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themaininstitutions andviews thewholedevelopment of modernsocieties. Thetheory

of socialactiongives researcherabetterunderstandingof actions behindbehaviorof

human.

Typesofsocialaction:Evaluative, Emotionalandtraditionalactions.

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10.Socialchangeinmodernsociety: Socialchangeinmodernsociety referstochangeinthesocialorderof asociety . It includechangeinnature, socialinstitutions ,

socialbehaviorsorsocialrelations.

Modernization: Theprocess of movingfromanagrariantoindustrialsociety.

Characteristic of modernsocieties:-Largerroleof government insociety andbureaucracy torungovernments. Formingof

socialinstitutions toregulatebehavior. laws andsanctions toregulatebehavior.

Controloverandmanagement of environment resources: oil, water, land, animals etc.

Theability toadapt expect anddesire continuous change.

Example: Changeof governments, replacing goods andservices suchas cars, phone

services, marriage.

3aspectsofsocialchange:-

Socialchangeis necessarily aprocess of change withno referencetothequality of

change.

Changeinsociety is linkedto changes in culture. Socialchangeis definedas changeinthesocialstructureincludingthechanges inthesize of society. Culturechanges

refers to variationinculturalphenomena suchas knowledge andideas, art, religion

moraldoctrines , values , beliefs , symbolsystem andsoon.

i) Sociologicaltheoriesofsocialchange: Sociologicaltheories is agroupof

ideas. It provide anexplanationforhumansociety.

Thereare3basictheories ofsocialchange:-

Evolutionary theory orevolutionary

perspective Functionalist theory

Conflict theory

Accordingtoevolutionarytheorysocieties moves inspecific functions. The

concept of socialevolution was taken fromtheories of biological evolution.

Herbert Spencerput forward ananalog between socialand organic growth


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andbetween society and anorganization. Thetheories of social aremadeof

one ormore of thefollowingprinciples : change, order, direction, progress and

perfectibility. Someevolutionists add totheprinciples of changetheconcept that

changemust haveanorderandsomeevolutionists combinetheprinciples of

change.

Duetothis early evolutionists they sawsociety as progressingtohigher levels.They concludedtheirowncultureattitudes. Behaviors weremoreadvancedthan

thoseof earliersocieties. Sometimes it is difficult inevolutionary theory to

differentiate simpledirection fromprogress.

AugusteComet fatherof sociology subscribedtosocialevolution. Hesawhuman

societies as progressingintousingscientific methods.

EmileDurkheimis oneof thefounders of functionalism. Hesawsocieties as moving

fromsimpleto complex socialstructures.

Functionalisttheory:

Functionalist sociologists attentiononwhat maintains society. Functionalist believethat

society likethehumanbody is abalancedsystem. Eachinstitutionserves afunction in

maintainingsociety.

Accordingtothem, changes comefromthree sources:-

1) Adjustments of thesystem toexogeneous change(e.g. war, conquest).

2) Growththroughstructuralandfunctional differentiation(e.g. changes inthesize

of populationthroughbirths anddeaths)

3) Innovations by members of groups withinsociety (example: inventions and

discovery inasociety)

Accordingtoequilibriumtheory changes inoneaspect of society requireadjustment inotheraspects. Equilibriumdisappears whentheseadjustment donot occurandit

threateningsocialorder. Talcolt Parsons equilibriumtheory includetheevolutionary

concept of continuingprocess. Critics arguethat functionalist minimize theeffects of

change. They alsoarguethat functionalist ignoretheuseof forceby societys powerful

tomaintainamirageof stability.

Conflicttheory:

Conflict theory is WeberMarxist basedtheory. It argues that individuals andgroups

withinsociety havedifferent amounts of materialandnonmaterialresources. Itemphasizethesocial, politicalormaterialinequality of asocialgroup. Fatherof the

socialconflict theory is KarlMarx.

Many socialscientists havecompared thesocialist economy andsocial organization

withwestern capitalist economy andorganization.


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Agents of socialchange. Agents of socialchangedonot haveparticularnameand

socialchangeis themovement of peopletowardchangeintheeconomic, environment

andsocialjustice.

Dependencytheory:This theory states that colonialismandneocolonialism havecreatedunequaleconomic relations betweenpoorandwealthy countries. It is usedto

explain thefailureof nonindustrialized countries todevelopeconomically without

beingaffectedof investments fromindustrialcountries.

Educationandsocialchange

Educationcanbeused as atooltoauthorizetheindividual. Students areabletosee

theirownroleintransformationthrough childcentered learningandsocietalchange

comes fromthecommon transformation of theindividuals. Educationhas brought

about phenomenalchanges inevery features of mens life. It has beenchiefly

instrumentalinpreparingtheway forthedevelopment of scienceandtechnology.Francis J. Brown statedthat educationis aprocess whichbrings changes inthe

behaviorof society. It enables every individualtocompletely participated inthe

activities of society. It is process tomakepositive contribution totheprogress of

society. Educationis oneof themajoragency of socializationandteachers and

educationalinstitutions as socializingagents.

Threethingsareimportantindescribingeducationasaninstrument:-

Theagents of change

Thecontent of change

Socialbackgroundof thosewhoaresought tobechangedi.e. students

Theeducationalsystemof any society is relatedtoits totalsocialsystemandthemain

functions of theeducationalsystemis totransmit theculturalheritagetothenew

generation

Science,technologyandsocialchange.

Technologicaladvances suchas automobiles , airplanes , radio, television, cellular

phones , computers , modems andfax machines havebrought majoradvances and

changes totheworld. Certainly, twentiethcentury technology has completely changedtheway peoplemeet , interact, learn, work, play , travel, worshipand dobusiness.

It referredtoas scienceandtechnology studies.

It is thestudy of howsocial,political andcultural values affect scientific research and

technological innovation.


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Science, technology andsocialchange scholars areinterestedinavariety of problems.

It includedtherelationshipbetweenscientific andtechnological innovation. STS is a

new andexpanding subject.

Thefollowinghaveaffected theattitudes,attitudes,valuesandbehaviorof

people acrosssocieties:-

Themodernsociety

Means of transportation

Medicine

Surgery

Mass mediaof communication

Spaceandcomputers technology etc.

Example: Automobiles andothermeans of moderntransportation havespread culture

by increasinginteraction amongpeoplewholivefaraway fromeachother.

fundamental of sociology

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