>Engineering & ICT

• ECOLOGICAL BALANCE

• WATER

• CORBON

• NUTRIENTS ( N & P)

Lithosphere

Atmosphere

Biosphere

“Biosystem”

Hydrosphere

SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES of BIOSYSTEM

Nitrogen (N)

Phosphate (P) CO2

DEFORESTRATION, EROSION;

FOSSIL FUEL BURNING

NUTRIENTS FOOD

Water & Air Pollution

ENERGY for FOOD ENERGY + WASTE CARBON CO2

CO2 + H20 + LIGHT CHO + O2

FOOD + FIBER

FOOD

BIOTECTECNOLOGY

AGRICULTURE

ENVIRONMENT

GLOBAL WARMING

ENERGY

If only we use the energy of sun directly !!

FOOD & WATER essential of LIFE

BIOSYSTEMS

• The BIOSPHERE ( BIOSYSTEM)

• SYSTEM CONCEPT• ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

Spectrum of Biological systems

BiosphereBiosphereCropping

Plant

Plantlet/Cells

Sub-Molecular

NanotechnologyNanotechnology

Farm

Leaves FOREST

Aquatic biomes

Atmosphere

Grasslands Biomes

Cropping System

FOREST BIOMES

Systems concepts

• “System” defined as anything formed of parts or components placed together & interconnected to make a regular whole working as if one body or entity as it relates an input to an output, or a cause to an effect.

1. A system is made up of components or subsystems which have defined relationships.

2. Each of these components are linked in such a manner that the output of one is an input to the other.

3. The successful operation of one component depends upon the other (unity).

4. System components are interconnected to form one body or entity in order to achieve its purpose.

4 CharacteristicsSystem Concept

“Systems”

Input (Controllable /Exogenous)Output (Desired/undesired)Parameters(Initial factor) State variables(Status)Boundary(separation)Environment (N,ST,SK,IS,E)

Controllable input

• Materials or energy which are required to bring about the desired system output.

• These variable can vary with time.Examples:

Water - in soil-plant systems animal production systems, & river or lake systems. The volume of water flowing into a river may vary during the day.Food intake - to the body.

• Materials or energy, which influence or affect the biosystem but the biosystem cannot affect them (at least for the system under consideration)Examples:

Solar radiation, air temperatures & rainfall - to people, forest, crop, urban, & economic systems.

Exagenous Input

• The transformation product of the material input & the system processes (accounting for technologies) through the use of energy & labour.

Example: Forage & grain - of the animal system Profit - of a farm system Potable water - of a regional system

Desired Output

• The undesired results as the biosystems functions to produce the desired outputs.Example;

Nitrate leaching - of crop production system

Phosphate runoff - of animal production system

Water pollution - of an industrialized economy

Undesired By-Products

• summarize the status of the system

• knowing the state variable (S) at any initial time t

• I (t0) + S0 (t0) S1(t1) Generic Equation.

State variables

System Parameters

• Factors which determine the initial structure & condition of a biosystem

• Constants representing technology or information• Parameters are differentiated from state variables in that,

for deterministic systems, they do not change with time during the operation of the system

System Boundary

• The separation (real or imaginary) between the system & the environment

Example: the physical boundary of a household system maybe the house structure itself, everything inside the house belongs to the system, everything outside belongs to the environment

Environment

Biosystem ► Environment• The set of objects, factors, & influences outside the

boundary of the system• Signals crossing the boundary into the system must be

one-way direction• The signal may affect the system but the system output

should not affect the environment to the extent that it would modify the signal (Eisen, 1988)

The environment may occur in the following forms :

• Natural environment

• State-of-resource-and-technology environment

• State-of-knowledge environment

• Institutional and Social Environment

• Economic Environment

Natural environment

• For a biological (e.g. crop production) system, the natural environment may include solar radiation, rainfall, ambient temperatures, and wind speed

State-of-resource-and-technology environment

• Formulation & structuring of a crop production system may be affected by the type of irrigation to be employed, or the crop variety to use, or the fertilizer management to practice.

• Affected by the availability of production inputs, accessibility to markets, etc

State-of-knowledge environment

Institutional and Social Environment

• The institutional, organizational, & social structures(eg: government laws, regulatory bodies, lobby groups, commodity associations, social customs, personal preferences, & manpower skills) may influence the evaluation of objectives & the structuring of the biosystem.

Examples:Certain coomodities dominate the market because of trade agreements

Economic Environment

• Input costs• Product prices• Marketing costs• Other economic factors

• The formulation

• Structuring

• Synthesis of a biosystem

affect

Example:

Cheaper inputs are likely preferred over more expensive , > Sustainable

BIOSYSTEMS

• The BIOSPHERE ( BIOSYSTEM)

• SYSTEM CONCEPT

• ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

Basic engineering skills include; Analysis

Design

Control

Engineering Principles

• The process of finding the solution(output) of a specified system process, given a description of the system inputs.

Analysis

ProcessInput Output ?

• The specification of the system process in order to match specific input to desired output.

Design

Input

Output

Process ?

• The specification of inputs in order to achieve desired outputs given a description of the system process.

Control

Input ?

Output

Process

System analysis

• The application of organized analytical modeling techniques appropriate for explaining complex, multivariable systems (Vaidhyanathan, 1993)

The principle of gradual development of living matters toward maturity

A process involving an increase in size, weight, power, wisdom, & many other factors

Decay = the antithesis of growth

Growth

Bio-control structure

Goals or objectives

Bio-processstructure

Bio-sensor

Output

Figure 1.5. A generalized structure of a closed-loop biosystem

Actuatingsignals

Material Energy

• Broadly represented by a control structure that is human-dominated interfacing with the real structure (natural, biological, & physical) (Alocilja & Ritchie, 1992)

Biosystem structure

ControllerTo grow corn

Corn plant Healthy or dying?

Figure 1.7. Schematic diagram of a open-loop corn plant culture

ControllerTo grow corn Corn plant

Measurement

Healthy or dying?

Figure 1.8. Schematic diagram of a closed-loop corn plant culture

Brain, arms & legs

Desired

pathBicycle

Visual measurements

Output

Figure 1.9. A schematic diagram of a rider-bike control system

Actuatingsignals

Material Energy

ERT 141