g edung senisono pasca pr oklam asi k emerd ek aan r. i ... · dis e but kan dal am ku tipan...

i

:GNAUR HARAJES

G naakedremeK isamalkorP acsaP onosineS gnude .I.R

5491 - 1991

ISPIRKS

nususiD ihunemem kutnu rep tarays na artsaS anajraS raleg helorepemem

S margorP idut S haraje

helO

enimsaY

MIN 00413411 5

IDUTS MARGORP HARAJES

ARTSAS SATLUKAF

AMRAHD ATANAS SATISREVINU

102 6

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ii

ISPIRKS

ACSAP ONOSINES GNUDEG :GNAUR HARAJES

.I .R NAAKEDREMEK ISAMALKORP


iii

ISPIRKS

ACSAP ONOSINES GNUDEG :GNAUR HARAJES

.I .R NAAKEDREMEK ISAMALKORP

5491 – 1991

:helO

enimsaY

500413411 MIN


vi

OTTOM :

.nahaburep kutnu nahaburep haubeS

gnaP enimsaY

irahatam halada naradaseK

imub halada narabaseK

jnem nainarebeK alawarkac ida

atak naanaskalep halada nagnaujrep naD - atak

,ardneR .S.W( ,kopeD )4891


v

NAHABMESREP

.I.R isamalkorP acsaP onosineS gnudeG gnauR harajeS" ludujreb ispirkS

5491 - akaygoY id nainesek harajes igab nakhabmesrep silunep ini "1991 nad atr

isareneg igab surenep raga lanegnem nakhabmesrepid aguj ini ayraK .onosineS

atanaS satisrevinU ,artsaS satlukaF ,harajeS idutS margorP retamamla kutnu

.amrahD


iv

AYRAK NAILSAEK NAATAYNREP

awhab aynhuggnuses nagned nakataynem ayaS nakapurem ini ispirks

helorepmem kutnu tarays iagabes nakuja ayas hanrep muleb nad iridnes ayrak

.nial iggnit naurugrep id naanajrasek raleg

naigab uata agabmel utaus uata nial gnaro ayrak taumem kadit ini ispirkS

agabmel utaus uata nial gnaro ayrak irad naigab ilaucek , - gnay utnetret naigab

.akatsup ratfad nad ikak natatac napituk malad naktubesid

6102 rebmevoN 12 ,atrakaygoY

,siluneP


iiv

NAUJUTESREP NAATAYNREP RABMEL

SIMEDAKA NAGNITNEPEK KUTNU HAIMLI AYRAK ISAKILBUP

dnatreb gnaY :amrahD atanaS satisrevinU awsisaham ayas ,ini hawab id nagnat a

amaN enimsaY :

awsisahaM romoN 500413411 :

naakatsupreP adapek nakirebmem ayas ,nauhategnep umli nagnabmegnep imeD

:ludujreb gnay ayas haimli ayrak amrahD atanaS satisrevinU

NAUR HARAJES NAAKEDREMEK ISAMALKORP ACSAP ONOSINES GNUDEG G

5491 .I .R - 1991

nakirebmem ayas naikimed nagneD .)ada alib( nakulrepid gnay takgnarep atreseb

ek nakhilagnem ,napmiynem kutnu kah amrahD atanaS satisrevinU naakatsupreP adapek

gnem ,nial aidem kutneb malad nakisubirtsidnem ,atad nalakgnap kutneb malad aynalole

nagnitnepek kutnu nial aidem uata tenretni id aynnakisakilbupmem nad satabret araces

.silunep iagabes ayas irad niji atnimem ulrep apnat simedaka

.aynranebes nagned taub ayas ini naataynrep naikimeD

id taubiD atrakaygoY

6102 rebmevoN 12 adaP

nakataynem gnaY


iiiv

KARTSBA

,enimsaY .I .R naakedremeK isamalkorP acsaP onosineS gnudeG :gnauR harajeS5491 - 1991 ,artsaS satlukaF ,harajeS idutS margorP :atrakaygoY .ispirkS .

6102 ,amrahD atanaS satisrevinU . ,amatreP .nahalasamrep tapme bawajnem kutnu naujutreb ini naitileneP

.ervbefeL iroet irad tahilid naakedremek asam adap onosineS nagnabmekrep adap atrakaygoY takaraysam malad onosineS gnudeG isgnuf ,audeK asam

haburep ,agiteK .aisenodnI kilbupeR lawa gnudeG aynada kapmad nad isgnuf na nad ines nagnabmekrep malad nainesekreb gnaur iagabes akubret gnay onosineS

0691 nuhat atrakaygoY ayadub - 0991 nuhat id onosineS isgnuf ,tapmeeK .0891 -.na

lakol narok ,nemukod ,isaretil iduts nakanuggnem ini naitileneP ,

silanA .aracnawaw atres taykaR nataluadeK doirep nakrasadreb nakukalid si i isas ,nabru gnaur haubes ifargoirotsih makerem nigni ini naitileneP .gnaur iskudorp namaj awij itukignem rutnel habureb tapad namaj gniries gnay tieteicoS gnudeG

ukek nakalogrep nad nahaburep imed nanugnab kutneb nahaburep apnat ,naasa ini gnudeg isulover asam adaP .tubesret gnudeg naktabilem gnay nataigek

nataigek gnajnunem gnay usib iskas idajnem - .silanoisan hokot nataigek gnudeg isulover asam adaP tieteicos lak aud imalagnem ini nahaburep i

ahasu tapmet iagabes isgnuf nabmegnem nagned marataM ialaB idajnem inkay arap tapmet idajnem kapmat marataM ialaB ini edoirep adaP .lanoisan nakaregrep

edi nakgnaunem hadaw idajnem ,tapar nad lupmukreb silanoisan - .isulover edi nuhat id naidumeK iagabes isgnufreb nad onosineS idajnem aman habureb 9491

.MIS apur ines kopmolek nainesek anugabres gnudeg sugilakes poksoib gnudeg gnay onosineS yrellaG trA idajnem igal habureb ini gnudeg 7691 nuhat adaP

at lawa aggnih nainesek sativitka alages ihadawem gnay rutnel tafiS .1991 nuh ukak aynah kadit aynnakidajnem ini asam adap tubesret gnudeg helo takelem iagabreb irad hadaw nakapurem aguj ipatet naremap gnaur haubes iagabes kilbup gnaur idajnem nakhab atrakaygoY id ayadub nad ines sativitka macam

deG .atok 0791 nuhat id nredom nainesek ropolep idajnem ini gnu - aggnih na.atrakaygoY id nredom nainesek nemunom haubes idajnem

aynah kadit raseb pukuc gnay aragen natabilretek sapugnem ini naitileneP

edi iskudorp adap aguj ipatet kisif ayad rebmus isaugnem malad ini susak malad , ,ervbefeL gnaur iroet nautnab nagneD .iridnes uti nainesek nad nainesekreb gnaur

kitkarp aynada tahilem ahasureb ini naitilenep - nad ilanegnem kitkarp gnay kahip iagabreb aguj nad ,edoirep paites adap gnaur haubes nakanuggnem

ihuragnepmem .tubesret nagnaurek kitkarp

,tieteicos gnudeg ,gnaur :icnuk ataK nainesek hadaw .kilbup gnaur ,


xi

TCARTSBA

,enimsaY ecnednepednI naisenodnI retfA onosineS :ecapS fo yrotsiH A 5491 -1991 atanaS ,sretteL fo ytlucaF ,yrotsiH fo tnemtrapeD :atrakaygoY.sisehT .

D .6102 ,ytisrevinU amrah eht ,tsriF .snoitalumrof melborp ruof rewsna ot si hcraeser siht fo mia ehT

eht ,dnoces ;yroeht s’ervbefeL hguorht nees gnidliuB onosineS fo tnempolevedfo sraey tsrif eht gnirud yteicos atrakaygoY ni gnidliuB onosineS fo noitcnuf fo tcapmi eht dna noitcnuf fo egnahc eht ,driht ;ecnednepedni naisenodnI fo tnempoleved eht htiw rap no seitivitca tra rof ylcilbup nepo gnieb s’onosineS

0691 fo doirep eht nihtiw atrakaygoY ni gnineppah tnemevom larutluc dna tra -nuf eht ,htruof ;dna 0891 .s0991 eht ni gnidliuB onosineS fo noitc

no gnidaer evisnetxe sevlovni taht yduts erutaretil syolpme hcraeser sihT

ehT .sweivretni dna taykaR nataluadeK sa hcus srepapswen lacol ,stnemucodhT .noitcudorp ecaps fo yticidoirep eht no desab edam si sisylana siht fo esoprup e

teteicoS yb detneserper ecaps nabru na fo yhpargoirotsih eht drocer ot si hcraeser dna stneve fo snrut eht ot flesti detsujda ylbixelf os neeb sah hcihw gnidliuB

gnidliub eht fo ytilacisyhp eht no noitarela tsethgils a tuohtiw secnelubrut flesti naisenodnI eht gniruD .seitivitca suoirav devres sah ti emit emas eht ta elihw

