future accelerators + technologies: motivation and ... · outline 2 this course intended to provide...

Future accelerators + technologies:

motivation and applications

1

Philip Burrows

John Adams Institute, Oxford University

and CERN

Outline

2

This course intended to provide ‘light relief’ from more formal courses + exercises

Couse deliberately qualitative, not mathematical

1. Reminder of how amazing accelerators are, and how widely applicable they are in society

2. Future linear electron-positron colliders

3. Future circular colliders, and novel technologies

Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Largest,

highest-energy

particle

collider

CERN,

Geneva

3

In case you missed it …

All eyes on collider as it comes to life

Will atom smasher signal end of the world?

Le LHC, un succès européen à célébrer

Large Hadron Collider e International

Linear Collider a caccia del bosone di Higgs

Wir stoßen die Tür zum dunklen Universum auf

4

http://www.betapolitique.fr/Le-LHC-un-succes-europeen-a-11519.html

The fastest racetrack on the planet

The protons

reach

99.9999991%

speed of light,

and go round the

27km ring 11,000

times per second

6

The emptiest vacuum in the solar system

Ten times more atmosphere on the Moonthan inside LHC beam pipes

7

The coldest places in the galaxy

The LHC operates

at -271 C (1.9K),

colder than

outer space.

A total of 36,800

tonnes are cooled

to this

temperature. The largest refrigerator ever

8

The hottest spots in the galaxy

When the two beams

collide, they will generate

temperatures

1000 million times

hotter than the heart

of the sun,

but in a minuscule space

9

The biggest detectors ever built

10

The biggest detectors ever built

To sample and record

the debris from ~

1 billion proton

collisions per

second

we have built

gargantuan devices

to measure particles

with micron precision.

11

Data rate

12

> 10 Petabytes of data per experiment per year

Data rate

13

> 10 Petabytes of data per experiment per year

The most extensive computer system

To analyse the data

hundreds of

thousands of

computers

around the world are

being harnessed in

the Grid

14

15

Amount of Stored Energy in LHC

15

~ 10 GJoules

16

Same amount of Kinetic Energy

16

~ 10 GJoules

Sometimes things go wrong …

17

LHC dipole magnets (before)

18

Some of magnets (after)

19

Magnet removal from tunnel

20

Magnet repair on surface

21

Last repaired magnet descending

22


Largest,

highest-energy

particle

collider

CERN,

Geneva

23

At last!

24

Highest energy subatomic collisions

25

Why build accelerators?

26

Uncovering the origin of the universe

Older ….. larger … colder ….less energetic

nowBig Bang

27

Telescopes to the early universe


nowBig Bang

28

Composition of the universe

29

Particle Physics Periodic Table

30

The Standard Model and Higgs

31

Particle Physics Periodic Table

32


33

Dark Matter

34


35

Dark Energy

36

And where did all the antimatter go?

37



nowBig Bang

38


• Want to see what matter is made of

• Smash matter apart and look for the building blocks

• Take small pieces of matter:

accelerate them to very high energy

crash them into one another

• LHC: protons crashing into protons head-on

39

High energy is critical

Size of structure we can probe with a collider like LHC

= h / p (de Broglie, 1924)

h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10**-34 Js

p = momentum of protons

The larger the momentum (energy), the smaller the size

40

How to accelerate protons to high energies?

protons carry electric CHARGE feel electric force

proton

41

Accelerating protons

Apply an electric field accelerate!

42



43



+ -

V

44



+ -

V

45



+ -

V

46

Accelerating electrons

+ -

V

47


+ -

V

48


+ -

V

Energy ~ voltage

49

The early days

50

The early days

+-

51

The early days

X-rays

52

First use of an accelerator in medicine!

Frau Roentgen’s

hand

53

Cockcroft – Walton Accelerator

800,000 Volts

54

Van de Graaff Accelerator

1500,000 Volts

55

56

Lawrence Cyclotron

56

80,000 Volts

25,000,000 Volts

How many Volts???

Voltage [Volts] Size probed [metres]

57

How many Volts???

Voltage [Volts]

1000,000 (Mega)

Size probed [metres]

0.000 000 000 000 1

58

How many Volts???

Voltage [Volts]

1000,000 (Mega)

1000,000,000 (Giga)


0.000 000 000 000 1

0.000 000 000 000 000 1

59

How many Volts???

Voltage [Volts]

1000,000 (Mega)

1000,000,000 (Giga)

1000,000,000,000 (Tera)


0.000 000 000 000 1

0.000 000 000 000 000 1

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 1

60

How many Volts???

Voltage [Volts]

1000,000 (Mega)

1000,000,000 (Giga)

1000,000,000,000 (Tera)

LHC:

7000,000,000,000

7 trillion Volts


0.000 000 000 000 1

0.000 000 000 000 000 1

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 1

0.000 000 000 000 000 000 01

10**-20 metres

61

How to reach LHC energies?

• We need 7000,000,000,000 Volts /proton beam

How to do this??

62



How to do this??

?

63



How to do this??

?• Would need 10,000,000,000,000 AA batteries

64



How to do this??


• 500 M km = 3 x Earth’s orbit radius around Sun

65



How to do this??


