FURTHER READING

Chapter 1 Cooper, S. and Helmstetter, C. E. (1968) "Chromosome replication and the division cycle of

Escherichia coli Blr", J. Mol. Bioi., 31, 519-540. Costerton, J. W., Ingram, J. M. and Cheng, K-J (1974) "Structure and function of the cell

envelope of Gram-negative bacteria", Bact. Rev., 38, 87-110. Donachie, W. D. (1968) "Relationship between cell size and time of initiation of DNA

replication", Nature, 219,1077-1079. Donachie, W. D., Jones, N. C. and Tether, R. (1973) "The bacterial cell cycle", Symp. Soc.

Gen. Microbiol., 23, 9-44. Doyle, R. J., Streips, U. N. and Helman, J. R. (1977) "Zones of cell wall enlargement in

Bacillus subtilis", in Microbiology (1977) ed. D. Schlessinger, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 44-49.

Ensign, J. C. and Wolfe, R. S. (1964) "Nutritional control of morphogenesis in Arthrobacter crystallopoietes", J. Bact., 87, 924-932.

Henning, U. (1975) "Determination of cell shape in bacteria", Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 29, 45-60.

Higgins, M. L. and Shockman, G. D. (1971) "Prokaryotic cell division with respect to wall and membranes", Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 29, 29-73.

James, R. (1978) "Control of DNA synthesis and cell division in bacteria", in Companion to Microbiolo,gy (ed. A. T. Bull and P. M. Meadow), Longman, London, 59-76.

Kleppe, K., Ovrebo, S. and Lossius, 1. (1979) "The bacterial nucleoid", J. Gen. Microbiol., 112,1-13.

Mendelson, N. H. (1977) "Cell growth and division: a genetic viewpoint", in Microbiology (1977) ed. D. Schlessinger, American Saciety for Microbiology, Washington, 5-24.

Ohya, S., Yamakazi, M., Sugawara, S. and Matsuhashi, M. (1979) "Penicillin-binding proteins in Proteus species", J. Bact., 137, 474-479.

Pettijohn, D. E. (1976) "Procaryotic DNA in nucleoid structure", e.R.e. Crit. Rev. Biochem., 4,175-202.

Sargent, M. G. (1978) "Surface extension and the cell cycle in Prokaryotes", Adv. Microb. Physiol., 18,106-176.

Shapiro, L. (1976) "Differentiation in the Caulobacter cell cycle", Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 29, 45-60.

Slater, M. and Schaechter, M. (1974) "Control of cell division in bacteria", Bact. Rev., 38, 199-221.

Sonntag, U., Schwarz, H., Hirota, Y. and Henning, U. (1978) "Cell envelope and shape of Escherichia coli multiple mutants missing the outer membrane lipoprotein and other major outer membrane proteins", J. Bact., 136, 280-285.

212

FURTHER READING 213

Spratt, B. G. (1975) "Distinct penicillin binding proteins involved in the division, elongation and shape of Escherichia coli KI2", Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., USA, 72, 2999-3003.

Torti, S. V. and Park, 1. T. (1976) "Lipoprotein of Gram-negative bacteria is essential for growth and division", Nature, 263, 323-326.

Whittenbury, R. and Dow, C. s. (1978) "Morphogenesis in bacteria", in Companion to Microbiology (ed. A. T. Bull and P. M. Meadow), Longman, London, 221-264.

Zaritsky, A. and Woldringh, C. L. (1978) "Chromosome replication rate and cell shape in Escherichia coli: lack of coupling", J. Bact., 135, 581-587.

Chapter 2 Biely, P. (1978) "Changes in the rate of synthesis of wall polysaccharides during the cell cycle

of yeasts", Arch. Microbial., 119,213-214. Byers, B. and Goestch, L. (1975) "Behaviour of spindles and spindle plaques in the cell cycle

and conjugation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae", J. Bact., 124, 511-523. Cabib, E. (1975) "Molecular aspects of yeast morphogenesis", Ann. Rev. Microbial., 29,

45-60. Carter, B. L. A. (1978) "The yeast nucleus", Adv. Microb. Physiol., 17, 244-302. Duran, A. and Cabib, E. (1979) "Chitin synthetase distribution on the yeast plasma

membrane", Science, 203, 363-365. Farkas, V. (1979) "Biosynthesis of cell walls of fungi", Microbial. Rev., 43, 117-144. Hartwell, L. E. (1974) "Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell cycle", Bact. Rev., 38,164-198. Hartwell, L. H., Mortimer, R. K., Culotti, 1. and Culotti, M. (1973) "Genetic control of the

cell division cycle in yeast. V. Genetic analysis of cdc mutants", Genetics, 74, 267-286. Johnson, B. F., Calleja, G. B. and Yoo, B. Y. (1977) "A model for controlled autolysis during

differential morphogenesis of fission yeast" in Eucaryotic Microbes as Model Develop­mental Systems (ed. D. H. O'Day and P. A. Hergen), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 212-229.

Lopez-Romero, E. and Ruiz Herrera, J. (1978) "Properties of fJ-glucan synthetase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae", Ant. Van Leeuw., 44, 329-339.

Minet, M., P., Thuriaux, P. and Mitchison, 1. M. (1979) "Uncontrolled septation in a cell division cycle mutant of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe", J. Bact., 137, 440-446.

Mitchison, J. M. (1973) "The cell cycle of a eukaryote", Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbial., 23, 189-208.

Phaff, H. J., Miller, H. W. and Mrak, E. M. (1978) The Life of Yeasts, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Chapters 2 and 3.

Chapter 3 Bartnicki-Garcia, S. (1968) "Cell wall chemistry, morphogenesis and taxonomy of fungi",

Ann. Rev. Microbial., 22, 87-108. Bartnicki-Garcia, S. (1973) "Fundamental aspects of hyphal morphogenesis", Symp. Soc.

Gen. Microbial., 23, 245-267. Dominguez, J. B., Goni, F. M. and Uruburu, F. (1978) "The transition from yeast-like to

chlamydospore cells in Pullularia pul/ulans", J. Gen. Microbial., 108, 111-117. Dow, J. M. and Rubery, P. H. (1977) "Chemical fractionation of the cell walls of mycelial

and yeast-like forms of Mucor rouxii: A comparative study of the polysaccharide and glycoprotein components", J. Gen. Microbial., 99, 29-41.

Farkas, V. (1979) "Biosynthesis of cell walls of fungi", Microbial. Rev., 43,117-144. Gooday, G. W. (1971) "An autoradiographic study of hyphal growth of some fungi", J. Gen.

Microbiol.,67,125-133. Gooday, G. W. (1977) "Biosynthesis of the fungal wall-mechanisms and implications", J.

Gen. Microbial., 99, 1-11.

214 FURTHER READING

Gooday, G. W. (1978) "The enzymology of hyphal growth", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 51-77.

Grove, S. N. (1978) "The cytology of hyphal tip growth", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed.1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 28-50.