.seitivitca ’stsilanoitan fo elggurts eht yltnelis dessentiw gnidliub siht ,noitluover ti ,tsriF .segnahc owt decneirepxe teteicoS ,noitulover fo emit eht nI

B emaceb rieht fo sisab a sa stsilanoitan yb desu ,)llaH marataM( marataM iala fo saedi eht hcihw morf ,sgniteem dleh dna ereh rehtag dluow yehT .tnemevom devres won hcihw onosineS emaceb marataM ialaB ,9491 nI .degreme noitulover

lp eht dna ertaeht eivom sa ylniam fo puorg a ,MIS fo srebmem eht erehw eca tra na emaceb gnidliub siht ,7691 nI .seitivitca rieht did ,stsitra lausiv lacol a si ytilibixelF .1991 ylrae litnu seitivitca citsitra lla fo ertnec eht dna yrellag

emoceb sah ti sa ,onosineS rof etubirtta elbatius snoitibihxe rof ylno ton ecalp a erew snoisserpxe larutluc dna citsitra fo smrof rehto erehw ecalp eht osla tub cinoci s’ytic eht fo eno sa ecalp sti deniatta sah onosineS ,atrakaygoY nI .dleh

oN .s0791 ni degreme tra nredom ,gnidliub siht morF .sgnidliub si gnidliub siht ,w .atrakaygoY ni tra fo tnemunom a

ylno ton dellortnoc taht etats fo ecneulfni eht sessucsid osla hcraeser sihT

noitcudorp aedi eht osla tub ecruoser lacisyhp – dna tra fo ecaps eht esac siht ni s’ervbefeL yb detroppuS .flesti tra eht ot seganam hcraeser siht ,ecaps no yroeht

sa llew sa ,doirep hcae ni ecaps eht gnizilitu dna gnizingocer fo secitcarp eht ecart.secitcarp eht fo secneulfni eht

sdrowyeK : ecaps , gnidliuB teteicoS , ecaps tra , ecaps cilbup


x

RATNAGNEP ATAK

tawelem haleteS tapad ini ispirks aynrihka adap ,gnajnap sesorp i

gnaY nahuT taridahek adapek naktajnap silunep rukuys nad ijuP .nakiaselesid

ainurak nad takreb sata asE ahaM - naka kadit ini naitileneP .hapmilem gnay ayN

anerak helO .kahip iagabreb nautnab apnat anaskalret ini natapmesek malad uti

kahip adapek hisak amiret nakpacugnem silunep - kaynab halet gnay kahip

:adapek naktamalaid hisak amiret napacU .silunep gnukudnem nad utnabmem

alapek sugilakes aguj gnay nawariW yrreY .rD ,gnibmibmeP nesoD .1

ek malaD .anaisenodnI sata raseb gnay hisak amiret pacugnem ayas ini natapmes

.ispirks naajregnep sesorp amales ayas rajagnem nad gnibmibmem aynnarabasek

kaP ,okomtayirP ireH kaP ,oiR kaP ,atnawruP kaP ,nawidnaS kaP ,unaM kaP .2

nad ,ranaB omoR ,gerG saM ,gniN uB ,asotnaS ireH halet gnay saB omoR

rebmus ,nakusam kaynab ayas nakirebmem - akubmem gnay tiakret rebmus

.tagnames atreseb nasawaw

DSU artsaS satlukaF ,harajeS idorp tairaterkes ffats inoD saM nad irT saM .3

alad nakirebid gnay nahadumek nad nautnab aumes kutnu hisak amiret m

.hailuk ayas utkawes fitartsinimda surugnem

nanediserpeK anatsI ffatS ukales unaB saM nad unuS kaP ,avoN uB ,igU uB .4

.pisra seskagnem nahadumek kaynab ayas nakirebmem halet gnay atrakaygoY

,apaP irad tagnames nagnorod nad isaripsni sata hisak amireT .5 ,ruN kaM ,amaM

,nicE ,inuY uB ,noP habM ,niX oaB eC ,uoY oaB eC ,gnoiL kaP ,eY kaP ,amuK

,yduA saM ,ateB ,nohtagA saM ,otnaniwarP oytidA ,nawarI saM ,zaeD saM

.knidnoB uyA nad alE ,ailamA ,ynaR kabM ,dreblA ,udnaP

kutnu hisak amireT .6 nakapmokek namet - et nam ,otiB ;1102 natakgna harajeS

raseb agraulek paneges nad nazuaF ,ociR ,nauJ ,nicE .DSU harajeS idorP

nameT .7 - :nakirebid hadus gnay nagnukud sata hisak amiret ,YCAWREP namet

.gnauK uaC oK ,nahS gniJ oK ,norA ,ek aT ,ylrehS eC ,antaR eC ,ihsoaL anileM

S gnaY nahuT helo salabid ayas adapek nakirebid halet gnay apa agome

helo ,anrupmes kadit ini ayrak lisah awhab iukaid surah aynrihka adaP .asE ahaM

.amasreb nagnitnepek imed nakparahid tagnas kitirk nad naras uti anerak


ix

ISI RATFAD

LUDUJ NAMALAH .......... .................................................................. i GNIBMIBMEP NAUJUTESREP NAMALAH .................................. ii

OTTOM NAMALAH .......................................................................... iii NAHABMESREP NAMALAH ........ ................................. .. ................ vi

AYRAK NAILSAEK NAATAYNREP ............................................... v ...............................SIMEDAKA NAUJUTESREP RABMEL ........... iv

KARTSBA ............................................ ............................................... iiv TCARTSBA ......................................................................................... iiiv

RATNAGNEP ATAK .......................................................................... xi SI RATFAD I ........................................................................................ x

................................................................................LEBAT RATFAD ix i NARIPMAL RATFAD ....................... . ............................ .................... ix i

NAULUHADNEP I BAB .... .... ............................................................ 1

gnakaleB rataL .A ............................................. . ................................... 1 pukgniL gnauR nad halasaM nasumuR .B ..... ........ .............................. 6

nasiluneP naujuT .C ........................................................................ . .... 8 naitileneP taafnaM .D ............................................. .............................. 8

katsuP naijaK .E a .................................................... .............................. 8 iroeT nasadnaL .F .................................................... ............................. 10

edoteM .G ....................................................... . ... ................................... 11 ..........................................................akitametsiS .H ............................. 21

MARATAM IALAB II BAB ........................... ... ..... ............................. 14

491 nuhaT atrakaygoY .A 5- 9591 ......................................................... . 14 nakududneP namaJ iD naayadubeK kitkarP .1 ......... ............................. 41

atrakaygoY ,ayaduB atoK narihaleK .B ........................................ . ....... 22 .C akimaniD dubeK naaya iD atrakaygoY ................ ............................. 92

naakedremeK isuloveR malaD marataM ialaB .D ... ............................. 23

BAB III TIETEICOS ONOSINES ........................................................ 41 .A oroboilaM igaB treP nahubmu namineS iD goY atrakay

nuhaT 0691 - .0891 .................................... .............................. .. 14 .B isautiS naineseK iD Y atrakaygo nuhaT 0691 - 0891 ... .......... ......... .. 84 .C trA yrellaG ................onosineS .................... ........... ..... .......... ...... ... 25

VI BAB ?APAIS KILIM ONOSINES ....................................... ... . .. . ... 61

.A atrakaygoY nuhaT 0891 - na aggniH lawA 0991 - na .. ........ ...... ... .. .. 16

.B gnutnaK naayadubeK edakeD 0891 - na ............. ..... ......... ... . ... ..... 46

.C onosineS nuhaT 1891 - 1991 ...................... .............................. . ... ..... 56 onosineS nalaosreP kilfnoK lawA .1 .. ............................... ..... .... .... ...... 76 onosineS kutnU hisaK atniC iskA .2 ... ....... ........................ ...... . ... ... ..... 70

onosineS nalaosreP isaisogeN .3 .................................. ............ .. .. ..... . .. 57


iix

V BAB NALUPMISEK .................................................... ...... .. . ........... 80 ..........AKATSUP RATFAD ...................................... ..... ....... .... ... ..... ... 38

LEBAT RATFAD

gnapeJ adnagaporP isasinagrO .3 lebaT …………………………… .. 61

NARIPMAL RATFAD

.1 naripmaL 5891 nuhat YID ateP naripmaL haneD .2 naripmaL onosineS gnudeG otoF .3

