fundamentals ac drive-v2
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Fundamentals AC Drive-V2TRANSCRIPT
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Motor Torque Rotation
Mechanical Power
Electrical Power
DRIVE
What the Drive Does ?
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Electric Supply Starter Motor Belt /
Gear
Conventional Technology
Electric Supply Motor MachinePower
ConverterDrive
Requirement of Modern Machines
Control over Torque & Speed of the motor ?
Control over Torque & Speed of the motor ?
NO !
YES !
Machine
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Speed
Torque
T2
Speed
Torque
T1 T1
Torque requirement
Speed Variation Load Variation
T2
N N1 N2
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Few expectations from the Drive • Variable speed at the motor shaft maintaining torque producing capability of the motor• Speed regulation
• Controlled acceleration & deceleration• Quick & safe reversal and braking• Current limiting• Protection against abnormal conditions
• Auto-optimization
• Easy fault diagnostics
• Communication capable • Energy Saving
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Speed
time
Reqd.Speed
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Controlled Acceleration & Deceleration
t1Ramp-uptime
t2Ramp down time
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Coasting
Braking or Quick Stop
Stop alongRamp-down time
Stopping & Braking of Motors
N
time
stopOFF2
OFF1
OFF3
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Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor
120 f
PNs =Synchronous Speed =
Ns α f
Nr < Ns , Hence % Slip = Ns
X 100
Normally 4 to 6 % Slip is common for all practical applications. And we say that induction motor is constant speed motor.
Ns-Nr
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Why we require variable voltage ?
Torque is proportional to Flux and Armature current .
T α Φ x I Φ α V f
Thus if we reduce only frequency ,then flux will also reduce.Therefore we need to reduce voltage proportional to reduction in frequency.
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General block diagram of Inverter .
Rectifier Inverter
+
-
3 Φ Constant Voltage Constant Frequency
3 Φ Variable Voltage Variable Frequency
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Rectifier Section
Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifier
▲▲
▲▲
▲▲
▬▬
▬ ▬▬ ▬
R Y B
+
-Output DC VoltageInput AC Voltage
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Converting DC in to AC
S2
S3
S1
S4
+ / -
- / +
LOAD
Periodic reversal of polarity occurs by switching S1S4 and S2S3 switches
DC Input
AC Output
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Transistorized Inverter Block Diagram
Rectifier
DC Link Inverter
Supply
C
+
-
C
Motor
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Pulse Width Modulated Waveform
0V
Time
Pulse Width Modulation
Voltage
Current
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Pulse Width Modulated Waveform
• Voltage going to the inverter is chopped rectangular shape
• Pulse Width is varying .
• PWM voltage is of high frequency chopped pulses.
• Due to motor inductance the current flowing through winding will be of sinusoidal nature
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Basic Induction Motor Characteristics with V/f control
Speed
Normal OperatingPoint
Torque Speed Characteristic of An Induction Motor
Slip
Pull out TorqueTorque
Variable frequency operation
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Block diagram of V/f control
RFG Modulator
M
Nref
Current limitingController
Slip Compensation
fref
Inverter Bridge
f
V
- +
V/f characteristics block
f
v
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• V/f Control is called as open loop control.• Vector control operation is performed because it has following advantages. • Speed Accuracy • Torque Accuracy• Speed range• Dynamic Performance• Performance at low speed• Shock load operation
Vector Control
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Vector Control
How vector control works ? • In AC Motor the stator winding current sets the Flux and torque, therefore it is difficultto control Flux and Torque separately.In drive above independent control of Flux and Torque producing components is achieved with the help of high speed microprocessor and the same is called asVector Control.
I load
Iflux
Itotal
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Vector Control
Block diagram of Vector Control operation
RFG N I I
I
Gating
Unit Inv
Motor Model
M
w
μμI
μRefI
I w Ref
Coordinate converter
Iw
IμSlip
Speed Controller
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