fungi as bioresource
TRANSCRIPT
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FUNGI AS BIORESOURCEFUNGI AS BIORESOURCE
ARUN KUMARARUN KUMARFormer Principal Scientist (Pl. Pathology),Former Principal Scientist (Pl. Pathology),
Central Arid Zone Research InstituteCentral Arid Zone Research InstituteJodhpurJodhpur
Earth StarEarth Star
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FUNGIFUNGI Group of simple eucaryotic (True
fungi) organisms lacking chlorophyll. Reproducing asexually and sexually
with formation of spores. Many fungi are microscopic; some
(especially their fruiting bodies) e.g. mushroom, puff-ball, are of fairly large sized.
Live either as saprophytes or as parasites of plants and animals.
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SPECTRUM OF FUNGISPECTRUM OF FUNGI Largest biotic community after
insects
Fungi in India exceeds 27000 species
Kingdom Eucaryota has 4 phyla, 103 orders, 484 families and 4979 genera
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CLASSPHYCOMYCETESNon-septate hyphae
Asexual repro. by zoospores or conidia
Sexual repro. by resting spores
Pythium, Albugo.
CLASSASCOMYCETESSeptate
hyphaeAsexual repro.
by conidiaSexual repro.
by ascospores in ascus
Claviceps, Erysiphe
CLASSBASIDIOMYCETESSeptate hyphae
Sexual repro. By Basidio-
-spores borne on basidium
Puccinia, Ustilago
CLASSDEUTEROMYCETESSeptate hyphaeLack sexual
repro. stageMostly asexual
forms of asco.Sexual stage
lost during evolution
Alternaria, Cercospora, Fusarium
CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGICLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI
DIV
ISIO
N
MYC
OPH
YTA
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FUNGAL GENERAFUNGAL GENERA11
PHYLA WORLD INDIAMyxomycotina 450 380Mastigomycotin 308 205Zygomycotina 55 50Ascomycotina 2000 745Basidiomycotina 357 232Deuteromycotina(Fungi Imperfecti)
4100 468
Total 7270 2080
1 Between 1905 and 1995
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FUNGI AS RESOURCEFUNGI AS RESOURCE Fungi constitute largely
unexploited resource Strains of fungi maintained in
culture collections In over 200 collections number
exceeds 1 lack 70 thousand Around 7 thousand species are
represented
Economic Importance of Fungi
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BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONSBIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
FOOD FOR MANFOOD FOR MAN Mushrooms grown in pastures and
forests of different geographical regions
No. of species are more than 500 Around 20 spp. are currently
exploited commercially (Agaricus, Lentinula, Tricholoma, Volvariella, Pleurotus etc. )
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EDIBLE MUSHROOMS
Podaxis pistillaris
Phellorinia inquinansMorchella sp.
Pleurotus sajor-caju
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FERMENTED FOODSTUFFS / DRINKSFERMENTED FOODSTUFFS / DRINKS In Asia many
fermented foodstuffs and drinks are based on fungi
This include species of Aspergillus, Monascus, Mucor and Rhizopus
Role of certain Penicillium spp.