F .4 naripmaL onosineS gnudeG oto onosineS gnudeG otoF .5 naripmaL onosineS gnudeG otoF .6 naripmaL onosineS gnudeG otoF .7 naripmaL onosineS gnudeG otoF .8 naripmaL onosineS gnudeG otoF .9 naripmaL onosineS gnudeG otoF .01 naripmaL

rebmusaraN ratfaD .11 naripmaL ripmaL namineS araP takgniS ifargoiB .21 na


1

I BAB

NAULUHADNEP

gnakaleB rataL .A

awitsirep idajret 5571 nuhat adaP iragaN nahilaP aud naigabmep uata

aud naklisahgnem tubesret iragaN nahilaP .itnayiG naijnajrep irad lisah naajarek

tarK nad atrakaruS notarK ,uraB marataM naajarek irad monoto naajarek no

helo adap nugnabid targninidaH atrakaygoyagN amanreb notarK .atrakaygoY

notarK amanreb kaleK .imubukgnaM naregnaP ,I onowuB ukgnemaH natluS

lawareB .atrakaygoY atoK aman nagned lanekret ini targninidaH atrakaygoyagN

atelret gnay anatsI atoK haubes irad ,awaJ namaladep sirarga haread id k

naayadubek pesnok nagned iauseS .naajarek atok agraw mikumreb aynratikesid

arageN atok ubi iagabes naktapmetid uti atrakaygoY anatsI atoK ,awaJ lanoisidart

nad naayadubek ,kitilop ,nahatniremep tasup idajnem nad naajarek akimanid

.atrakaygoY igab iggnit ayadubreb gnay awaJ nabadarep napudihek

atok aynhubmut ilawagnem adnaleB nagnatadeK - .seidnI sahk atok

aguj aporE sahk hayaliw atat nad rutkurts nagned "urab atok" nanugnabmeP

ayadubek kitsitra nahutnes nagned nakiauseynem .aohgnoiT nupuam lakol na 1

atok id nalauj gnarab nubminep gnadug nairidnep irad lawareB - gnay atok

.iatnap ipet id sigetarts nad gnagad gnarab kosamep idajnem isnetopreb

gnetneb nagned taukrepid gnagad gnarab nanapmiynep gnadug nugnabmeM

1 ,8002 ,drabmoL syneD sataB ayaduB gnaliS :awaJ asuN - 1 natarabmeP satab ,

.971 .mlh ,amatU akatsuP aidemarG :atrakaJ


2

mal gnay nanahatrep atok idajnem gnabmekreb nual tab - itrepes raseb atok

.aivataB 2

atok nairidneP - arap namikumep kutnu adnaleB sahk atok atat nagned atok

gnay namikumep nakiridid ulrep isasilainolok gnukudnem kutnU .lainolok

niremeP .inolok napudihek nagnusgnalek igab iadamem nugnabmem atok hat

atok - gnudeG .lainolok takaraysam nahutubek iauses gnay atok tieteicoS

haubes nanatat ihunemem kutnu ,ada surah gnay napakgnelek nakapurem

.aporE takaraysam pudih arac turunem laedi takaraysam 3 tieteicoS nakapurem

anug abres gnudeg haubes .fitaerker isgnuf ikilimem gnay

gnudeG tieteicoS id adareb ayntapeT .atrakaygoY atok hagnet id katelret

knaB nagned nagnarebesreb ini gnudeG .adnaleB nanediserak skelpmok gnipmas

avaJ gnetneB hokok iridreb rumit gnarebes id nad gnudeg natales isis id

erV grebed . tieteicoS nakharagnem gnay ,atok hagnet natapmerep tudusid adareb

malaD .natales naigab id targninidaH atrakaygoyagN notarK anatsI adap

nagned tapet nahalebesreb gnay gnudeg aud ada tubesret skelpmok tieteicoS inkay

mit gnipmas id nagnareneP gnudeg gnipmas id aratnA atireb rotnak gnudeg nad ru

.natales 4 nanediseraK nagned gnusgnal nasatabreb aratu naigab adap nakgnadeS

iragapid iridnes ini gnudeG .nanediserpeK anatsI idajnem gnarakes uata iridnes uti

utret ulalret kadit gnay adad satabes kobmet ragap tavirp tafisreb kadit uata ,put

2 ikeoS okojD ,1102 ,nam iapmas inepmoK namaZ irad sidnI naayadubeK

isuloveR :atrakaJ , ialin nad harajeS tarotkeriD naayadubeK nad nakididneP nemetrapeD.mlh ,lanoisaN harajeS isatnemukoD nad siratnevnI keyorP lanoisidarT .1

3 cuaeruB" ,5102 ,nirmahT inseoH nad trekcuR lainoloC ni naicitiloP dna tar ,)de( ,njibmoloC keerF malad "tnemevorpmI gnopmaK sgnopmaK dna ,stiudnoC ,raC

0291 ,ytiC naisenodnI eht fo noitazinredoM ehT - 0691 .131 .mlh ,llirB :nedieL , 4 ,0002 ,ahtrA ituT nawrA natataC gnajnapeS eoleoD opmeT atrakaygoY

atasiwiraP .22 .mlh ,fargiB :atrakaygoY ,


3

ria ada gnay naki malok tapadret gnudeg naped naigaB .raul nagnukgnil irad

.ipar gnay namat isaihid aynratikes id nad ,licek rucnam

tasup idajnem gnabmekreb ini anatsI atok aynnagnabmekrep adaP

amaturet naayadubek nataigek .nredom atrakaygoY atok kadiT idajnem aynah

gnukudid aynnagnabmekrep adap ipatet ,iggnit gnay aynnaayadubek naigab

.pudih atrakaygoY taubmem nikames gnay lautkeletni nalucnumek

gnudeG tieteicoS harajes malad harajesreb edoirep agit imalagnem ini

aisenodnI 5191( adnaleB nahajajnep asam inkay - gnapeJ nakududnep ,)2491

2491( - 5491( naakedremek isulover nad ,)5491 - .)0591 aynitnagreb gnirieS

adit naasaukek natubes uata aman kaynab nareh k tubesret gnudeg kutnu .

8181 nuhat nugnabid alum lawa adaP tubesret gnudeg d bes laneki iaga

siuH reveneG 5 . amaN siuH reveneG sahk sarek namunim aman irad libmaid

rajaw gnay lah nakapurem tarab naayadubek malaD .adnaleB takaraysam

.naaracibmep uata nalorbo akubmep iagabes aguj nakanugid sarek namunim 6

siuH revreneG aguj lanekid uata nakuluj nagned arajtiB hameoR ned itra nag

nalupmukrep kutnu naumetrep gnudeg .aporE gnaro nagnalak 7 laggnat adaP

ini gnudeg 2281 inuJ 4 nalupmukrep haubes helo nakanugid gnigineereV eD helo

aman nagned lanekid ini gnudeg uti babes ineereV ed edtieteicoS gnig

atrakajdkojD ayntubeynem mawa ini awitsirep haletes urab uata tieteicoS .8

5 siuH revreneG .adnaleB sahk sarek namunim aman halada nagned aracnawaW

.atrakaygoY ,gnunuG arageS narabaB ayaduB hamuR id 5102 sutsugA 32 ,neseiN ardnaS 6 hamuR id 5102 sutsugA 32 ,neseiN ardnaS nagned aracnawaW narabaB ayaduB

.atrakaygoY ,gnunuG arageS 7 ,2102 ,).de( ,inirajahruN antaR iwD atokubI ek nignireB natuH irad atrakaygoY

awemitsI hareaD :atrakaygoY , lanoisidarT ialiN nad harajeS nairatseleP ialaB.mlh ,atrakaygoY .94

8 ,).de( ,inirajahruN antaR iwD .tic .col


4

tieteicoS itrepes anasaus ikilimem nakrabmagid asib efac asam id

asnad ,lohoklareb munim ,lupmukreb ,malam nakam gnatad asib gnarO .gnarakes

isuksid uata tapar nakadagnem aguj gnay gnaur haubes aynrasad adaP .nagnir

narubih iracnem nad tanep sapelem kutnu nakatpicid takaraysam inolok la malaD .

