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TRANSCRIPT
10 - 1
Lesson 10
Sports Vision
10 - 2
Lesson 10
Outline
• Visual skills related to different sports
• Evaluation of visual skills related to sport
• Visual training in sport
• Examples of lighting design in sport
• Discussion
Supplementary reading and learning
Free activity no. 6
10 - 3
Lesson 10
Bibliography & Links • Basic:
ERICKSON, G.E.: Sports vision: vision care for the
enhancement of sports performance. Oxford: Butterworth-
Heinemann, 2007.
WILSON, T.A. & FALKEL, J.: SportsVision: training for better
performance. Boston: Human Kinetics Publishers, 2004.
WILLIAMS, A.M., DAVIDS, K., & WILLIAMS, J.G.: Visual
Perception and Action in Sport. London: E & FN Spon, 2000.
LORAN, F.C. & MacEWEN, C.J.: Sports vision. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 1997.
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Lesson 10
Bibliography & Links • Complementary:
RODRÍGUEZ, S., GALLEGO, I. & ZARCO, D.: Visión y deporte.
Barcelona: Editorial Glosa, 2010.
UNDERWOOD, G.: Cognitive processes in eye guidance,
Oxford University Press, 2005.
VICKERS, J: Perception, Cognition and Decision Training: a
quiet eye in action. New York: Human Kinetics, 2007.
SILVERSTONE, B.: The lighthouse handbook on vision
impairment and vision rehabilitation. New YorK: Oxford
University Press, 2000.
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Lesson 10
Bibliography & Links • Complementary links:
AOO website:
European Academy of Sports Vision
Optometric services for visual training from companies
Magazines, Journals in Optometry (Ver y Oir, Gaceta Óptica,
etc.), Ophthalmology, Sports Science, Visual Perception, etc.
Doctoral Thesis, patents, etc.
10 - 6
Lesson 10
• Evaluation, compensation and training visual skills as
well as visual protection and prevention system
against ocular trauma, in order to enhance sport
performance
Introduction: vision & sport
Activity
Task User
(Eye)
Tool
(Display, car, etc)
ENVIRONMENT
10 - 7
Lesson 10
• The on-road driving tasks:
Basic control (e.g., steering)
General driving (surveillance)
Traffic conditions (e.g., passing)
Roadway characteristics (e.g., intersections)
Environment (e.g., weather)
The vehicle (e.g., car emergencies)
• The off-road driving tasks
Pre-trip planning
Vehicle maintenance
Legal responsibilities
Introduction: vision & driving
Perception &
information processing
10 - 8
Lesson 10
• Perception + information processing + decision/action:
Drivers and capable to adapting to driving situations in three
main ways:
• Strategic: decide or not drive in certain conditions (night, bad
weather, etc) for avoiding accidents
• Tactical: speed selection under particular conditions
• Operational: increased attention at intersections, or using specific
search patterns to look for traffic signs or radars
• Other breakdown for driving task itself:
Control: vehicle-driver interaction (braking, displays, etc)
Guidance: safe path and speed (roadway, signs, etc)
Navigation: planning and execution a trip (maps, guide signs)
Introduction: vision & driving
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Lesson 10
• Compensation and correction
Skeft (1920): visual skills are learned, so they can be trained
and improved
1978: Sports Vision Section of the AOO
1989: European Academy of Sports Vision
1990: High Performance Center of St. Cugat del Vallés
2007: Release of the Spanish book “Visión y deporte”
• External factors: fatigue and lighting
Introduction: history
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Lesson 10
• Theoretical profile of visual abilities ↔ sport
• Integration of all sensory information: Welford’s model
Visual skills related to sports
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Lesson 10
• Welford’s model (1968):
Perceptual mechanism: to ensure that the sensory receptors
for visual information are functioning adequately
• Resolution, depth judgment, eye movements, peripheral vision
Decision mechanism: contextual interpretation for searching
the maximum performance
Effector mechanism: appropriate motor response signals
• Feedback: training, etc.
• Short term (STM)
• Long term (LTM)
Visual skills related to sports
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Lesson 10
• Sports Vision Pyramid:
Visual skills related to sports
Visualization
Visual
Attention
Anticipation
Timing
Go / No-Go (Decision Making & Impulse Control)
Span of Perception
Peripheral Eye-Hand Speed
Central Eye-Hand Reaction & Response Speeds
Dynamic VA – C/A facility – Stereopsis
Ocular Health – Aberrations – Binocularity – VA – CSF
Visual software (higher level):
maintain visual attention while
undergoing maximal stress
and fatigue
Visual hardware
(lower level):
Increasing processing
speed and function
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Lesson 10
• Visual hardware skills/functions:
Ocular Health, Refractive status (ocular aberrations)
Binocularity (C/A balance), Static VA, CSF, Dynamic VA
C/A facility: clear and haplopic target at changing distances
Central eye-hand reaction and response speeds:
• It is the athlete’s ability to synchronize finger, hand and arm
movements with visual information from a dynamic sporting
environment that happens directly in front of an athlete
Peripheral eye-hand speed:
• It is the athlete’s ability to synchronize finger, hand and arm
movements with constantly changing visual information from a
dynamic sporting environment
Visual skills related to sports
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Lesson 10
• Visual software skills/functions (I):
Go / No-Go (decision making & impulse control):
• Decision making is the mental process that results from a
reaction to a situation. The quicker you react to a situation, the
faster you will be able to make a decision.