Gull, K. (1978) "Form and function of septa in filamentous fungi", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 78-93.

Hunsley, D. and Burnett, 1. H. (1970) "The ultrastructural architecture of the walls of some hyphal fungi", J. Gen. Microbial., 62, 203-218.

Peberdy,1. F. (1978) "Protoplasts and their development", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 119-131.

Prosser,1. I. and Trinci, A. P. 1. (1979) "A model for hyphal growth and branching", J. Gen. Microbiol., 111, 153-164.

Polacheck, 1. and Rosenberger, R. F. (1978) "Distribution of autolysins in hyphae of Aspergillus nidulans-evidence for a lipid-mediated attachment to hyphal walls", J. Bact., 135,741-747.

Rosenberger, R. F. (1976) "The cell wall", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 328-344.

Ruiz-Herrera, 1., Lopez-Romero, E. and Bartnicki-Garcia, S. (1977) "Properties of chitin synthetase in isolated chitosomes from yeast cells of Mucor rouxii", J. Bioi. Chern., 252, 3338-3343.

Stewart, P. R. and Rogers, P. 1. (1978) "Fungal dimorphism, a particular expression of cell wall morphogenesis", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 164-196.

Sypherd, P. S., Borgia, P. T. and Paznokas, 1. L. (1978) "Biochemistry of dimorphism in the fungus Mucor", Adv. Microb. Physiol., 18, 68-105.

Trinci, A. P. 1. (1978) "Wall and hyphal growth", Sci. Prog. Oxford, 65,75-99. Trinci, A. P. 1. (1978) "The duplication cycle and vegetative development in moulds", in The

Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 132-163.

Chapter 4 Bachrach, H. L. (1978) "Comparative strategies of animal virus replication", Adv. Virus Res.,

22,163-186. Bishop, D. H. L. and Flamand, A. (1975) "Transcription processes of animal RNA viruses",

Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol., 25, 95-152. Dales, S. (1973) "Early events in cell-animal virus interactions", Bact. Rev., 37,103-135. Eisen, H. (1975) "Regulation mechanisms involved in bacteriophage development", Symp.

Soc. Gen. Microbiol., 25, 79-93. Hruby, D. E., Guarino, L. A. and Kates, 1. R. (1979) "Vaccinia virus replication. I.

Requirement for the host cell nucleus", J. Virol., 29, 705-715. Murialdo, H. and Becker, A. (1978) "Head morphogenesis of complex double-stranded

deoxyribonucleic acid bacteriophages", Microbiol. Rev., 42, 529-576. Newton, A. A. (1970) "The requirements of a virus", Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol., 20,323-358. Newton, A. A. (1974) "Viruses", in Companion to Biochemistry (ed. A. T. Bull, 1. R. Lagnado,

1. O. Thomas and K. F. Tipton), Longman, London, 277-306. Sambrook, J. F. (1975) "Transcription of the smaller DNA tumour viruses", Symp. Soc. Gen.

Microbiol.,25,153-181. Shepherd, R. 1. (1976) "DNA viruses of higher plants", Adv. Virus Res., 20, 305-339. Showe, M. K. and Kellenberger, E. (1975) "Control mechanisms in virus assembly", Symp.

Soc. Gen. Microbiol., 25, 407-438.

Chapter 5 Cross, T. and Attwell, R. W. (1975) "Actinomycete spores", in Spores VI (ed. P. Gerdhardt,

R. N. Costilow and H. L. Sadoff), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 3-14.

FURTHER READING 215

Doi, R. H. (1977a) "Genetic control of sporulation", Ann. Rev. Genet., 11,29-48. Doi, R. H. (1977b) "Role of ribonucleic acid polymerases in gene selection in prokaryotes",

Bact. Rev., 41,568-594. Doi, R. H. and Leighton, T. J. 11972) "Regulation during initiation and subsequent stages of

bacterial sporulation", in Spores V (ed. H. O. Halvorson, R. Hanson and L. L. Campbell), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 225-232.

Dunn, G., Jeffs, P., Mann, N. H., Torgensen, D. M. and Young, M. (1978) "The relationship between DNA replication and the induction of sporulation in Bacillus subtilus", J. Gen. Microbiol., 108, 189-195.

Ensign, J. C. (1978) "Formation, properties and germination of Actinomycete spores", Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 32, 185-220.

Freese, E. (1977) "Metabolic control of sporulation", in Spore Research (1976) Vol. 1 (ed. A. N. Barker, J. Wolf, D. J. Ellar, G. 1. Dring and G. W. Gould), Academic Press, London, 1-32.

Freese, E. and Fujita, Y. (1976) "Control of enzyme synthesis during growth and sporu­lation", in Microbiology (1976) ed. D. Schlessinger, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 164-184.

Ginsberg, D. and Keynan, A. (1978) "Independence of Bacillus subtilis spore outgrowth from DNA synthesis", J. Bact., 136, 111-116.

Gould, G. W. and Dring, G. J. (1975) "Role of expanded cortex in resistance of bacterial endospores", in Spores V I (ed. P. Gerdhardt, R. N. Costilow and H. L. Sadoff), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 541-546.

Hardisson, C. and Suarez, J. E. (1979) "Fine structure of spore formation and germination in Micromonospora chalcea", J. Gen. Microbiol., 110,233-237.

Hanson, R. S. (1975) "Gene expression during bacterial sporogenesis", in Microbiology (1975) ed. D. Schlessinger, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 475-483.

Keynan, A. (1978) "Spore structure and its relations to resistance, dormancy and germi­nation", in Spores VII (ed. G. Chambliss and J. C. Vary), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 43-53.

Piggot, P. J. and Coote, J. G. (1976) "Genetic aspects of bacterial endospore formation", Bact. Rev., 40, 908-962.

Prestidge, L., Gage, V. and Spizizen, J. (1971) "Protease activities during the course of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis", J. Bact., 107,815-823.

Ryter, A. (1965) "Etude morphologique de la sporulation de Bacillus subtilis", Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 117,40-60.

Sadoff, H. L. (1972) "Sporulation antibiotics of Bacillus species", in Spores V (ed. H. O. Halvorson, R. Hanson and L. L. Campbell), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 157-166.

Sadoff, H. L. (1973) "Comparative aspects of morphogenesis in three prokaryotic genera", Ann. Rev. Microbiol., 27,133-153.

Sadoff, H. L., Page, W. J. and Reusch, R. N. (1975) "The cyst of Azotobacter vinelandii: comparative view of morphogenesis", in Spores V I (ed. P. Gerdhardt, R. N. Costilow and H. L. Sadoff), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 52-60.

Sonenshein, A. L. and Campbell, K. M. (1978) "Control of gene expression during sporulation", in Spores VII (ed. G. Chambliss and J. C. Vary), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 179-192.

Szulmajster, J. (1973) "Initiation of bacterial sporogenesis", Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol., 23, 45-84.