S tieteico alup aidesret drayllib gnudeG . tieteicoS aynasam adap atrakaygoY id

saf nakaideynem aynmalad id anerak ,salekreb pukuc gnologret gnuggnap satili

haubes iagabes nupuam atsep araca kutnu iadamem gnay nagnaur nad trecnoc

llah 9 . nagned adebreB riatiliM tieteicoS anuggnep adap , gnigineereV eD tieteicoS

.etile nagnolog irad lasareb gnay lainolok takaraysam halada riatiliM tieteicoS

grepid .retilim udadres arap kutnu nakanu

gnudeg nanugnabmeP" teteicos etile takaraysam iboh nakrulaynem kutnu halada iniatsep nakadagnem akus gnay - asnad nagned iatresid hawem atsep - gnudeg iD .isnad

teteicos , pait gnodnobreb abit uggnim malam - nad naut halgnodnob adnaleB aynoynaguj akerem iatnasreb nialeS .riselep kutnu gnatad ugal nakragnednem - udrem ugal.”uti tapmet id niamreb gnay kisum nagnobmor irad 01

2491( gnapeJ nakududnep asam adaP - helo hila libmaid ini gnudeg )5491

idajnem aman habureb nad gnapeJ nakoC iatnaK habureb nanediseraK nad ,

gnudeG idajnem iatnaK nakoC . 11 habureb tubesret gnudeg isuloveR asam adaP

marataM ialaB amaN .marataM gnudeG uata marataM ialaB idajnem aman

.XI onowuB ukgnemaH natluS irS helo nakirebid 21 ini gnudeg ,isulover kajeS

tilisafmem .lanoisan nakaregrep nataigek isa

9 5991 nuhat onosineS naragumep lasoporp nanediserpek pisrA 01 oskemuR NERTNIS malad LAINOLOK ULAL ASAM" ,5002 ,idayteS

malad "INIK ASAM ,).de( ,.J.S otnasuS iduB ayaduB nad ulaL asaM )na(rubihgneP asaM pudiH aisenodnI iniK uisinaK :atrakaygoY , s onilaeR idutS agabmeL nad .mlh ,

.562 11 ,inirajahruN antaR iwD .tic .col 21 .dibI , .mlh 94


5

nagned utas nakidajid muleb onosineS gnudeG lainolok edoirep adaP

.atrakaygoY takaraysam igab akubret ini tapmet aggnihes nanediserpek skelpmok

0791 nuhat aggnih hibelreT - na id muleb atrakaygoY aidesret hadaw tapad gnay

d .ayadub hamur nupuam ,oiduts itrepes lupmukreb tapmet iagabes nakidaji kateL

onosineS gnudeG tagnas atok tasup id adareb gnay sigetarts bawajnem hibelret

atok takaraysam nahutubek gnay sugilakes ,iserpskereb hadaw nakhutubmem

iagabes top gnitlem .

nudeG g tieteicos arap igab iridnes aynnagnanek nad harajes ikilimem ini

iagabes aguj lanekid onosineS gnudeG .uapmal asam adap atrakaygoY namines

onosineS yrellaG trA onosineS gnarakes isareneg igaB .onosineS aynah uata ,

takaraysam agniletid gnisa idajnem hadus nakutasid onosineS acsaP .atrakaygoY

aynisgnuf apures gnay gnudeg ,1991 nuhat adap atrakaygoY nanediserpek nagned

aman irebid tubesret gnudeG .ojrahgnireB rasap natales halebes id nugnabid

iridreb halet ayngnipmas id tapet nad ,atrakaygoY ayaduB namaT coS tietei

.riatiliM retaet gnuggnap haubes tapadret ini gnudeg audek gnakalebid tapeT

fitaerker isgnuf halini skelpmok adaP .notnonep igab naratalep atresreb

lanegnem hibel gnarakes isareneg aggnihes nakisakolaid atrakaygoY takaraysam

riatiliM tieteicoS gabes .onosineS gnabmitek ,"tieteicos" ia

mawa takaraysam lanekid igal kadit hadus onosineS gnudeG ini taaS

helO .iridnes uti onosineS gnudeG irad harajes nagned igalapa ,uluhad aynkayales

ad gnitnep ini onosineS gnudeg ifargoirotsih kutnu naitilenep uti babes n

gnudeG ifargoirtsih ianegnem isiret muleb gnay halec ada tahileM .nakulrepid

,atrakaygoY id naayadubek nad nainesek nagned aynnatiakretek onosineS


6

acsaP onosineS gnudeG ianegnem naitilenep aynnakukalid kutnu tanim kiranem

5491 .I.R naakedremeK isamalkorP - .1991

onosineS gnudeG ifargoirotsih ianegnem sahabmem naka ini naitileneP

awitsirep tukireB .atrakaygoY takaraysam naayadubek iskudorp gnaur iagabes

es aynnaktabilem gnay gnitnep araca nupuam 5491 utkaw edoirep gnajnap - .1991

ajeS gnatnet hilipid gnay ameT aynah kadit ini naitilenep aggnihes ,gnauR har

gnudeg apureb gnaur haubes onosineS gnudeG gnatnet sahabmem naka

gnalu nakispesrep ulales gnay edi uata kartsba gnaur haubes aguj ipatet ,anugabres

irahes iskaretni iulalem takaraysam helo - adap aggnihes .irah 0791 edaked lawa -

naayadubek gnaur haubes iagabes ilabmek lucnum upmam onosineS gnudeG na

.atrakaygoY takaraysam

pukgniL gnauR nad halasaM nasumuR .B

id tamalareb ini taas atrakaygoY atok gnutnaj id katelret onosineS gnudeG

I WR ,9 TR 1 .oN inaY .A .lJ ,nasapugN naharulek ,nasapugN gnupmak ,II

atrakaygoY atok ,nanamodnoG natamaceK 31 id gnarakes aynkatel numaN .

,INB knaB halada onosineS nataleS halebeS .atrakaygoY nanediseraK skelpmoK

neB halada onosineS rumiT halebes ,soP rotnaK nagned nagnarebesreb gnay gnet

naatemep irad sisilanA .ijoL halada uluhad ayngnakalebid gnay grebederV

gnetneB nad atrakaygoY notareK aratna id adareb onosineS gnudeG ,nasawak

grebederV .atrakaygoY id ada gnay naasaukek aud aynumetreb tapmet nakapurem

s nakapurem atrakaygoY notareK gnetneB nad imubirp naasaukek irad lobmi

grebederV gnudeG haubes isgnuF .adnaleB nanahatrep gnetneb nakapurem

31 .BIW 53:21 lukup 5102 inuj 42 seskaid /moc.sserpdrow.tasupiaai//:spptH


7

uti gnipmasid ipatet ,adnaleB gnaro igab narubih gnaur iagabes gnamem onosineS

raseb naasaukek audek igab isaidem gnaur iagabes nakutnurepid aguj gnades gnay

.awaJ hanat id adareb

5491 nuhat irad naitilenep pukgnil gnauR - nakpatetid 5491 nuhaT .1991

naakedremek isamalkorp mutnemom ayntapadret anerak naitilenep lawa iagabes

.aisenodnI kilbupeR nautaseK arageN ayniridreb lawa iagabes aisenodnI

abureP utigeb ,naasaukek nahaburep ,urab aragen haubes ayniridreb sutats nah

naka ini asam audeK .onosineS adap narep nad isgnuf nahabureb alup

nad asaugnep arap helo igal iskudorpid onosineS anamiagab naktahilrepmem

aysam helo ilabmek iskudoperid irah naidumekid naitilenep nauakgnaJ .takar

iagabes onosineS gnudeG aynpututid mutnemom nagned 1991 nuhat adap irihkaid

nanediserak irad naigab idajnem nad atrakaygoY takaraysam igab kilbup gnaur

kokop aparebeb uti anerak helO .kilbup kutnu pututret gnay atrakaygoY

samrep ;utiay ,nahala

tahilid naakedremek asam adap onosineS nagnabmekrep anamiagaB .1

irad ?ervbefeL iroet

atrakaygoY takaraysam malad onosineS gnudeG isgnuf anamiagaB .2

adap ?aisenodnI kilbupeR lawa asam

da kapmad nad isgnuf nahaburep anamiagaB .3 onosineS gnudeG ayna

gnay nad ines nagnabmekrep malad nainesekreb gnaur iagabes akubret

ayadub 0691 nuhat atrakaygoY - ?0891

0991 nuhat id onosineS isgnuf apA .4 - ?na


8

nasiluneP naujuT .C

P kutnu naujutreb ini nasilune :

M .1 eG nakisatnemukodne ineS gnud 5491 utkaw nuruk adap onos - 1991

P .2 gnudeg utaus isgnuf aynhilareb ijakgnem ini naitilene S tieteico malad

.I.R isamalkorp acsap adap atrakaygoY atok pukgnil id gnaur harajes

inkay 5491 nuhat - .1991

naitileneP taafnaM .D

ut ayakrepmeM iduts nagned gnauR harajeS gnaur harajes ianegnem nasil

acsap atrakaygoY haread id pukgnil gnaur adap onosineS gnudeG susak

5491 .I.R naakedremeK isamalkorP - taafnamreb aguj ini nasilunep uti nialeS .1991

nanugnab ayngnitnep naka nasawaw nakirebmem - nanugnab nad harajesreb

.onosineS gnudeG ianegnem sirotsih isnetsiske takaraysam adap naklanekrepmem

ayngnitnep naka nasawaw nakirebmem upmam nakarahid aguj ini nasiluT

nanugnab - sitetse nad sigoloekra ,sirotsih ialin ikilimem anerak onuk nanugnab

az ilikawem atres aynitawelid gnay nam .