(P. camembertii and P. roquefortii) is important in cheese production
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Fusarium-based food materials for human consumption in UK (Fusarium venenatum has a high protein content. One of its strains is used commercially for the production of single cell mycoprotein)
Other genera of potentially useful spp. include Chaetomium, Paecilomyces and Trichoderma
Quorn fillets - fried, defrosted and frozen
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Production of single-cell protein (SCP) for use in human foods and feeds
Fusarium-based food materials for human consumption in UK
Other genera of potentially useful spp. include Chaetomium, Paecilomyces and Trichoderma
Strain selection is important as these genera produce harmful mycotoxins
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RICH SOURCE OF METABOLITESRICH SOURCE OF METABOLITESOver 3000 spp. have been
characterizedAround 1600 of these have
antibiotic or anti-tumour properties
Cephalosporins and penicillins are antibiotics of vital importance
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Anti-fungal Griseofulvin (Penicillium griseofulvum )
Ergot alkaloids (Claviceps purpurea)
Plant growth hormones (gibberellins, from Fusarium moniliforme)
Cattle growth stimulator (zearalenone, from F. graminearum)
IMPORTANT PRODUCTSIMPORTANT PRODUCTS
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BIOCONTROL OF INSECTSBIOCONTROL OF INSECTSLooking to harmful effects of agricultural
pesticides certain species of fungi are being used as myco- insecticides (Deuteromycotina )
FUNGUS INSECTBeauveria bassiana Leaf-and plant hoppers,
stem borers, leaf-folders, rice bugs, and black
bugs
Metarhizium anisopliae Locust and grasshoppers
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a).Produces creamish-white conidia alternately on an extending tip of a conidiophore
b).Produces greenish- conidia in chains from phialides
Beauveria bassiana
Metarhizium anisopliae
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Sporulation of Beauveria on green cockchafer beetle
Metarhizium spores on locust
Beauveria bassiana on leaf hopper h
Metarhizium anisopliae on bug and beetle beetles
INSECT BIOCONTROLINSECT BIOCONTROL
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Beauveria bassiana kills the pest. Fungal spores attach to the insect’s skin (cuticle), germinate sending out hyphae that penetrate the insect’s body and proliferate. It may take 3-5 days for insects to die
High humidity and free water enhance activity of the conidia and the subsequent infection of the insect
Fungal spores infect best in cool to moderate temperatures
Applications should be made during the early growth stages of the insect, speed of kill depends on number of spores contacting the insect, insect age, susceptibility and environmental conditions
MECHANISM
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Beauveria spp. are commonly used against thrips, whiteflies, aphids, caterpillars, weevils, grasshoppers, ants, Colorado potato beetle, and mealy bugs
Emulsifiable suspension formulation showed better ability to withstand rain than the comparable wettable powder
Applied only when insect is seen on the plant
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Not applied as a preventative spray since the residue may be gone in a few days
Multiple applications may be required to provide adequate control
B. bassiana is more effective on younger stages of the insect than on older stages (e.g. large larvae or adults)
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Antibiotic is a chemical, effective at very low concentration, created as part of the life process of one organism, which can kill or stop the growth of a disease-causing microbe i.e. a germ or a pathogen.
ANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICS
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Penicillin: the first miracle drug
In 1928 discovered penicillin noticing a mold inhibiting
bacterial growth. Got Nobel Prize in 1945 with Dr(s)
Chain and FloreySir Alexander Fleming
PenicillinPenicillium notatum Penicillium notatum colony
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INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALSCHEMICAL
Aspergillus niger Citric and gluconic acid
Eremothecium ashbyii Vitamins - riboflavin Aureobasidium pullulans
Polysaccharides- pullulan
Rhizomucor pusillusPenicillium roquefortiiAspergillus oryzae
Enzymes - Rennin LipaseProtease
Trichoderma viride Cellulase
FUNGUS
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BIOCONTROL OF PLANT DISEASESBIOCONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
FUNGUS PLANT DISEASETrichoderma harzianum Leaf blights, wilts, root
rot
T. koningii T. pseudokoningii
Foot rot, Collar rotRoot and Butt rot in tree
T. viride Die-back or anthracnose, LCD of Chilli
Gliocladium virens DM of pearl millet, cumin wilt
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Trichoderma species
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SEED TREATMENT OF GROUND NUT BY TRICHODERMA
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SOME CASE STUDIES OF BIOCONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES
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• Rajasthan is the 6th largest producer in India
• Jodhpur region produces 42.7% red chilli on 20,000 ha of land
• Jodhpur district alone contributes 20% of total production of red chilli in the State
• Popular chilli cvs: Mathania Red, Mehsana, Haripur-Raipur and Mandoria
BACKDROPBACKDROP
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• Large and fleshy fruits, mild pungency and brilliant red colour with rich spicy flavour
• Susceptible to diseases like LCD and die-back or ripe fruit rot
Green Fruit Yield of chilliGreen Fruit Yield of chilli
YearYear Fruit Yield (KgFruit Yield (Kg-ha-ha))
Before 1990 600
1991 - 2004 140
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DISEASES OF CHILLIDISEASES OF CHILLI• Leaf curl disease (Begomovirus
ChiLCuV, after Senanayake et al. 2007. Plant Pathology 56, 343).