Tipper, D. J. and Gauthier, J. J. (1972) "Structure of the bacterial endospore", in Spores V (ed. H. O. Halvorsen, R. Hanson and L. L. Campbell), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 3-12.

Warth, A. D. (1978) "Molecular structure of the bacterial endospore':, Adv. Microb. Physiol., 17,1-45.

216 FURTHER READING

White, D. (1975) "Myxospores of Myxococcus xanthus", in Spores VI (ed. P. Gerdhardt, R. N. Costilow and H. L. Sadoff), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 44~51.

Chapter 6 Darmon, M., Barra, 1. and Bracket, P. (1978) 'The role of phosphodiesterase in aggregation

of Dictyostelium discoideum", J. Cell. Sci., 31, 233~243. Durston, A. 1. (1977) "The control of morphogenesis in Dictyostelium discoideum", in

Eucaryotic microbes as Model Developmental Systems (ed. D. H. O'Day and P. A. Horgen), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 294~321.

Durston, A. 1. and Vork, F. (1979) "A cinematographical study of the development of vitally stained Dictyostelium discoideum", J. Cell. Sci., 36, 261~279.

Gerisch, G. and Wick, U. (1975) "Intracellular oscillations and the release of cAMP from Dictyostelium cells", Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 65, 364~376.

Hutterman, A. (1973) "Biochemical events during spherule formation of Physarum poly­cephalum", Ber. Deut. Botanisch. Gesell., 86, 55~ 76.

Konjin, T. M., Barkley, D. S., Chang, Y. Y. and Bonner, 1. T. (1968) "Cyclic AMP: a naturally occurring acrasin in cellular slime moulds", Amer. Nat., 102, 225~233.

Lechevalier, H. A. (1978) "The Gymnomyxa (Myxothallophytes, Myxofungi, Mycetozoans", in C.R.e. Handbook of Microbiology 2nd ed. Vol. II (ed. A. I. Laskin and H. A. Lechevalier), CR.C Press, Florida, USA, 71~79.

Loomis, W. F., Dimond, R. L., Free, S. 1. and White, S. S. (1977) "Independent and dependent sequences in development of Dictyostelium", in Eucaryotic Microbes and Model Developmental Systems (ed. D. H. O'Day and P. A. Horgen), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 177~194.

McCullough, C H. R. and Dee, 1. (1976) "Defined and semi-defined media for the growth of amoebae of Physarum polycephalum", J. Gen. Microbiol., 95, 151~158.

Newell, P. C (1978) "Cellular communication during aggregation of Dictyostelium", J. Gen. Microbiol., 104, 1 ~ 13.

Newell, P. C, Franke, J. and Sussman, M. (1972) "Regulation of four functionally related enzymes during shifts in the developmental programme of Dictyostelium discoideum", J. Mol. Bioi., 63, 373~382.

Oohata, A. and Takeuchi, I. (1977) "Separation and biochemical characterisation of the two cell types present in the pseudoplasmodium of Dict.l'0stelium discoideum", J. Cell Sci .. 24. 1~9.

Sauer, H. W. (1973) "Differentiation in Physarum polycephalum", Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol., 23, 375~405.

Sauer, H. W. (1978) "Regulation of gene expression in the cell cycle of Physarum", in Cell Cycle Regulation (ed. J. R. Jeter, I. L. Cameron, G. M. Padilla and A. M. Zimmerman), Academic Press, New York, 149~166.

Schaeffer, B. M. (1975) "Secretion of cAMP induced by cAMP in the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum", Nature, 255, 549~552.

Schindler, J. and Sussman, M. (1977) "Ammonia determines the choice of morphogenetic pathways in Dictyostelium discoideum", J. Mol. BioI., 116, 161~169.

Sussman, M. and Schindler, 1. (1978) "A possible mechanism of morphogenetic regulation in Dictyostelium discoideum", Differentiation, 10, 1~5.

Wendelberger-Schieweg, G. and Hutterman, A. (1978) "Amino acid pool and protein turnover during differentiation (spherulation) of Physarum polycephalum", Arch. Microbiol., 117, 27~34.

Wright, B. E. and Thomas, D. A. (1977) "Enzyme turnover in Dictyostelium", in Eucaryotic Microbes as Model Developmental Systems (ed. D. H. O'Day and P. A. Horgen), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 194~212.

Wurster, B., Shubiger, K., Wick, U. and Gerisch, G. (1977) "Cyclic GMP in Dictyostelium: oscillations and pulses in response to folic acid and cyclic AMP signals", FEBS Lett., 76, 141~144.

FURTHER READING 217

Zaar, L. and Kleinig, H. (1975) "Spherulation of Physarum polycephalum ultrastructure", Cytobiol., 10, 306-328.

Chapter 7 Bartnicki-Garcia, S. and Hemmes, D. E. (1976) "Some aspects of the form and function of

oomycete spores", in The Fungal Spore (ed. D. 1. Webber and W. M. Hess), Wiley, New York, 593-639.

Bracker, C. E. (1966) "Ultrastructural aspects of sporangium formation in Gilbertella persicaria", in The Fungus Spore (ed. M. F. Madelin), Butterworths, London, 39-60.

Cantino, E. F. and Lovett, J. S. (1964) "Non-filamentous aquatic fungi: model systems for biochemical studies of morphological differentiation", Adv. Morphog., 3, 33-93.

Clutterbuck, A. J. (1978) "Genetics of vegetative growth and asexual reproduction", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 214-239.

Gay, J. L. and Greenwood, A. D. (1966) "Structural aspects of zoospore production in Saprolegnia ferax with particular reference to the cell and vacuolar membranes", in The Fungus Spore (ed. M. F. Madelin), Butterworths, London, 95-108.

Kozakiewicz, Z. (1978) "Phialide and conidium development in the Aspergilli", Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 70,175-186.

Lovett, 1. S. (1975) "Growth and differentiation of the water mold Blastocladiella emersonii: cytodifferentiation and the role of ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis", Bact. Rev., 39, 345-404.

Mishra, N. C. (1977) "Genetics and biochemistry of morphogenesis in Neurospora", Adv. Genet., 19, 341-405.

Smith, 1. E. (1978) "Asexual sporulation in filamentous fungi", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. J. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 214-239.

Tan, K. K. (1978) "Light-induced fungal development", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed.1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 334-357.

Turian, G. E. (1975) "Differentiation in Allomyces and Neurospora", Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 64,367-380.

Turian, G. (1976) "Spores in Ascomycetes, their controlled differentiation", in The Fungal Spore (ed. D. J. Webber and W. M. Hess), Wiley, New York, 716-786.

Turian, G. E. and Bianchi, D. E. (1972) "Conidation in Neurospora", Bot. Rev., 38,119-154. Webber, D. 1. and Hess, W. M. (1975) "Diverse' spores in fungi", in Spores VI (ed. P.

Gerdhardt, R. N. Costilow and H. L. Sadoff), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 97-111.

