fungi
DESCRIPTION
Fungi. Chapter 31. Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista. Monera. Kingdom Fungi. About 100,000 species. Uses: medicine food Ecological value: major decomposers symbiotic relationships (N 2 fixers) Problems: some strains are deadly athletes foot destroy library books - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Plantae Fungi Animalia
Protista
Monera
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Kingdom Fungi About 100,000 species
Uses: • medicine• food
Ecological value:• major decomposers• symbiotic relationships (N2 fixers)
Problems:• some strains are deadly• athletes foot• destroy library books• destroy crops
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• About 30% of the 100,000 known species of fungi are parasites, mostly on or in plants.– American elms:
Dutch Elm Disease
Some fungi are pathogens
Was once one of America's most dominant trees
–American chestnut:
chestnut blight
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• Other fungi, such as rusts and ergots, infect grain crops, causing tremendous economic losses each year.
Some fungi are pathogens
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• Curse of the Mummy
Some fungi are pathogens
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Athletes Foot
Some fungi are persistant
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Fungi as Decomposers
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Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryotic, absorptive
Mostly multicellular (except few, e.g. yeast)
Heterotrophic (decomposers & parasitic)
Mycelium (body of hyphae)
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Kingdom Fungi
• Firm cell walls (generally of “chitin”)
• “Spores” as reproductive bodies
• Unique chromosomes and nuclei
• Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and mushrooms
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• hyphae - the vegetative bodies of most fungi, constructed of tiny filaments
• mycelium -an interwoven mat of hyphae
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Human hair
Fungal hypha
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Septate hypha:• multicellular• walls divided by septa
Ceonocytic hypha:• continuous cytoplasm
mass• multinucleate• no septa
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Haustoria:
• Modified hyphae found in parasitic fungi
• Function: absorb nutrients from host
• Some fungi even have hyphae adapted for preying on animals.
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Kingdom Fungi
Division Chytridiomycota
Division Ascomycota
Division Glomeromycota
Division Basidiomycota
Division Zygomycota
Division Deuteromycota
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Fig. 31-11
Chytrids (1,000 species)
Zygomycetes (1,000 species)
Hyphae 25 µm
Glomeromycetes (160 species)
Fungal hypha
Ascomycetes (65,000 species)
Basidiomycetes (30,000 species)
Fungus-like protist
Deuteromycota?
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• The five fungal phyla can be distinguished by their reproductive features.
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• mainly aquatic.
• Some are saprobes, while others parasitize protists, plants, and animals.
• chitinous cell wall
• flagellated zoospores
• the most primitive fungi
Division Chytridiomycota
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Division Zygomycota
“Zygote fungi”(bread molds)
Zygote = “mated” hyphal strands
Live in soil, water
Some are parasites
600 species
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Mated hyphal strands
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• The zygosporangia are resistant to freezing and drying.
• When conditions improve, the zygosporangia release haploid spores that colonize new substrates.– Pilobolus aiming its spores.
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• The zygomycete Rhizopus can reproduce either asexually or sexually.
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PHYLUM GLOMEROMYCOTA
• Previously With Zygomycota
• Small Monophyletic Clade
• Endomycorrhizae – Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
• Produce branching Arbuscules
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Fig. 31-15
2.5 µm
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Plant-Fungal Relationships
Mycorrhizae (“fungus roots”)
90% of tree species have this association
Very important to absorption of water and nutrients
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Soil surface
Plant roots
Mycorrhizae
Increases s.a. for absorption
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Division Ascomycota
“Sac fungi”(truffles, yeast)
Beer > 6,000 years
Wine > 8,000 years
Lichens
Decomposers, pathogens
60,000 species“yeast” describes a form of fungi (i.e., non-hyphal)
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Division Ascomycota
Scarlet cup
truffles Morchella
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Roquefort cheeseClose up of cheese showing blue-green mycelium of Penicillium roqueforti.
Division Ascomycota
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Yeast
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LICHENS
Crusrose
Foliose Fruticose
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Lichen
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Lichen Anatomy
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• Ascomycetes are characterized by an extensive heterokaryotic stage during the formation of ascocarps.
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Division Basidiomycota
“Club fungi”(mushrooms)
Club-shaped reproductive structure
Food
Plant diseases
25,000 species
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Fairy Ring
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• The life cycle of a club fungus usually includes a long-lived dikaryotic mycelium.
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PHYLUM DEUTEROMYCOTANo Longer Exist!!
• 22,000 species.• No known sexual stage.• Saprophytic, parasitic and predatory.• Many produce conidia. • Most classified as Ascomycota.• Fusarium wilt of tomato, potato and
cotton.• Athletes foot, ring worm
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Division Deuteromycota
“Imperfect fungi”(penicillin)
Unrelated group
Asexual
No info on sexual cycle
25,000 species
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Penicillin
Woops…now Ascomycota
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Candida albicans“yeast infection”
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Botrytis: “Noble Rot”