• Die-back (Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby)
• Root Knot nematodes (Medoidogyne incognita )
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DISEASES OF CHILLI CAUSED BY FUNGI
DIE-BACK
RIPE FRUIT ROT
ANTHRACNOSE
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LEAF CURL OF CHILLI (LCD)
Disease is caused by Begomovirus (ChiLCuV)
The disease is transmitted by insect vectors such as
whitefly and thrips
• Curling of upper leaves with shortened internodes
• Severely infected plants produce clusters of reduced sized leaves with fewer flowers and fruits
• Small sized fruits are produced with deformed seeds Small sized fruits
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TREATMENT (T 1)Treated chilli seeds with RCM (1:1)
for 24 hrs
Dried in shade
Treated these seeds with Trichoderma viride ( @ 6g-kg seed)
Nursery soil treated with T. viride
(@ 10g2) after mixing with FYM
Seed sowing in nursery
45 DAS roots of plant saplings were dipped in RCM (15% or 1:6) for 20 min. before transplanting
20 DAS
RCM (15%) sprayed on the transplanted plants
FARMER’S PRACTICE(Control)
Most of these practices are chemical sprays with or without chemical seed treatment
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Treatment* Incidence (%) Protection over FP (control)
T-1 19.4 48.4
FP (Control) 37.6 ---
On-farm Management of LCD (Pooled data of 2000-’04)
*T-1: Seed treatment with RCM (1:1) for 24 hrs and T. viride (0.6%). Root dip for 10 min. in RCM (15%). Application of T. viride (10 g-m2) with FYM, and RCM (15%) spray 20 days after transplantation in field.FP: Variety of practices that vary from farmer to farmer. Most of these are non-organic, without any seed treatment.
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Average Yield Parameters of ChilliAverage Yield Parameters of ChilliTreatment*
Plant height (cm)
Root length(cm)
No. of fruits plant-1
(g)
Fruit size(cm)
Fruit wt. plant-1
(g)
Yieldplot-1
Kg-1
LengthLength WidthWidth
T 1T 1 66.3 20.2 66.4 10.4 4.5 306.2 3.32#
T 2T 2 57.5 13.9 40.1 9.2 3.9 219.4 2.72
*T1. *T1. Seed treatment with RCM (50% dilution with water for 24 h) and Trichoderma viride (0.6%) with soil treatment with T. viride (10g m-2 ) mixed with FYM T2. Farmer’s Practice # more than 0.5 kg ha-1 increase
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TC
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ON-FARM LCD MANAGEMENT IN CHILLION-FARM LCD MANAGEMENT IN CHILLI
Treatment
Farmer’s Practice
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Particulars Farmers’ Practice(T 2)
Raw Cow’s Milk + T. viride treatment (T1)
CostSeed 375.00 (1.49)* 375.00 (1.52)FYM 1990.74 (7.92) 1990.74 (8.06)Fertilizer 1226.85 (4.88) 1171.71 (4.74)Pesticides 1157.41 (4.61) 281.48 (1.14)Irrigation 14814.26 (58.97) 14880.26 (60.26)Machinery 2078.70 (8.27) 2078.70 (8.42)Labour 3481.48 (13.86) 3916.08 (15.86)Total 25124.44 (100.00) 24693.97 (100.00)
ReturnProduction (q ha-1) 110 138 (25.45)Production (Rs. ha-1) 33000 41400Unit cost of production (Rs. q-1) 228.40 178.94Net return (Rs. ha-1) 7875.56 16706.03B-C ratio 1.31 1.68
Cost and return from chilli crop ( Rs. ha –1)
*Figures within parentheses are percentages to the total
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Types of malformations with a healthy ear head (extreme left)
HALF-LEAF SYMPTOM
DOWNY MILDEW DISEASE OF PEARL MILLET
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DOWNY MILDEW CONTROL BY DOWNY MILDEW CONTROL BY GLIOCLADIUM VIRENS & GLIOCLADIUM VIRENS & RCMRCM
Pre-treatment of bajra seed with 0.6% fungus & RCM (1:1)
Soil application (10g-m2) with FYM Isolated roots of
treated plants Provided up to
73% protection over FP
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EFFECT OF BIO-CONTROL AGENTS ON DOWNY MILDEW CONTROL
Treatment Disease Incidence (%) Disease Control (%)
Seed treatment with Raw Cow Milk (RCM) in 1:1 ratio for 18 h
12.6(14.3)*
57.4(36.4)
Seed treatment of Gliocladium virens (0.6%)
08.8(13.0)
70.2(42.2)
Soil treatment of G virens (10g/m2)
12.6(13.8)
57.4(38.6)
Combination of all treatments
08.0(11.6)
72.9(48.4)
Control (No soil and Seed treatment)
29.6(22.5)
---
CD at 5%
C.V.