Chapter 8 Barksdale, A. W. and Lasure, L. L. (1973) "Induction of gametangial phenotypes in Achlya

and other fungi", Science, 166, 831-837. Bartnicki-Garcia, S. and Hemmes, D. E. (1976) "Some aspects of the form and function of

oomycete spores", in The Fungal Spore (ed. D. 1. Webber and W. M. Hess), Wiley, New York, 594-639.

Bu'Lock, J. D. (1976) "Hormones in fungi", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. II (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 345-368.

Casselton, L. A. (1978) "Dikaryon formation in higher Basidiomycetes", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 275-297.

Crandall, M. (1976) "Mechanisms offusion in yeast cells", in Microbial and Plant Protoplasts (eds.1. F. Peberdy, A. H. Rose, H. 1. Rogers and E. C. Cocking), Academic Press, London, 161-175.

Crandall, M., Egel, R. and Mackay, V. L. (1977) "Physiology of mating in three yeasts", Adv. Microb. Physiol., 15, 307-398.

Fletcher, J. (1978) "Timing of events during oospore genesis in Saprolegnia diclina", Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 70, 417-422.

218 FURTHER READING

FoweIl, R. R. (1975) "Ascospores of yeast", in Spores VI (ed. P. Gerdhardt, R. N. Costilow and H. L. Sadoff), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 124-131.

Gooday, G. W. (1975) "The control of differentiation in fruit bodies of Coprinus cinereus", Reports oJ Tottori Mycol. Inst. (Japan), 12, 151-160.

Grove, S. N. (1976) "Form and function in zygomycete spores", in The Fungal Spore (ed. D. 1. Webber and W. M. Hess), Wiley, New York, 560-589.

Haber, 1. E., Esposito, M. S., Magee, P. T. and Esposito, R. E. (1975) "Current trends "in genetic and biochemical study of yeast sporulation", in Spores VI (ed. P. Gerdhardt, R. N. Costilow and H. L. Sadoff), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 132-137.

Hopper, A. K. and Hall, B. D. (1975) "Control of yeast sporulation by the mating type locus", in Spores VI (ed. P. Gerdhardt, R. N. Costilow and H. L. Sadoff), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 138-146.

Matur, A. and Berry, D. R. (1978) "The use of step enzymes as markers during meiosis and ascospore formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae", J. Gen. Microbial., 109, 205-213.

Mishra, N. C (1977) "Genetics and biochemistry of morphogenesis in Neurospora", Adv. Genet., 19, 341-405.

Nasrallah,1. B. and Srb, A. M. (1978) "Immunofluorescent localisation of a phase-specific protein in Neurospora tetrasperma", Exp. Myco!., 2, 211-215.

Phaff, H. J., Miller, M. W. and Mrak, E. M. (1978) The Life oj Yeasts, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, chapter 4.

Schekman, R. and Brawley, V. (1979) "Localised deposition of chitin on the yeast cell surface in response to mating phenomone", J. Bioi. Chem., 76, 645-649.

Schwalb, M. (1977) "Cell wall metabolism during fruiting of the Basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune", Arch. Microbiol., 114,9-12.

Sutter, P. R. (1977) "Regulation of the first stage of sexual development in Phycomyces blakesleeanus and other mucoraceous fungi", in Eucaryotic Microbes as Model Develop­mental Systems (ed. D. H. O'Day and P. A. Horgen), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 251-272.

Tingle, M., Singhklar, A. J., Henry, S. A. and Halvorson, H. O. (1973) "Ascospore formation in yeast", Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbio!., 23, 209-244.

Turian, G. (1976) "Spores in Ascomycetes, their controlled differentiation", in The Fungal Spore (ed. D. J. Webber and W. M. Hess), Wiley, New York, 716-786.

Turian, G. (1978) "Sexual morphogenesis in the Ascomycetes", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 315-333.

Van den Ende, H. (1978) "Sexual morphogenesis in the Phycomycetes", in The Filamentous Fungi, Vol. III (ed. 1. E. Smith and D. R. Berry), Arnold, London, 257-274.

Wessels, 1. G. H. (1965) "Biochemical processes in Schizophyllum commune", Wentia, 13, 1-113.

Chapter 9 Duncan, D. B., Smith, 1. E. and Berry, D. R. (1978) "DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis

during microcycie conidiation in Aspergillus niger", Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc., 71, 457-464. Gould, G. W. and Dring, G. 1. (1972) "Biochemical mechanisms of spore germination", in

Spores V (ed. H. o. Haworson, R. Hanson and L. L. Campbell), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 401-408.

Grove, S. N. and Bracker, C E. (1978) "Protoplasmic changes during zoospore encystment and cyst germination in Pythium aphanidermatum", Exp. Mycol., 2, 51-98.

Hardisson, C, Manzanal, M-B., Salas, J-A. and Suarez, J-E. (1978) "Fine structure, physiology and biochemistry of arthrospore germination in Streptomyces antibioticus", J. Gen. Microbiol., 105, 203-214.

Hawker, L. E. and Madelin, M. F. (1976) "The dormant spore", in The Fungal Spore (ed. D. J. Webber and W. M. Hess), Wiley, New York, 1-72.

FURTHER READING 219

Kalakoutskii, L. V. and Agre, N. S. (1973) "Endospores of Actinomycetes: dormancy and germination", in Actinomycetales: Characteristics and Practical Importance (ed. G. Sykes and F. A. Skinner), Academic Press, London, 179-195.

Keynan, A. (1972) "Cryptobiosis: a review of the mechanisms of the ametabolic state in bacterial spores", in Spores V (ed. H. O. Halvorson, R. Hanson and L. L. Campbell), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 355-362.

Keynan, A. (1973) "The transformation of bacterial endospores into vegetative cells", Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol., 23,85-123.

Lovett, 1. S. (1976) "Regulation of protein metabolism during spore germination", in The Fungal Spore (ed. D. 1. Webber and W. M. Hess), Wiley, New York, 189-240.

Lovett, 1. S., Gong, C-S. and Johnson, S. A. (1977) "Zoospore germination and early development of Blastocladiella emersonii", in Eucaryotic Microbes as Model Developmental Systems (ed. D. H. O'Day and P. A. Horgen), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 402-424.

Van Etten, 1. L., Dunkle, L. D. and Knight, R. H. (1976) "Nucleic acid and fungal spore germination", in The Fungal Spore (ed. D. 1. Webber and W. M. Hess), Wiley, New York, 243-299.

Van Etten, 1. L., Dunkle, L. D .. and Freer, S. N. (1977) "Germination in Rhizopus stolonijer sporangiospores", in Eucaryotic Microbes as Model Developmental Systems (ed. D. H. O'Day and P. A. Horgen), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 372-401.

INDEX

(Where a page number is italicised the entry referred to occurs in a table or figure.)