akatsuP naijaK .E

,naitilenep malad nauca nakidajid gnay ukuB iapmas koroB o hilaM iraD

adnaT nahiliP onos ineS - namaZ adnat helo naktibretid ,okotraH kciD ayrak

ayadub gnadnap tudus malad naksalejnem ini ukuB .2991 nuhat aidemarG

reb awitsirep aynsusuhk aisenodnI nagnabmekrep ianegnem utkaw igolonork rasad

ipatet ,"onos ineS" mutnacret aynluduj irad ikseM .awaJ ualup id idajret gnay


9

araces sapukid kadit nredom ines nupuam onosineS gnudeG gnatnet nasahabmep

uc naitra malad ,fisneherpmok gnay nasiluneP .maladnem nad huruleynem puk

haimli gnay nasilut adapirad artsas ayrak adap haragnem hibel nup nakukalid

.adebreb gnay nasilunep arac nad rebmus naka tikides aggnihes

id iduts asames aynnamalagnep ianegnem DH milaH raomeM naidumeK

trakaygoY nagnukgnil id nredom nainesek ropolep arap nagned iskaretnireb a

aynnamalagnep nakrapamem silunep tubesret raomem malaD .oroboilaM

irad naigab idajnem turut nakhab ,oroboilaM malam inuhgnep nagned iskaretnireb

masreb sesorpreb oroboilaM akubreT satisrevinU rikimep nad namines arap a

iagabes onosineS gnatnet gnuggniynem aguj uaileb kaynab tikideS .uluhadret

kutnu susuhk .namines arap igab gnaur uata oroboilaM satisrevinU "salek gnaur"

tapmet itrareb gnay onosineS "satlukaF" natubes tapadret apurines naigab

ap .tubesret are adap adum apurep arap naraleg

ukuB - aynah onosineS gnudeG gnatnet sahabmem gnay ukub

aynah ada gnay nasahabmep itrepeS .ini gnudeg gnatnet tikides gnuggniynem

aratna nup uti nasalik aparebeb iraD .raomem nupuata ukub bab bus malad salikes

tas nad gnudeg nairidnep nuhat naadebrep ikilimem aynnial gnay nagned u

maladnem hibel naitilenep nakukalid tubesret nasala nagneD .aynnakutnurep

.I.R naakedremeK isamalkorP acsaP onosineS gnudeG :gnauR harajeS gnatnet

5491 - .nakulrepid nad gnitnep 1991


01

naL .F iroeT nasad

sata id halasam nasumur kokop ianegnem anemonef naksalejnem kutnU

a id nahalasamrep asilanagnem kutnu nagnubuhreb gnay iroet gnaur iroet ,utiay sat

.ervbefeL irneH ayrak iskudorp

id adap kujurem laisapS ketkarP uata ecitcarP laisapS pesnoK isnem

,iskaretni nagniraj isireB .laisos isaler atres sativitka nad kitkarp iagabreb

gnay takaraysam malad narakutrep nad iskudorp sesorp iagabreb atres isakinumok

irahes napudihek malad hubmut - tafisreb laisapS ketkarP .irah deviecreP uata

s awhab ispesrep seskaid tapad itra malad fitpesrep kepsa ikilimem gnaur paite

.laisos kitkarp aynidajret naknikgnumem aggnihes aredni acnap helo 41

pesnoK ecapS fo noitatneserpeR gnaur halada gnauR isatneserpeR uata

iagabreb malad egami tubesid aggnihes isasilautpesnok nad .gnaur iagabes

ecapS fo noitatneserpeR tafisreb deviecnoC ,imahapid gnaur awhab pesnok uata

41 ,4891 ,irneH ,ervbefeL ecapS fo noitcudorP ehT ,gnihsilbuP llewkcalB :ASU ,

.33 .mlh


11

gnay pesnok iagabes gnaur ianegnem namahameP .narikip helo itregnemid

.gnaur gnatnet nauhategnep iskudorp nakapurem 51

ecapS lanoitatneserpeR satneserper gnaur uata nakilabmep nakapurem i

gnaur ,isatneserper gnaur pesnok adaP .gnaur isatneserper pesnok irad

nakub gnay nemele nakkagenem gnay kilobmis haubes iagabes nakispesrepid

raul id nial gnay utauses adapek naknialem iridnes uti gnaur adap kujurem

anegnem namahamep ,itardokida nataukek nakgnarenem itrepeS .tubesret gnaur i

pisnirp ,aragen ,asahab - .ayniagabes nial nad satiminimef nad niluksam pisnirp

,fitanijami gnay isnemid haubes iagabes nakhamejretid gnaur ini pesnok adaP

lobmis nagned gnaur nakgnubuhgnem - ad lobmis ,nemunom ,aynhotnoC .ankam n

ianegnem isakifitnias nad ispesnok iagabreb irad sapelret gnay ,ugut ,kafetra

.fitka gnay aisunam pudih namalagnep irad iridret asaitnanes aguj gnauR .gnaur

tafisreb isatneserpeR gnauR ecaps devil gabes imahafid gnay gnaur uata gnaur ia

irahes napudihek sesorp iulalem gnay - aisunam namalagnep nad napudiheK .irah

,sitiroet sisilana helo naksalejid aynhunepes tapad kadit ervbefeL turunem

,pesnok uata asahab irad solol gnay udiser uata asis ,sulprus tapadret asaitnanes

ilakgnires nad kutneb iulalem nakiserpskeid tapad aynah - .kitsitra kutneb 61

edoteM .G

isamalkorP acsaP onosineS gnudeG :gnauR harajeS iskurtsnokerem kutnU

5491 - tapme malad ek igabid gnay harajes umli edotem nakanuggnem ,1991

alupmugnep ,naijak keybus nahilimeP ,napahat nretske kitirk ,)kitsirueH( rebmus n

51 .dibI .33 .mlh , 61 dibI .33 .mlh ,.


21

naidumek ,)isaterpretnI( sisetsis nad sisilana ,)isakifireV( nretni kitirk nad

.)ifargoirotsiH( nasilunep 71

nad remirp rebmus ,aud idajnem nakadebid ini naitilenep nauca rebmuS

mus halada remirp rebmuS .rednukes rebmus nup uata ukalep irad lasareb gnay reb

rednukes rebmus nakgnades ,harajes awitsirep uata naidajek haubes irad iskas

gnay gnaro nakub uata aratnarep iulalem tapadid gnay harajes atkaf nakapurem

.gnusgnal araces naidajek imalagnem 81 nakanuggnem ini naitileneP kitsirueh

namines arap ,onosineS yrellaG trA alolegnep nagned aracnawaw remirp rebmus

pisra ,rabak tarus id naatirebmep nad nalki ,tubesret gnudeg anuggnep - nad ,pisra

rebmuS .tubesret nanugnab naktabilem gnay sativitka otof nupuam gnudeg otof

maid rednukes gnay lanruj uata ispirks ,lekitra ,ukub irad akatsup iduts irad lib

iroet adap nakukalid aguj amas gnay isaretil idutS .onosineS ianegnem sahabmem

satisrevinU naakatsupreP id nakukalid naitilenep isakoL .nakanugid gnay gnaur

ediserpeK anatsI ,amrahD atanaS tasuP ,oroboilaM naakatsupreP ,atrakaygoY nan

BIF naakatsupreP nad ,atrakaygoY atoK hareaD pisrA - .MGU

nasiluneP akitametsiS .H

isamalkorP acsaP onosineS gnudeG :gnauR harajeS ianegnem naitileneP

5491 .I .R - turu nagned ,bab amil malad nususid naka ini 1991 : tukireb iagabes na

,halasaM isakifitnedI ,gnakaleB rataL sahabmem naka nauluhadneP I baB

,akatsuP nauajniT ,naitileneP taafnaM ,naitileneP naujuT ,halasaM nasumuR

.nasiluneP akitametsiS ,naitileneP edoteM ,iroeT nasadnaL

71 ,9691,klahcsttoG siuoL harajeS edoteM ratnagneP harajeS itregneM :atrakaJ ,23 .mlh ,aisenodnI satisrevinU - .43

81 .dibI 53 .mlh , - .73


31

II baB nakapurem gnakaleb ratal nuhat adap nainesek nad atrakaygoY atok

nuhat adap onosineS gnudeg isgnuf nad gnapeJ nakududnep inkay aynmulebes

.0691 aggnih 5491

ludujreb III baB tieteicoS atrakaygoY isidnok nakrapamem naka onosineS

ubek nad ines nataigek nagned tiakret takaraysam nad 0691 nuhat nredom naayad -

.0891 nagnabmekrep nakisatnemukodnem nakA ?apaiS kiliM onosineS VI baB

0891 edaked adap nainesek gnutnak - .1991 nuhat onosineS isartsnomed nad na

tukireb bab hurules irad nalupmisek nakapureM .nalupmiseK V baB

anegnem nasahabmep .iakapid gnay iroet i


41

II BAB

MARATAM IALAB

5491 nuhaT atrakaygoY.A - 9591

naayadubek atok narabmag isamalkorp nad gnapeJ nakududnep acsaP

itrepes gnadnasid uti nahabmat takiderP .atrakaygoY atok adap takelem nikames

saletsnok idajnem halet gnamem .lanoisan naayadubek kitilop i 91 aguj nialeS

malad fitka tagnas narepreb gnay naajarek atok utas halas atrakaygoY anerak

notarK irad ayadub nasiraw anerak aguj ipatet ,aisenodnI lanoisan isulover

.ini atok taykar adap pareynem gnay targninidaH atrakaygoyagN IRKN ipateT

natluS helo nakirebid gnay nautnab alages sata raseb "gnatuhreb" gnamem

utkaw adap gnay aisenodnI nalibatsek nad narihalek imed XI onowuB ukgnemaH

.gnugaj aisues urab uti 02

1 nakududneP namaJ iD naayadubeK kitkarP .