8.28
36.04
---
* Angular transformed values within parenthesis
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EFFECT OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS ON SMUT INCIDENCE
Treatment Disease Incidence (%)
Protection Over Control (%)
Seed treatment with RCM (50%) for 18 hrs
42.1 20.7
Seed treatment with G.virens (6gkg-1)
33.0 37.8
Soil treatment with G.virens (10 g m2)
39.7 25.2
Combination of T 1 – T 3 21.8 58.9
Seed treatment with RGM (50%) for 18 hrs
27.7 47.8
T5 + G.virens in soil 37.0 30.3
Control 53.1 -----
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WILT DISEASE OF CUMIN
Healthy (left) and wilt affected cumin plants
Root of the wilt affected cumin plant showing causal fungus
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TreatmentDisease
incidence1 (%)
Protection over control (%)
Seed germination2
(%)
Yield(Kg ha-1) 3
Seed treatment with raw cow milk (9% dilution with water) for 20 h
5.4 73.0 55 7.6
Seed treatment with raw cow milk (9% dilution with water) for 20 h and Gliocladium virens (6 g kg-1 seed)
6.7 78.5 70 8.8
Seed treatment with Gliocladium virens (6 g kg-1 seed)
3.3 83.5 73 7.8
Seed treatment of sterile distilled water (Control) 20.0 --- 65 5.1
CD at 5% 1.3 10.7 27 0.7
CV (%) 85.49 11.47 14.23 21.47
1. Recorded at 85 days after sowing (DAS). 2. Seed germination recorded at room temp. 22 ± 30C. 3. Plot size 3 X 4 meter
EFFECT OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS ON CUMIN WILT INCIDENCE, PROTECTION OVER CONTROL AND YIELD.
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NEMATODE CONTROL
Paecilomyces lilacinus for microbial biocontrol of Nematodes
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ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION
SOCIALRESPONSIBILITY
THE PLEDGETHE PLEDGE
Towards Green Pesticides
SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION
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BIOFERTILIZER FOR FORESTRY AND ORCHID INDUSTRYBIOFERTILIZER FOR FORESTRY AND ORCHID INDUSTRY
Sclerocystis microcarpa Gigaspora margaritaGlomus macrocarpum
VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA (VAM Fungi)150 species in Zygomycotina
Obligate symbiotic association with agricultural,medicinal,shrubs and treesImprove plant growth and nutrient uptake(phosphorus), reduce water stressProduce growth promoters and induce resistance to plants against pathogens
Role in organic farming and hardening in plant tissue culture
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DeuteromycotinaDeuteromycotina( Fungi imperfecti )
• About 8000 spp. from India
• Contribute towards biodegradation and recycling of organic matter and industrial production (antibiotics and biocontrol agents)
• Causing plant diseases, mycoses and allergies
Speiropsis pedatospora
Alternaria alternata
Trichurus spiralis
Paecilomyces elegans
Curvularia eragrostidis
Helicosporium sp.
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Kombucha tea or “Chamatkari Roti”Kombucha tea or “Chamatkari Roti”
An ancient health drink from China. Symbiotic yeast and bacteria (Bacterium spp., Saccharomyces spp., Schizosaccaromyces pombe, Acetobacter ketogenum, Torula sp. andPichia fermantans yeasts).
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
The variety of fungi and their natural beauty occupy prime place in biological world
A fraction of total fungal wealth is revealed
Unfortunately, only 5-10% fungi can be cultured
Fungal biotechnology has become integral part of human welfare
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