fungi a spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Fungi
A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant
grew upward from the ant’s head.
![Page 2: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
All Fungi are….
• eukaryotic heterotrophs
• What does eukaryotic mean?
• What is a heterotroph?
![Page 3: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Categories of Fungi
1. Multicellular– Most fungi– Do not contain chloroplasts– Honey mushroom
2. Unicellular– Yeasts
![Page 4: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Cell Walls
• Plants - made of cellulose
• Fungi - made of chitin
–Chitin is strong and flexible
![Page 5: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Fungi Parts
![Page 6: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fungi Parts - Hyphae
• Threadlike filaments that make up the basic structure of the fungi’s body (all parts)
• Provide support• Provide a large surface area for
nutrient absorption
![Page 7: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fungi Parts - Mycelium
• A netlike mass made up many hyphae
• Formed below ground
• Absorb nutrients
![Page 8: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Fungi Parts - Fruiting Body
• Reproductive structure
• Above ground portion
![Page 9: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Obtaining Nutrients & Energy
1. Through Decomposition• Saprophytic fungi - feeds
on dead organisms or organic wastes
• Recycle nutrients
![Page 10: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Obtaining Nutrients & Energy
2. Through Parasitism
–Absorb nutrients from living cells of another organisms (a host)
These parasitic fungi grow thread-like mycelium throughout the tree on which they grow. The mycelium steal nutrients from the tree, and cause damage to the
structure of the tree.
![Page 11: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Obtaining Nutrients & Energy
3. Through Mutualism–With another organism, such as a
plant or alga– Ex: mycelia on a root of a soybean plant
• Fungus receives sugar from the host plant
• Mycelia increase water uptake and mineral absorption for the host plant
![Page 12: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Asexual Reproduction
• Budding
–New cell develops while attached to parent cell
![Page 13: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Asexual Reproduction
• Fragmentation
–The mycelium of a fungus is broken off or “fragmented”
–Can grow into new mycelia
![Page 14: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Reproduction
• Spore - a reproductive cell, haploid, has a hard outer coat, will develop into a new organism, produce new hyphae
–Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction
–Produce spores though meiosis
![Page 15: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Branches of Fungi
1. Chytrids• yeast
2. Common Molds• bread mold
3. Sac Fungi• morels & truffles, yeast
4. Club Fungi• Mushrooms
5. Imperfect Fungi• Penicillium
Great Barred Frog infected with the chytrid fungus
Truffle (fungus)
Bread Mold
Mushrooms
![Page 16: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Chytrids
• DNA and protein sequences more similar to fungi than protists
• Chitin-containing cell walls
![Page 17: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Common Molds• Stolons:
–Hyphae that spread across the surface of food
• Rhizoids: –Penetrates the food and absorbs nutrients
![Page 18: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Sac Fungi• Conidiophores
–Spores form at the tips, so they are easily dispersed by wind, water and animals(Most spores form inside the sporangia, not at the tip)
![Page 19: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Club Fungi
• Dikaryotic mycelia
–Each cell has two nuclei
![Page 20: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Club Fungi• Reproduce sexually:
1. Form a basidiocarp (fruiting body)2. Hyphae (basidia) produce spores3. Two nuclei fuse to form a dipoid
nucleus4. Divides by meiosis into 4 haploid
spores5. Dispersed by wind, water, animals
![Page 21: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Imperfect Fungi
• Very diverse group
• Lack a sexual stage of reproduction
–Called “Imperfect Fungi”–Most fungi reproduce both asexually
and sexually
![Page 22: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Lichens
• Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and a alga–Fungus provides protection–The alga provides food (photosynthesis)
![Page 23: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lichens are Bioindicators
• Very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions
• By observing lichen populations and their health, we can monitor the effects of pollution in an area– More pollution Fewer lichens– Less pollution More lichens
![Page 24: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Benefits of Fungi• Decomposers - recycle nutrients• Medical uses - penicillin (antibiotic),
reduce high blood pressure, control excessive bleeding, treat migtaine headaches, promote contractions during childbirth, prevent organ rejection in organ transplant patients
• Food - mushrooms, yeast, truffles• Bioremediation - cleaning the
environment of pollutants
![Page 25: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Harmful Fungi• American elm trees & American chestnut
trees killed by certain fungi• Agricultural crops damaged• Can act as parasites in humans & other
organisms–Athlete’s foot, ringworm, yeast
infections
![Page 26: Fungi A spore stalk from a fungus that killed a carpenter ant grew upward from the ants head](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062417/551590a655034691418b5a37/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Moldy Bread
• Why should you throw away the whole loaf of bread, even if the mold only appeared on one piece?