2491( gnapeJ nakududneP - 1 takgnis silairepmi asam nakapurem )549

gnapeJ nakududnep ,adnaleB isasilainolok nakgnidnabiD .fitkurtsed tagnas gnay

raseb pukuc gnay naigurek kapmad irebmem ipat ,kednep tagnas utkaw nakamem

ep asam adap naayadubek kitkarp rebmuS .maladnem gnay amuart nad nakududn

aisenodnI id naasaukek nad naayadubeK ukub irad libmaid raseb naigabes gnapeJ

91 .oloS id ,6102 ieM 1 ,DH milaH nagned aracnawaW 02 R laicoS" ,)de( deo‘saM rathoM ehT :noitapicitraP dna ytiliviC rof secruose

,1002 ,renfeH .W treboR malad "aisenodnI ,atrakaygoY fo esaC fo scitiloP ehTaisenodnI dna ,eropagniS ,aisyalaM ni pihsnezitiC dna msilarulP msilarutlucitluM ,

.021.mlh ,sserP i‘iawaH fo ytisrevinU :ululonoH


51

2491 naasedeP id laisoS nahabureP awaJ id gnapeJ asauK nad senoJ doT ayrak -

nahunemep halada nakududnep irad amatu isiM .awasaruK okiA ayrak 5491

k ainud gnarep nahutubek aude 12 nagned ayaR aisA nasawak nugnabmem nad

.nipmimep aragen iagabes gnapeJ 22 "naayadubek" nakududnep nahatniremep igaB

kopmolek isasilibomem ,kududnep nakiladnegnem kutnu utij anaras nakapurem

.gnapeJ silairepmi isiv nagned amaries idajnem udividni nad 32 P retilim hatnireme

nakkanijnem nad isanirtkodnignem ,taykar itah libmagnem ahasureb gnapeJ

nad takaraysam hurules isasilibomem nagned awhab napaggna nagneD .akerem

awabmem naka rumit ayadub naiausesek nagned hisam ayadub isamroferem

ar satilatnem aynhunepes igoloedi nagned naiausesek ujunem aisenodnI tayk

naka ayaR rumiT aisA amasreB narumkameK nagnukgniL gnanet gnapeJ

.nakududnep isim aynnalaj hadumrepmem 42 satilatnem isamrofsnart nagneD

idajnem aisenodnI asgnab nagnarorep gnaro tubirta nad ukalirep habugnem

tapecrepmem nad hadumrepmem naka aynnaparah gnapeJ gnaro satilatnem

.gnarep ayapu kutnu latot isasilibom 52

adap naktasupid gnapeJ nakududnep ayadub nakajibek rutkurtsarfnI

gnitnep naigab nakapurem adnagaporP .gnapeJ naayadubek adnagaporp iskudorp

nem kutnu ikududid gnay hayaliw aumes id ridah nad gnapeJ gnarep ayapu gnajnu

.gnapeJ

12 T ,5102 ,senoJ do ayaduB nakajibeK ,aisenodnI id naasaukeK nad naayadubeK

ek dabA amaleS - isamrofeR arE aggniH 02 .66 .mlh ,aisenodnI robO nasayaY :atrakaJ , 22 .dibI .96 , 32 .dibI .96 , 42 ,5102 ,awasaruK okiA naasedeP id laisoS nahabureP ,awaJ id gnapeJ asauK

2491 - 5491 .742 .mlh ,ubmaB satinumoK :atrakaJ , 52 ,senoJ doT .tic .po .17 ,


61

nadab hawabid nemetraped haubes halkutnebid 2491 sutsugA adaP

( retilim nahatniremep ubnakiesnuG adnagaporP nemetrapeD ,) ( ubnedneS iridret )

atireB ,isartsinimdA :naigab agit irad araces sagutreB .adnagaporP nad sreP nad

.gnusgnal nataigek nakukalem nagned isasilibom nakkareggnem sitametsis 62

utkaw aynnalajreb gnirieS ubnedneS hawabid isasinagro mane kutnebmem

.aynsagut nad kifiseps hibel nagned aynlortnok 72 )lebat tahil(

isasinagrO adnagaporP oN isasinagrO amaN nakiridiD isgnuF

1 ukoykirnaK osoH awaJ naraiS sawagneP oriB(

)awaJ

2491 rebotkO naraiS kitsemod

naalolegnep( nakayacrepid

,KHN adapek oidaR naraiS

)gnapeJ 2 iaknubnihS awaJ

)awaj naroK naahasureP( rebmeseD

2491 natibreneP rabak tarus

3 iemoD )atireB rotnaK( 2491 rebotkO isnednopserok

4 iakoyK ikegnE awaJ ahaseO natakiresreP(

)gnapeJ arawidnaS

kadiTiuhatekid

ines iskudorPretaet

5 uata ahsagiE nohiNie'ihciN mliF naahasureP()gnapeJ

3491 lirpA mliF iskudorP

6 aH agiE iahiE uata ahsuyki naahasureP(

)naisubirtsidneP

3491 lirpA mliF isubirtsiD

62 ,awasaruK okiA .tic .po .472 , 72 .dibI .842 ,


71

raul id isasinagro haubes kutnebid 3491 lirpA adap ,uti nialeS ubnedneS

inkay ohsodihS aknuB nimieK uata naajadeobeK taseoP . 82 ini isasinagro isgnuF

nainesek nakisomorpmem halada nad naklanekrepmem ,aisenodnI lanoisidart

namines hitalem nad kididnem atres ,gnapeJ naayadubek nakrabeynem

.aisenodnI 92 ohsodihS aknuB nimieK rutkerid helo ialapekid ubnedneS . 03 nimieK

ohsodihS aknuB s helo nipmipid iskes paites gnay iskes amil irad iridret gnaroe

iskes amil eK .utkawanrup fats iagabes ajrekeb gnay aisenodnI silaiseps

,irat ,retaet( nakujnutrep ines nad ,apur ines ,kisum ,artsas nial aratna isartsinimda

.)mlif ubnedneS .akerem hitalem kutnu gnapeJ rutkurtni mirignem 13 nagneD

nagro aynkutnebret ,tubesret susuhk orib nad isasi ubnedneS igal kadit

.gnusgnal araces adnagaporp nataigek naknalajnem ubnedneS sakram idajnem

.adnagaporp isarepo gnadib iagabreb isanidrook nad nasawagnep raseb ubnedneS

taubmem aynah snalp retsam elednem naidumek adnagaporp tinu adapek nakisag -

.natukgnasreb gnay ajrek tinu 23

hawab id gnusgnal ,ayntujnaleS ubnakiesnuG )3491( teraM 9 laggnat adap

( taykaR aganeT taseoP kutnebid areteoP hokot turkerem nagned ) - hokot

K nad aratnaweD rajdaH iK ,attaH .hoM ,onrakeoS utiay silanoisan saM ijdaH iaj

.rusnaM 33 sativitkA areteoP anibmem nad imonoke laisos gnadib itupilem

hatniremep naujut nad naulrepek malad isnetop naktasumem kutnu takaraysam

aguj ,aynnaayadubek naigab malad gnubagreb gnay namines araP .gnapeJ

82 ,senoJ doT .tic .po .27 , 92 ,awasaruK okiA .tic .po .942 , 03 .dibI .942 , 13 .dibI .942 , 23 .dibI .942 , 33 ,senoJ doT .tic .po 27 , .