Achlya hormones and sexual

development 179 {3-glucan reserve polymer and sexual

development 184 Achlya ambisexualis, sex

hormones 179 Achlya bisexualis, sex hormones 179 actinomycin D, inhibition of sporulation

in Physarum polycephalum 123 Actinomycetes

cell organisation 8 spore formation 111 spore germination 201-202 spore morphology 93

activation, of bacterial endospores 195, 195-196

adenovirus, architecture 70 Agaricus, basidiocarp 173 Agaricus bisporus

basidium and gill structure 174 hyphal wall composition 46

Agrocybe praecox, doli pore structure 50 Allomyces

gametangia 175 hormone (Sirenin) production 178 zoospore 142

Allomyces arbuscula, hyphal ultrastructure 51

Alternaria, conidiosphore morphology 144

amidinopenicillinamic acid, morphological effect on bacterial cells 21

amoeba aggregation of 128-129 stage in life cycle of Dictyostelium

discoideum 126 aneuploids 164

220

antheridiol mode of action 179 molecular structure 178

antibiotics, produced by Bacillus species during endospore formation 97-98

Aphanomyces, development of zoospores 145

aplanospores 143 Arthrobacter, pleomorphism 21-23,23 arthrospores 111, see also conidia Ascobolus sterocarius, hormone 181-182 ascocarp 171, 1 73 ascogonium 169 ascospores 169,171

formation in yeast 185 ascus 170

development 169 development in yeast 184-186,186

Aspergillus, conidia 148 Aspergillus flavus, conidiogenesis 149 Aspergillus nidulans

chitin synthase activity in protoplasts 60,60

effect of cycloheximide on wall formation 61

homothallism 176 isolated protoplasts 49 mutants affecting conidiophore

development 159,160 normal and mutant hyphal

morphology 64 temperature sensitive mutants affecting

mitosis and septation 63 Aspergillus niger

cycle of conidiogenesis 152 differentiation of conidiophore 149 isocitrate dehydrogenase and isocitrate

lyase activities during conidiogenesis 156-157

Aspergillus niger-continued microcyclic conidiation 209,210 nutritional control of

conidiogenesis 153 ATP

in the initiation of endospore development in bacteria 95

potassium pump in fungal hyphae 60 stimulation of contractile proteins in

Physarum plasmodium 119 autolysins, and cell wall growth in

fungi 58,59 autolytic enzymes, and cell wall growth in

bacteria 17-18 Azotobacter, cyst formation 88,106-107 Azotobacter vinelandii

life cycle 107 ultrastructure of cyst J08

Bacillus microcyclic spore germination 208 endospore formation 88, 93

Bacillus brevis, production of the antibiotic edeine 98, 99

Bacillus cereus accumulation of Ca + + ions during

endospore development 100 mesosomes 4 peptidoglycan synthesis during

sporulation 99 ultrastructure of endospores 89

Bacillus licheniformis, mesosome structure 5

Bacillus subtilis antibiotic production during

sporulation 98 cell wall growth 19 initiation of endospore

development 94-95 peptidoglycan of endospore cortex 91 proteases involved in sporulation 98

Bacillus thurigiensis, parasporal protein 104

bacterial spore see endospore bacteriophage

one-step growth curve 84 T-phage attachment and infection 75 T-phage attachment to host 76 T-phage cycle of replication 75 T-phage morphology 70 T-phage tail fibres 72 RNA phages 71

INDEX 221

Basidiobolus ranarum, uninucleate apical segment of hypha 62

basidiocarp 173 basidiospore 170, 173

of Agaricus bisporus 174 basidium 170 birth scar, in yeast 27,28 Blakeslea trispora, trisporic acid

precursors 181 Blastocladiella

lack of sexual differentiation 175 ribosomal complex in zoospores 207 zoospore structure and changes during

germination 203 Blastocladiella emersonii

isocitrate dehydrogenase and isocitrate lyase activities during sporangium development 156-157

macromolecule synthesis during zoospore formation 158

patterns of sporangium development 155

Blastocladiella variabilis, gametic conjugation 164

Boletus, basidiocarp 173 Botrytis, conidiophore morphology 144 Botrytis cinerea, effect oflight on

conidiation 151 branching,offungalhyphae 64 branch initiation, relationship to tip

growth in fungal hyphae 61 bud

formation as a mechanism of cell division in yeast 26

initiation 32 mutants blocked in bud emergence 40 number of buds formed by yeast 28 requirement for growth before bud

emergence 41 budding 32-34

calcium ions as stabiliser of enzymes in bacterial

spores 101 component of endospore cortex 90 excretion during spore

germination 197 Candida, morphology 27 Candida albicans, dimorphism 65-66 Caulobacter

cell cycle 24 cyclic G MP and regulation of the cell

cycle 24

222

Caulobacter-continued dimorphism 23-24

cell communication, in Dictyostelium 129-131

cell cycle dependent and independent events in

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 41 DNA synthesis in yeast 34-38

in bacteria 9-22 in Caulobacter 23-24 in myxamoebae of

Physarum 116 in yeast 31-32

macromolecule synthesis in yeast 38-39

timing of enzyme synthesis 39 wall synthesis in yeast 39-40 see also duplication cycle

cell division co-ordination with chromosome

replication in bacteria 16-17 co-ordination with growth in

yeast 40-42 cell envelope

association with DNA in cell extracts 7

growth 19 in Gram negative bacteria 2-4

cell fusion in Physarum 117 in yeast 166 somatic cells offungi 167

cell mass changes during bacterial cell cycle 10

changes during yeast cell cycle 39 mass doubling and chromosome

replication in bacteria 15 cell population, heterogeneity of doubling

times 9 cell shape

in bacteria 1-2 in yeasts 26-27

cell wall composition and structure

in bacteria 2 in filamentous fungi 46-49 in yeast 27 - 29

growth in bacteria 17-22 in filamentous fungi 58-61

synthesis in filamentous fungi 53-48 in yeast 39-40

INDEX

cell wall-continued synthesis-continued

during development of the basidiocarp 188-190

during encystment of zoospores 203-205

during germination of bacterial spores 199

cellulose in fungal cell walls 46-47 in stalk of Dictyostelium fruit body 135

cephalexin, affect on enzymes involved in peptidoglycan synthesis 21

Chaetomium globosum, composition of hyphal wall 46

chitin biosynthesis in filamentous

fungi 54-55 hydrolysis

in Coprinus stipe 190 in isolated hyphal walls 59 in bud scars of Saccharomyces

cerevisiae 29, 34 in septa of Neurospora crassa 51 in septa of Schizophyilum

commune 52 in walls of Basidiomycete yeasts 29 in walls of filamentous fungi 46-47,189 in walls of yeast form of