• 500 M km = 3 x Earth’s orbit radius around Sun

• Eu 10,000,000,000,000 – discount for bulk buy?!

66

Accelerating Technology

• Batteries have too low voltage per metre:

1.5 Volts per 5 cm = 30 Volts / m (‘gradient’)

67




• Forefront accelerating gradients ~ 30 MILLION Volts / m

• Hence largest accelerator (LHC) is **ONLY** 27 km long!

68




• Forefront accelerating gradients ~ 30 MILLION Volts / m

• Hence largest accelerator (LHC) is **ONLY** 27 km long!

• Accelerate using radio-frequency EM waves launched

into metal cavities …

• Protons gain energy by ‘surfing’ the waves

69

Niobium Accelerating Structures

7070

Human surfer

71

Subatomic surfer

+

-

+

Electro-

magnetic wave

E

72


73

How many accelerators?

a) 1-10

b) 10-100

c) 100-1,000

d) 1,000-10,000

e) > 10,000

74

Accelerators Worldwide

> 25,000

accelerators

in use

75

76


Radio-therapy

44%

76

Radiotherapy with X-rays

77

100,000 patients treated

per day in US alone

78


Radio-therapy

Ionimplant.

44% 40%

78

79

Semiconductor doping

79

80


Radio-therapy

Ionimplant.

Industrialprocessing

44% 40%

9%

80

81

Electron beams in industry

81

82

Accelerator Market

82

• Medical + industrial: $3.5B / year

growing at 10% / year

• Ion implantation: $1.5B / year

• Value of products processed, treated or

inspected by particle beams:

$500B / year

83


Radio-therapy

Ionimplant.


Biomed.research

44% 40%

9%6%

83

84


Radio-therapy

Ionimplant.


Biomed.research

X-raysynchrotron

44% 40%

9%6% 0.5%

84

Philip Burrows IoP Divisional Conference, Glasgow 6//4/1185

Diamond: synchrotron source of X-rays

86

Protein structure

HIV glycoproteinyeast enzyme

mosquito

immune system

87


Radio-therapy

Ionimplant.


Biomed.research

X-raysynchrotron

Physicsresearch

44% 40%

9%6% 0.5% 0.5%

> 25,000

accelerators

in use

87

88

Accelerator-based mass spectrometry

88

Ice man dating C14 absorption

vs. depth

89

Scientific importance of accelerators

89

• 30% of physics Nobel Prizes awarded for work

based on accelerators

Accelerator-related Physics Nobel Prizes

90

• 1901 Roentgen: X rays

• 1905 Lenard: cathode rays

• 1906 JJ Thomson: electron

• 1914 von Laue: X-ray diffraction

• 1915 WH+WL Bragg: X-ray crystallography

• 1925 Franck, Hertz: laws of impact of e on atoms

• 1927 Compton: X-ray scattering

• 1937 Davisson, Germer: diffraction of electrons

• 1939 Lawrence: cyclotron


91

• 1943 Stern: magnetic moment of proton

• 1951 Cockcroft, Walton: artificial acceleration

• 1959 Segre, Chamberlain: antiproton discovery

• 1961 Hofstadter: structure of nucleons

• 1968 Alvarez: discovery of particle resonances

• 1969 Gell-Mann: classification of el. particles

• 1976 Richter, Ting: charmed quark

• 1979 Glashow, Salam, Weinberg: Standard Model

• 1980 Cronin, Fitch: symmetry violation in kaons


92

• 1984 Rubbia, van der Meer: W + Z particles

• 1986 Ruska: electron microscope

• 1988 Ledermann, Schwartz, Steinberger: mu nu

• 1990 Friedmann, Kendall, Taylor: quarks

• 1992 Charpak: multi-wire proportional chamber

• 1994 Brockhouse, Shull: neutron scattering

• 1995 Perl: tau lepton discovery

• 2004 Gross, Pollitzer, Wilczek: asymptotic freedom

• 2008 Nambu, Kobayashi, Maskawa: broken symm.

• 2013 Englert, Higgs: theory of origin of mass

93

Scientific importance of accelerators

93

• 30% of physics Nobel Prizes awarded for work

based on accelerators

• Recent chemistry Nobel Prizes awarded for work

reliant on accelerators!

2009 Chemistry Nobel Prize

94

Ramakrishnan, Steitz, Yonath

‘studies of the structure and function of the

ribosome’


95

Roger Kornberg

‘studies of the molecular basis of

eukaryotic transcription’


96

Boyer + Walker

‘for elucidation of the enzymatic

mechanism underlying the synthesis of

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)’

Role of Accelerators

• Accelerators are used to produce beams of:

UV light

X-rays

gamma rays

electrons, positrons

protons, antiprotons

neutrons

muons, neutrinos …

• Accelerators are the microscopes of the 21st Century


98

A Higgs boson?

99

A Higgs boson?

100

Definitely something there!

101

Definitely something there!

102

It looks like it’s probably a Higgs!

103

It looks like it’s probably a Higgs!

104

105

The Future?

future accelerators + technologies: motivation and ... · outline 2 this course intended to provide...

Documents