Span of perception:
• Visual memory is the ability to recall information when prompted
by a visual cue. It gives the athlete the ability to rapidly recognize
patterns, and to make quick and accurate decisions.
Anticipation & Timing:
• Eye tracking helps you follow objects without much head motion
to maintain better balance and react to the situation more quickly.
Visual skills related to sports
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Lesson 10
• Visual software skills/functions (II):
Visual attention:
• Visual Concentration is the ability to screen out distractions to
stay focused on the ball or the target
Visualization:
• Visualization is seeing an image or movie in your mind. The more
vividly you visualize an event, the more real it will seem, and the
more effective you will be at re-programming your brain.
Examples in YouTube:
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpH0dXqUp_8
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHPIk0LFU_c
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lnrd4YeGGhI
Visual skills related to sports
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Lesson 10
• General visual characteristics of the sport activity:
Static vs. Nonstatic
Sustaining demands
• Intense demands for brief periods
Nondynamic vs. dynamic
Contrast levels
Target size
Boundaries
Visual space ranges
Figure/Ground color, texture, shade
Visual time
Visual skills related to sports
• Distance vs. near
• Directional localization
• Depth discrimination
• Spatial discrimination
• Gaze angles
• Body position and balance
• Stress
• cognitive
• cardiovascular
• Visual attention demands
• central vs. peripheral
Vs. split attention
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Lesson 10
• What sport has the
maximum punctuation profile?
• Why?
• And the minimum profile?
• Why?
• Would you suggest more
visual functions in any sports?
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Lesson 10
• Other issues related to the optical compensation:
Glasses vs. contact lenses
Ocular injuries and protection
• ASTM normatives
Visual skills related to sports
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Lesson 10
• Other issues related to the optical compensation:
Visual skills related to sports
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Lesson 10
• Is it enough to assess the visual skills related to sports
using conventional optometric tests?
Yes, for general skills
Examples:
Evaluation of visual skills in sport
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Lesson 10
• Quantitative analysis:
How is it evaluated every visual function with equivalent
scales?
Evaluation of visual skills in sport
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Lesson 10
• Improving poor or inconsistent visual skills:
limiting the competitive potential or responsible for
inconsistent actions (Paralympics)
• Improving visual motor functions which are not fast,
accurate, precise and automatic
• Improving cognitive visual functions that are critical
for decision-making during the competition:
visualization capability
targeting ability
visual attention
Visual training in sport
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Lesson 10
• General Protocol:
all optical prescription required off season
increasing difficulty: basic visual skills integrated
It is not always the panacea
perceptual speed and recognition: tachistoscope, etc.
Vision Analyzers??
Analysis of visual tasks: basic and specific
• ergonomic features of the play ground
• The subject (athlete): motivation and information
– Initiation
– Training
– Competition
Visual training in sport
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Lesson 10
• General principles of the visual training:
visual demands: distant vision always compensated
visual ability: isolated integrated
visual skill: basic complex
simultaneous distractions / demands and cognitive processes
fast movements and reactions
non primary gazes or equilibrium positions
fatigue effect: phorias , visual field , VA , reaction time
• Optometric protocols from Erickson’s book
Visual training in sport
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Lesson 10
• Objectives:
Owners: good lighting and low cost
Athletes, officials and spectators agencies: optimum
performance in color, without glare
TV: color needs and uniformity
• Factors:
Type of sport
Field Dimensions, open or closed
Services to the spectators
Chance of lighting situation
Ceiling height and configuration
Presence and location of stands, and roads or built-up areas
Lighting design in sport
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Lesson 10
• Illuminance levels recommended for some sports:
UNE-EN 12193:1999
Lighting design in sport
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Lesson 10
Supplementary reading and learning
• Download the next document:
Which issues explained here are not included in this lesson no. 10?
Do you agree with the future role of optometrists in sports vision?
10 - 28
Lesson 10
Free activity nº 6 • Relative Weight: 0 %
• Individual Task:
Download the patent US 7963869 B2 (21st June 2011)
“Chromatic architecture for sports equipment” by Nike, Inc.
Which is the main purpose of this patent?
Do you understand well all technical background?
What are the claims?