Paracoccidiodes 66 in walls ofzygospores of Mucor

mucedo 174 isolation from fungal cell walls 46

chitosomes 56 isolation procedure 57 fusion with plasma membrane

chlamydospore 144 chloramphenicol, inhibition of protein

synthesis in Escherichia coli 15 chromosome

bacterial 8 cytoplasmic membrane and replication

in bacteria 155 in Bacillus during spore formation 111 in yeast 31

Cladosporium, morphology of conidiophore 144

clamp connections, involvement in cell division 168

Clostridium, endospore 88 Clostridium perfringens

enterotoxin and sporulation 104 heat activation of endospores 196

conidiation effect oflight 150-151,158 microcyclic 153 nutritional control in Aspergillus

niger 152,153 conidiogenesis, in Aspergillus f1avus 149 conidiophore 144, 148 conidi(um)a

in Actinomycetes 111 in fungi 142,144

crypto biosis 194 cyclic AMP

chemotaxis and aggregation of Dictyostelium amoebae 129-131

differentiation of the cell aggregate in Dictyostelium 133-135

dimorphism in Mucor rouxii 66 cyclic GMP

differentiation in Caulobacter 24 regulation of sporulation in

bacteria 95-96 cycloheximide

protein synthesis and DNA synthesis in yeast 38

protein synthesis and wall synthesis in Aspergillus nidulans 61

cyst, in Azotobacter 88, 106 ultrastructure 107

cytoplasm 8,31,63,145 cytoplasmic membrane see plasma

membrane

daughter cell, in yeast 26 density gradient separation 10 dictyosomes

in differentiation of zoospores 145 in fungal hyphae 53

Dictyostelium discoideum 115 developmental cycle 126-139 slug and fruit body development 127

Didynium iridis, plasmodium development 117

dikaryon 164,168, see also heterokaryon dikaryotic mycelium 62 dimictic 175, see also heterothallic dimorphism 65-67

in Basidiomycete yeasts 27 dipicolinic acid

as component of endospore cortex 90, 98,99

excretion during spore germination 197

mutants lacking 93

INDEX

dipicolinic acid -continued reduced levels in the presence of

inhibitors 100 diploid

mitotic recombination in 164 nucleus of ascus and basidium 170 vegetative state in Oomycetes 168

division see cell division division substances 16 DNA

association with the cell envelope in Escherichia coli 7

223

content of apical compartment of fungal hypha 63

in bacterial cells 5 in sporulating bacteria 93 in transformation of Bacillus 97 in viruses 71 in yeast 34-3 5 loosely and super-coiled in Escherichia

coli 8 ofT phages 81 release from envelope 16

DNA polymerase 79-80 DNA replication

blocked during sporulation in bacteria 111

during spore formation in fungi 157 in Caulobacter 24 in Escherichia coli 13-15 nuclear and mitochondrial in yeast 38 see also DNA synthesis

DNA synthesis defective, in yeast mutants 37, 190 during ascospore development in

yeast 186 during endospore outgrowth 199,200 during encystment in Azotobacter 109 in bacteria 12 -14 in DNA viruses 79-80 in fusion yeasts 41-42 in nuclear division mutants of

Aspergillus nidulans 63 in the yeast cell cycle 32,35 in yeast mutants blocked at bud

emergence 40-41 in zoospore development in

Blastocladiella emersonii 158 inhibition in the establishment of

synchronous cultures 9 initiation of, in the yeast nucleus 38 termination of, in spore-forming

bacteria 10 1

224

dormancy 193-196 duplication cycle 61-63, see also cell

cycle

edeine 98 Embden Meyerhof Parnas pathway

in conidiation in Aspergillus niger 155 in slug development in

Dictyostelium 136 encystment 107 endoplasmic reticulum 30-31 endospore

Ca + + ions 90, 99-100 coats 98 cortex 92-94 formation 88-106 germination 196-201 mother cell 93 resistance properties 91, 197 ultrastructure 90

energy reserves 208 Entner-Duodoroffpathway 108-109 envelope see cell envelope enzyme

dissection of fungal cell walls 28 synthesis during the cell cycle in

bacteria 10-12 in yeast 39

Escherichia coli cell envelope 2 cell mass as initiator for DNA

synthesis 15-16 DNA synthesis 12-13 growth 1 growth of cell envelope 19 heat killed cells for growth of

Afyxococcus 110 nucleoid 6-8 septation 21 sex pili 76

feedback mechanisms 11 fimbriae 4 flagell(um)a 4

as cell surface marker 19 of Caulobacter swarmer cell 24 retraction during encystment of

zoospore of Blastocladiella 203 fruit body

development in Dictyostelium 132-139 in Schizophyllum 189

fusion see cell fusion and nuclear fusion

gametangial contact 165, 166 gametangialfusion 165,166

INDEX

gametic conjugation 164,165 germination

of Actinomycete spores 201-203 of bacterial endospores 196-201 offungal spores 203-208

Gilbertella persicaria 146 glucan

incorporation of labelled sugars at hyphal tip 53

in yeast 29 o:-glucan

absence in septa of Schizophyllum commune 52

in cell wall of Schizosaccharomyces pombe 29

in hyphal walls 47 in hyphal wall of Agaricus bisporus 46 in wall of yeast form of Paracoccidiodes

brasiliensis 66 p-glucan

in hyphal walls 46-47 in Neurospora crassa 56-57 in Saccharomyces 28-29 in septa of N. crassa and Schizophyllum

commune 51-52 in yeast form of Paracoccidiodes

brasiliensis 66 reserve utilised during sexual

development in Achlya and Phytophthora 183-184

synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 46

p-glucan synthase in Neurospora crassa 56 in Saprolegnia monoica 57-58

R-glucan 189 S-glucan 189 R-glucanase 189 glycolytic pathway 67 glycoprotein

cell surface recognition molecules in yeast 175

in envelope of Gram negative bacteria 4

reticulum in hyphal wall of Neurospora crassa 47,51,54

golgi apparatus activity during zoospore

development 145 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 31

Gram negative bacteria cAMP repression of enzyme

synthesis 95-96 cell envelope 2

Gram negative bacteria~continued septation 19

Gram positive bacteria association of nucleoid with

mesosome 6 cell wall 2 resemblance of Actinomycetes 8 septation 17, 19

growth of bacteria 1-24 of filamentous fungi 44-67 of yeasts 26-42

growth cycle 36

Hanseniaspora 27 H ansenula wingei

genetic control of compatibility 175 ultrastructure 30

haploid 164, 168 haploidisation 164 Helminthosporium 142 heterokaryon 176-177, see also dikaryon heterothallic 175 homomictic 175 homothallic 175,181 hyph(a)ae