81

asreP namines sakeb nakapurem .ig 43 nakapurem areteoP malad apur ines naigaB

.nakagabmelid gnay igasreP areteoP nad kitilop nataigek gnajnunem pukuc

.aporE huragnep nakhisrebmem kutnu ayapu iagabes aguj numan naayadubek 53

nadA .hatniremep lortnok irad sapel kadit patet areteoP sativitkA ay

nagnukud ignarugnem nad emsilanoisan tagnames nakrubuynem urtsuj areteoP

itahreb tagnas nad tatek utigeb gnapeJ .gnapeJ retilim hatniremep adap - itah

gnay assam isasingro malad gnubulesret gnay adnagaporp ahasu nakirebmem

r nakputelem kadit raga kutnebid isasinagro nad edotem iagabreb pateT .isulove

gnabmut aynrihka adap retilim nahutubek nahunemep ahasu malad taubid gnay

.gnapeJ nawalem gnabmolegreb araces kilab gnarep nakareg nagned 63 lucnuM

atnenem ajrekeb gnay aisenodnI asgnab malad irad nataukek haubes naiapacnep gn

naayadubek silanoisan araP .nakududnep nahatniremep ayadub nakajibek naujut

ayadub nakajibek helo nakaidesid gnay gnaulep irad nagnutnuek libmagnem

.iridnes akerem naujut iapacnem akgnar malad gnapeJ 73 nainesek agabmel aideM

epes nayadubek nad .adnaleB lainolok hatniremep asam adap aidesret kadit ini itr

silanoisan arap anaras idajnem ini itrepes naayadubek aidem aynatpicret nagneD

.ayngnadib iauses naakedremek isulover malad naayadubek

adub halada gnapeJ helo nakparetid gnay naayadubek kitkarP ,odnamok ay

nakududnep hatniremep nakiridid gnay isasinagrO .hawab ek sata irad larutkurts

43 8391 nuhat adap rihal aisenodnI rabmaG ilhA nautasreP irad natakgnis igasreP nakgnabmegnem naujutreb gnay sikul namines kopmolek nakapurem igasreP .atrakaJ id

padahret kitirk sata rihal igasreP.aisenodnI naidabirpekreb nad fitaerk gnay ines ayrakrila na iooM naksikulem malad tarab asgnab helo awabid gnay )kitnac aynitra gnay(

,aisenodnI namines sikul ines fitkepsrep haburem ahasureb igasreP .aisenodnI nahadniek.atames nahadniek adap rasadreb aynah naksikulem kalonem nagned

53 ,senoJ doT .tic .po .57 , 63 .dibI .76 , 73 .dibI .17 ,


91

sata nasipal irad adnagaporp nagniraj nakgnabmegnem sarek ayapureb gnapeJ

.nanediserak paites ek hadner gnilap gnay aggnih 83 agabmeL - nayadubek agabmel

ada hadus gnay ,iujutesid gnay aragen agabmel gnades ,nakrabubid aynmulebes

.aragen helo alolekid 93 nakududnep hatniremep aynisim naknalajnem malaD

.takaraysam malad ada hadus gnay rutkurts naktaafnamem

ayadub nakajibek malad isasirutkurtserid naayadubek laisar ikrareiH

.gnaubid kadit ipatet gnapeJ 04 naayadubek ,gnapeJ nakududnep asam amaleS

isamrofsnartnem kutnu suisibma hibel huaj gnay ayapu malad naktabilid

gnapeJ nahatniremep malad sinoisnevretni nakareg anerak aisenodnI takaraysam

mem kutnu nanaket helo taukrepid gnay .gnarep nakgnane 14 malad naayadubeK

habugnem isibmareb gnitnep utigeb gnay nanarep nakniamem adnagaporp ahasu

gnay taraB ayadub nagnurednecek nad aisenodnI gnaro tubirta nakhab latnem

umiT ayadub gnadeS .rumiT ayadub malad ek mrofsnartid kutnu takelem hisam r

nap nakapurem gnapeJ helo nakkitnusid gnay - isomorp adap gnujureb gnay aisA

isasinagro kaynab aisenodnI ikududnem gnapeJ akitekeS .gnapeJ naayadubek

.rutkurtserid naidumek ipateT .gnaubid kadit numan ,nakrabubid ada halet gnay 24

eK taseoP ,areteoP iulaleM nad naayadeob ubnedneS namines arap

susuhk araces gnay isasinagro agabmel utaus malad ek ihadawret aisenodnI

namines naupmamek nakhutubmem - nawayadub - isim gnajnunem kutnu sukitilop

tarab ek" igoloedi nahisrebmep nad adnagaporp - susuhk araces akereM ."natarab

83 ,awasaruK okiA .tic .po .942 , 93 ,senoJ doT ,.tic .po .47 04 ,senoJ doT .tic .col 14 ,senoJ doT .tic .col 24 .27 ,.tic .po ,senoJ doT


02

kutnu anaras nakhab ,rajagnep aganet tapadnem ,isaerkreb kutnu gnaur nakirebid

rotide enaP isunaS uata ,naremap natapmesek irebid onojduS itrepes ,lucnum

.reomiT naajadeobeK halajam malad 34 gnapeJ asam adap naayadubek kitkarP

amok nad tatek tagnas nupiksem nad nahubmutrep ihadawem ipatet ,odn

kirat irad sapelreT .aisenodnI namines nagnabmekrep - isinifed kiranem

arap namalagnep ,taraB uata rumiT hara ek aynitsemes aisenodnI naayadubek

isulover asam adap areteoP id sesorpreb natapmesek ikilimem gnay namines

mem akitek aynsuretes nup utigeB .raseb utigeb gnay hisgnabmus nakireb

sergnok - .aisenodnI naayadubek naksumurem ahasu nupuam naayadubek sergnok

nagnusgnalek igab nautnenep asam nakapurem gnapeJ nakududneP asaM

P .aisenodnI asgnab naayadubek karoc nagnabmekrep nakayapuid gnay adnagapor

utigeb raneb uata halas sata hitup nad matih iagabes ilidaid asib kadit gnapeJ helo

ayapu takreb anerak ,ajas hsawniarb nap adnagaporp malad rumiT naayadubek -

alagnem aisenodnI naayadubek nagnabmekrep ,taraB ayadub sata gnapeJ aisA im

tapad halet gnay apur ines karoc itrepeS .isulover asam adap malad irad isasitirk

ines retarak awhab naksumurem gnay silanoisan apurep arap helo nakisinifedid

laisos satilaer aguj ipatet ,nahadniek naksikulem ululem kadit aisenodnI id apur

umes kat gnay .sikul id hadni a 44 mahaf kaloneM eidnI / iooM ,nakoleek uata

.taraB apurep arap fitkepsrep nakapurem gnay nakitnacek 54

P nagned gnapeJ nakhatnal hululem akiremA 5491 sutsugA lawa ada

napeJ 5491 sutsugA 41 adaP .ikasagaN nad amihsoriH id mota mob naksapelem g

34 ,senoJ doT tic .col 44 acaB aavi.evihcra//:ptth id igasreP gnatnet aguj - kaid gro.enilno adap ses

.6102 inuJ 82 laggnat 54 .391 ,.tic .po ,idansuK


12

,labolg nakalogrep idajret gnades iuhategneM .tarays apnat hareynem areges

aisenodnI silanoisaN ,gnapeJ aynhareynem nagned naasaukek nagnosokek

.5491 sutsugA 71 adap naakedremek nakisamalkorpmem natapmesek libmagnem

asgnab harajes lawa edoirep halialumiD .isuloveR asam nagababmep ,aisenodnI

awij naktikgnabmem nad tagnames rakabmem utigeb isulover namaj awiJ

ayrak malad tahilret ,toirtap - adaP .rabak tarus malad naatirebmep nupuam ayrak

swen enildaeh t taykaR nataluadeK ,atrakaygoY lakol nairah rabak tarus 22 laggna

adap iraD .iridnes nakreojtnah atik gnarameS kiab hibeL" ,5491 rebmeseD

atak itrepeS uata ".eotisid laggnit hisam heoseom tahilem - radekes atak

hagnetid tapadret tagnames tikgnabmep - hilebmejnem asaib" nairah molok hagnet

hilebmejnem pais ,gnibmak ."!heoseom 64 gnay namaj awij naktahilrepmeM

haubes naipmi iapacnem kutnu gnarepreb tagnames malad adareb gnades

rakabmem nakharaid ayadub ines iskudorp nad naatirebmep alageS .naakedremek

.isulover malad aisenodnI taykar hurules tagnames

atoK narihaleK .B atrakaygoY ,ayaduB

lawa kajes iggnit ayadubreb gnay iagabes lanekid halet atrakaygoY

nanalajrep itawelem nakhaB .targninidaH atrakaygoyagN naajarek aynridireb

aynrasad adaP .isasilainolok hagnet id agajret patet awaJ naayadubek rutluk utkaw