Actinomycete 8 fungal 44

hyphal branching 64 cytology 44-45 growth and the duplication

cycle 61-63 ultrastructure 45-53 and arc wall architecture and

composition 46-49

inclusions 8 isocitrate dehydrogenase 156 isocitrate lyase 156

karyogamy 163,168

linkage group 8 lipid

in endospore coats 90 in fungal hyphal walls 46

lipopolysaccharide 3 lipoprotein

in Gram negative cell envelope 4 in septation 21

lysis of bacterial cell induced by penicillin

G 21-22

INDEX

lysis~continued

of host cells by I-phages 83 replication of lysogenic phages 86

lysogeny 85-86 lytic enzymes

for protoplast isolation 48-49 in hyphal wall growth 58-59 see also autolysins

mannan, in cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 28-29

in hyphal walls 47

225

particles on the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 30

synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 39-40

mating factors 188-189 mating systems

bifactorial 176 unifactorial 176

mating types 175 matrix 47-48 meiosis

ascospore formation in yeast 186 during sexual reproduction in

fungi 163,168-170 melanin, biosynthesis 188 membrane

elution technique 10 outer membrane of cell envelope 3 synthesis during outgrowth of the

bacterial endospore 200 see also plasma membrane

mesosome 4 associated with nucleoid 6 in Actinomycetes 8 in sporulating bacteria 93 in wall growth and septation 19

microcyclic spore development 208-210 microfibrillar

layer 28 network 29,47

microfibrils 51,54 microtubules 31, 33 microvesicles 52

see also chitosomes mitochondria

in yeast 30 in filamentous fungi 51

mitochondrial DNA 34, 38 mitotic recombination 164 mitosis

behaviour of spindle plaques in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 31

226

mitosis-continued in ascus and basidium 170 in fungal hyphae 63 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe 41 intranuclear, in Physarum 119

Mortierella 143 Mucor mucedo

trisporic acid precursors in mating strains 181

zygospore wall 174 Mucor rouxii

chitin synthesis in yeast form 56 dimorphism 65-67

mycochrome 148 myxamoeba(e) 117

and plasmodium development in slime moulds 117

atypical nuclear behaviour in Didynium iridis 117-118

feeding 117 Myxococcus xanthus

life cycle 11 0 myxospore formation 109-111

myxomycete 115 myxospores 88, 109

formation 109-111 initiation of development 110 ultrastructure 109

NADH2 66 N-acetylmuramic acid 22 netropsin 103 Neurospora crassa

biochemical changes during sexual development 187-188

cell wall composition and structure 48 change in carbohydrate metabolism

duringconidiation 154,155 chemical composition of

septum 51-52 enhanced isocitrate lyase activity during

conidiation 157 glucan synthesis 56 glycoprotein reticulum in the hyphal

wall 54 macro conidia development 148 membrane potential 59-60 mutations affecting conidiation 159 utilisation of reserves in

ascospores 208 ultrastructure of septum 50

Neurospora tetrasperma 188 Nocardia 1

INDEX

nuclear body see nucleoid nuclear division

during conidiogenesis 150 in fungal hyphae 63 in mutants of Saccharomyces

cerevisiae blocked in bud emergence 40 in myxamoebae of Physarum 117-119 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 31 inhibition of, in Saccharomyces

cerevisiae 42 see also meiosis and mitosis

nuclear fusion 164 nuclear material 7, 111, see also nucleoid nuclear membrane 30-31 nuclear pores 30 nucleic acid replication 79-81 nucleic acid synthesis 205, see also DNA

synthesis and RNA synthesis nucleoid

in bacteria 5 organisation in Escherichia coli 6-8 replication 14

nucleolus 31 nucle(us)i

behaviour during gametangial conjugation 166

DNA content in yeast 34 DNA synthesis in yeast 38 in apical segment of Aspergillus

nidulans 63 in dikaryon 167-168 in fungal hyphae 53 in heterokaryon 167 in plasmodium of Physarum 121 in sporangium initial of Gilbertella

persicaria 146 in yeast 31

oidium 144 origin, of bacterial chromosome 7, 13, 16 oogoniol

role in sexual development of Achlya 179 structure 178

oospore 171 biochemical changes during

development 183-184

Paracoccidiodes brasiliensis 65 pattern formation in

Dictyostelium 132-135 penicillin G 21-22 Penicillium

conidium 142

Penicillium -continued conidiophore 144 phialide 148

pentose phosphate pathway during conidiophore formation 156 in dimorphism of Mucor 67

peptidoglycan and cell elongation and

septation 21-22 distribution amongst daughter cells of

Escherichia coli 19 hydrolysis during spore

germination 197 in germ cell wall 94 in Gram negative cell envelope 3,4 in spore cortex 90, 98 in bacterial cell walls 2 incorporation of 14C diaminopimelic

acid 99 structure of cortical form 91 virus receptor site 73

peri plasmic region 4 perithecium development 187 perithecial protein 188 permease 2 Peronospora tabacina 195 phage(s)

ATP in tail 74 DNA 76 RNA 76

phialides 149 phospholipid 4 Physarum polycephalum

life cycle 115-122 spherulation 123-126

Phytopthora meiosis in sexual development 168 role of glucans in sexual

development 183 zoospore development 145

Phytophthora cinnamomi 56 Phytophthora heveae 46 Pi/obolus 142, 143 Pityosporum 27 plaque

centrolar 31 duplication 31 separation 31 spindle 31,33

plasma membrane association with virus replication 83 attachmen t of mesosome in

bacteria 19

INDEX

plasma membrane-continued bound phosphodiesterase in

Dictyostelium 130-131 extrusion of mature virus 83

227

fusion of virus and host membrane 78 growth in bacteria 17 hormonal activation of yeast chitin

synthase 181 in bacteria 4 in cleavage of zoospores in

Aphanomyces 145 in endospore development in

bacteria 93-94 in fungal wall growth 58, 59 in fungi 47-48 invaginations in yeast 32 involvement in replication of bacterial

chromosome 15-16 origin of virus membrane 82-83 penetration by viruses 74,77, 78 relationship to cell wall in bacteria 2 RNA synthesis in bacteria 7

plasmodium 1J9 absence of myxamoebal fusion in

development in Didynium 117 differentiation 120 formation by fusion of myxamoebae in

Physarum 117 migration 120 RNA synthesis 123 visual evidence of development 118

plasmogamy 163 consequences of, in Ascomycete and

Basidiomycete fungi 172 involvement of sirenin, in

Allomyces 178 mechanisms 174, 175

polysomes 100 prophage 86 protein(s)

amino acid components of, in viruses 81

assembly of, in viruses 82 association with mannan in yeast cell

wall 28-29 attachment to mannan during polymer

synthesis 40 crystals 8 disulphide bridges 29 di vision, in bacteria 16, 17 histone-like, in bacteria 8 in coats of bacterial end os pores 90,

100

228 INDEX

protein(s )-continued in hyphal walls offungi 46 in wall of Gram positive bacteria 2 in wall of Neurospora crassa 48 initiator for chromosome replication in

bacteria 15 loss following infection of host cell by

virus 77 particles on plasma membrane of

yeast 30 perithecial, in Neurospora 188 release by virus 79 termination, in bacterial cell cycle 17 virus component 70, 71-72

protein synthesis and chromosome replication in

Escherichia coli 15, 17 and DNA synthesis in yeast 38 change in rate of, during dimorphic

switch in Mucor rouxii 67 during ascospore development in

Saccharomyces cerevisiae 186 during development of asexual spores in

fungi 157 during differentiation of the

plasmodium in Physarum 123 during formation of bacterial

endospores 101 during growth of bacterial cells 10 during sexual development in

Neurospora and Sordaria 188 during zoospore development in

Blastocladiella 158 lack offunctional system for, in

dormant endospores 198 in germinating fungal spores 205 in synchronous cultures of yeast 38,

39 virus replication 82

protoplast( s) bacterial 8 chitin synthase activity in isolated

protoplasts from Aspergillus nidulans 60-61,60

fungal 52-53 isolated, from fungal hyphae 49,49 wall regeneration by isolated 55 yeast 29-31

pseudomycelium 27 Puccinia graminis tritici 195 Pythium

differentiation of zoospores 145 diploid vegetative state 168 sporangiophore morphology 143

replication complex 15 Rhizopus 143 ribosomes

defects in, affecting binding of amino acyl 198

in bacterial cytoplasm 8 in fungi 51,52 structural and functional changes in, in

spore-forming bacteria 104-105 rifampicin 103 RNA

and virus assembly 82 association with DNA and cell envelope

in Escherichia coli 7 classes in fungal spores 207 changes in, in Trichoderma viride

following light induction of conidiation 158-159

component of viruses 71 composition of, in plasmodium of

Physarum 123 content of bacterial cell 10 difference in, between vegetative cells

and endospores of Bacillus during outgrowth 199-200

in cytoplasm of endospore 90 in developing yeast ascospores 186 location in bacterial cytoplasm during

transcription 8 replication in virus 80 turnover during myxospore

development 111 mRNA

absence of stable, in germinating endospores 198-199

affect of concentrated salt solutions 7 changes in, in Dictyostelium during fruit

body development 136 in Azotobacter during encystment 109 in bacterial cytoplasm 8 in bacterial endospores 100, 102,

104-105 in Blastocladiella during zoospore

differentiation 158 in myxospore development 111

rRNA in yeast during ascospore

formation 186 of amoeba of Dictyostelium 136 of vegetative and sporulating cells of

Bacillus 111 tRNA

in germinating fungal spores 207 in virus protein synthesis 82

RNA-ase 7 RNA polymerase

and transcription of sporulating genes in Bacillus subtilis 98

component of DNA-envelope preparations from Escherichia coli 7

in germinating fungal spores 207 in virus replication 81 in vegetative and spore-forming cells of

bacteria 102-105 in yeast and mycelial forms of Mucor

rouxii 67 RNA synthesis

and virus replication 80,81-82 during ascospore development in

yeast 186 during differentiation of the

plasmodium of Physarum 122-123 during encystment in Azotobacter 109 during fruit body development in

Dictyostelium discoideum 136-137 during germination of fungal

spores 205-207 during myxospore formation in

Myxococcus 111 during sexual development in

Neurospora 188 during zoospore

development 157-158 in bacteria 10 in spore-forming bacteria 102-105 location of, in bacteria 8

Saccharomyces cell shape 27 cell wall composition and

ultrastructure 28-29 Saccharomyces cerevisiae

ascospore development 184--186 budding 28 cell cycle 32,40-41 cell cycle mutants 36-38 cell wall composition and structure 29 chromosomes 31 control of chitin synthase activity 33 DNA content 24 DNA synthesis 35 genetic control of compatibility 175 hormones and sexual

development 181 mutants defective in sexual

development 190 pattern of budding 33 plasma membrane 30

INDEX 229

Saccharomyces cerevisiae-continued repression of mitochondria during

fermentative metabolism 66 retention of nuclear membrane during

division 31 Salmonella typhimurium 14 Saprolegnia

sporangium 143 zoospore development 145

scar birth 27,28,35 bud 26,28

Schizophyllum commune autoradiography of growing hypha 54 changes in hyphal wall during fruit

body formation 189 chemical composition of septa 51-52 mating-type factors 176,188

sept(um)a and bud scars in yeast 28 and chitin in yeast 29 development in bacteria 17-22,18 development in Saccharomyces

cerevisiae 33-34 in Actinomycetes 8 in fungi 50-52

septal pores 50-51 septation

during fungal duplication cycle 63 in bacteria 21

sex hormones 177-183 sexual compatibility 175-177 sexual development 183-191 sexual reproduction 163-191 sirenin 178-179 skeletalla yer 4 slime layer 4 slime moulds 115-139 slug

cell differentiation 132-135 culmination 128 development 127 migration 128 number of cells in 127 slime sheath 128

somatic diploidy 164 Sordariafimicola 187-188 spermatisation 165 S phaerotilus natans 1 spherulation, in Physarum 123-126 spindle, in yeast 31,41 sporangi(um )a

differentiation of sporangiospores 146 morphology 143

230

sporangi(um)a -continued ofPhysarum 120,121

sporangiospores 143 development 144

spore(s) asexual, of fungi 142-143 of Physarum 121 sexual, offungi 171 see also endospore

spore-forming bacteria 8 spore germination 193-210

dormancy 193-196 in Actinomycetes 201-203 in bacterial endospores 196-201 in fungi 203-210

Sporosarcina 88 sporulation

in bacteria 88-113 in fungi 145-161 in Physarum 121-123

sterigmata 148-149 stipe elongation 190 Streptococcus faecalis 17 Streptomyces 1

spores 111,112 Streptomyces antibioticus 112, 113 Streptomyces cinnamonensis 112,

113 Streptomyces coeticolor 111,112 sulphydryl bridges 32 synchronous cultures 9-10 synchrony 9

TCAcycle activity during encystment in

Azotobacter 108-109 in fungi during conidiation 155 in sporulating bacteria 97

teichoic acids 2 temperature sensitive mutants

in bacteria 15 in fungi 63 in yeast 36

Thermactinomyces 93 tobacco mosaic virus 70,71 T-phages 73,75,81 transcription

and appearance of enzymes during the bacterial cell cycle 12

during endospore formation in bacteria 103

in Trichoderma viride during induction of conidiation 158

sites of, in Escherichia coli 8 transformation 97

INDEX

Tremella mesenterica 183 Trichoderma viride 158 Trigonopsis 27 trisporic acid 181,182 trypsin 16

vacuole 51 vesicles

and hyphal growth 51,52,58,59 and sporangiophore

development 145-147 transportation 59

VIruS influenza 74 measles 73 myxovirus 73 pox 79 tobacco mosaic 70,71

virus organisation and architecture 69-72

nucleic acid components 71 protein components 71-72

virus replication assembly of particles 82 attachment to host 72-74 entry into host 74-79 involvement of membrane 82-83 pattern 83-85 protein synthesis 82 release of virus 83 replication of nucleic acids

79-80 viruses

dsDNA 71,80 ssDNA 71,80 dsRNA 80 ssRNA 71,80 helical 70, 71 polyhedral 70, 71

wall see cell wall

yeast(s) 26-29 plasmid 35

zoospores 143-145 development 145 germination 203

zygophore 180-181 Zygorrhynchus 181 zygospore 171,174