goY takaraysam gnay larutlukitlum isnarelot naradasek nagned hubmut atrakay

agajret ini takaraysam rutluk aggnihes awaJ isidart nagned kitnedi nad ,iggnit

64 taykaR nataluadeK 6491 inuJ 7 ,


22

.aynnairatselek 74 gnanet gnay haread paggnaid atrakaygoY nredom are ikusameM

d nakalogrep hagnetid libats fitaler nad .ainu 84 gnagemep irad sapel kat aumeS

nagned kididret halet gnay XI onowub ukgnemaH natluS irS ,iggnitret naasaukek

kitilop isautis ipadahgnem aynnagnadnap irasadnem tubesret laH .tarab rikip alop

is padahret nasutupek nalibmagnep malad aynnaanaskajibek nad hagnet gnay isaut

.idajret 94

silanoisan tagnas gnay ajar iagabes lanekret XI onowuB ukgnemaH natluS

.uti taas adap awaJ id ajar nakaynabek irad 05 taked gnay ayngnakaleb rataL

maynegnem nad adnaleb agraulek malad husaid tapmes tarab ayadub nagned

nakididnep hibel XI onowuB ukgnemaH natluS narikimep taubmem adnaleB id

aparebeb atreseb uaileB nuhat 4 rumureb kajeS .isasinredom padahret akubret

.adnaleB agraulek adap nakpititid IIIV onowoB ukgnemaH natluS kana 15 kanA -

graulek utas malad laggnit kadit tubesret kana utas hasipret naknialem ,adnaleB a

adebreb gnay adnaleB agraulek adap nial amas - .adeb 25 araces pudih akereM

naasaibek pareynem tapad aynnaparah ini arac nagneD .iridnam nad anahredes

gnaro nagnalak id pudih aynlah itrepes nilpisid hunep nad anahredes pudih - gnaro

adnaleB asahabreb naupmamek ikilimem natluS ,ini nakididnep nagneD .adnaleB

ukgnemaH natluS .taraB gnaro aynlah itrepes rikip alop ikilimem nad ,riham gnay

aynnanurutek kididnem kutnu ,naped ek huaj nagnadnap ikilimem IIIV onowuB

74 ,deo‘saM rathoM .tic .po .911 , 84 ,deo‘saM rathoM .tic .po .121 , 94 .dibI .221 , 05 .dibI .221 , 15 ,1102 ,).de( hamusukamtA taykaR kutnU athaT aidemarG :atrakaJ , akatsuP

.9 .mlh ,amatU 25 .dibI 9 , - .11


32

nahatreb upmam raga .kalek hajajnep arap ipadahgnem 35 haubes malaD

halet gnay taraB nakididnep nagned tapadnepes nup natluS ,aracnawaw

.tapet gnay hakgnal halada adnaleB id satisrevinu takgnit ek aggnih aynhupmetid

d akedrem kadit aisenodnI ayniadnaes akij aynatid natluS taaS ,hajajret patet na

,tapet takgnal nakapurem taraB nakididnep metsis nakididnep paggagnem hakapa

kana adap naketkarpid kutnu nakhab - arik ayaS",bawajnem natluS ?natluS kana

iulalem adnaleB gnaro retkarak imaleynem tapad asarem ayaS .naikimed

nad nakididnep apais igab utnabmem tagnas naka inI .adnaleB nagned naluagrep

".adnaleB gnaro nagned nagnubuhreb ulales naka aynnaajrekep malad gnay nup 45

nakididneP al a atres kadit ,natluS amiretid gnay taraB - natluS nakidajnem atrem

dajnem habureb aynhunepes gnay idabirp kajes nakididneP numaN .taraB gnaro i

irad inid tsok ed ni 55 gnukudnem nigni nakididnep aggnih adnaleB agraulek adap

ayapus ayntaykar isasilibomem urtsuj natluS .adnaleB lainolok nahatniremep

.silanoisan gnaujep arap gnukudnem

b noisiced suotnemom eht ..." onowub ukgnemaH natluS y dim eht ni XI - s0491 ot dna hctuD eht morf ecnednepedni s’aisenodnI fo noitaralced eht esrodne ot

spuorg yranoitulover pleh ehT .aisenodnI ezinolocer ot troffe hctuD eht thgfi seidnI sdnalrehteN eht ni spihsgnik rehto ynam nehw emit a ta os did natlus

e erew ,tsartnoc yB .tnemnrevog lainoloc hctuD gninruter eht troppus ot rega sih tel eH .esuac tsilanoitan eht troppus ot stcejbus sih dezilibom natlus eht

ni na sa desu eb ot ecnediser layor - sih desnepsid dna ,yrautcnas allireug nwot pleh ot senutrof lanosrep nfi ."... elggurts tsilanoitan eht ecna 65

igal hibelret ,aylireg nadem iagabes nakanugid atrakaygoY nakraibmem natluS

ianadnem utnabmem kutnu aynidabirp gnutnak irad nakraulegnem aidesreb natluS

tluS kutnebmem lisahreb tubesret nakididneP .silanoisan nagnaujrep idajnem na

35 .dibI .31 , 45 ,.dibI .12 55 .dibI .9 , 65 ,deo‘saM rathoM .tic .col .221 ,


42

malad utasreb kutnu moyagnep nad iggnit gnay lanoisan naradasek nagned ajaR

hisgnabmus nakirebmem kaynab natluS .utas gnay aragen nad asgnab haubes

nagneD .aisenodnI kilbupeR nautaseK arageN nagnusgnalek nad narihalek imed

amrofer naklanekrepmem metsis isasinredomem kutnu nakujutid gnay nakajibek is

.awaJ emsilanoisidart gnetneb iagabes natluS paggnaid amal kitilop

urtsuj ,nagnaujrep irad rihka idajnem nakub naakedremek isamalkorP

aisenodnI asgnaB igab naakedremek isulover nagnaujrep lawa idajnem aregeS .

hisam gnay adnaleB helo amaturet naasaukek kiranem kirat idajret ini haletes

.hajajnem nad aynnahatniremep ilabmek naktapmenem tapad kutnu racnignem

ikak atreseb ,sirggnI ACIN nakusap tabika uacak atrakaJ ,6491 iraunaJ 1

.aynnagnat 75 ames atrakaJ nad nahatniremep ador aynnalaj igab nama kadit nik

gnusgnal natluS ,tubesret namacna iuhategneM .aragen nipmimep arap

gnay namaladep isakol ek hadnip tasup nahatniremep raga fitaisini nakraulegnem

esret narawaT .atrakaygoY iridnes aynatok inkay ,nama hibel tagnah tubmasid tub

atok ubi idajnem imser atrakaygoY 6491 iraunaJ 4 laggnat adaP .nediserP helo

naktabilem ialum lanoisan kitilop isalatsnoK .aisenodnI kilbupeR aratnemes

aynnalajreb gnirieS .tarurad atokubI iagabes aynnakidajnem nagned atrakaygoY

uti lah .aynnahatniremep adap isamrofer nakukalem gnades aguj natluS ,

kaynab idajret ,5491 sutsugA ,atokubI nahadniprep mulebes nuhateS

hitaP .isamrofer narabmel nagned atrakaygoY ilawagnem gnay gnitnep awitirep

75 ,9991 ,reoT atnanA aydeomarP )6491( II diliJ aisenodnI isuloveR kinorK ,

.2 .mlh ,GPK :atrakaJ


52

aggnem kujnutid gnaroes kadit nad laggninem natluS .hitap iagabes isisop nakitn 85

natluS .hitap inagnatid asaib gnay adnag sagut pakgnarem natluS itrareb utI

nagned aynnahatniremep malad metsis nad rutkurts nahaburep nakadagnem

netepmokreb hibel gnay gnaro naktapmenem nad ,kadit gnay isivid supahgnem

malad .narasas tapet nad lamiskam ajrekeb raga ,ayngnadib 95 kaynab sakgnameM

.sagut utaus nakajregnem kutnu isivid 06 metsis utaus nakadagnem ialum natluS

.isarkomed utiay ,taraB irad tapad aid gnay 16 isamrofrem ahasu malaD

haread ek nurut natluS ,aynnahatniremepek - utaus iridnes kitnalem nad aynharead

helo gnusgnal hilipid gnay ,tasup hatniremep utnabmep naka gnay aitinapek

.tubesret haread kududnep 26 agraulek rasadreb igal kadit naturkerep aggniheS

numan ,submetid tilus feitaler gnay nakididnep gnajnej uata nawasgnab rasadreb

nahabureP .tubesret haread kududnep arap helo hilipid nad gnaroeses napakacek

laisos nagnubuh nupuam nahatniremepek rutkurts nanusus malad kiab nakukalid

.aynmalad id ada )ladoef gnurednec( gnay

lotneS natamacek id nakimserid ini aitinap akiteK" namaidek opodnep id ,o amiret asar nakaratugnem napos nagned atoggna gnaroes halas ,itapub kudud nad itapub opodnep ikusamem naknanekrepid halet ai anerak aynhisak

gnaro helo nakukalid surah gnay itrepes iatnal sata id nakub ,isruk sata id -ntakgnites gnaro ".uapmal asam id ay 36

0491 nuhat kajeS - nakududnep ,lainolok irad naasaukek nakalogrep ,na

atok imaidnem gnay takaraysam alup tutnunem tapec araces isulover aggnih

.gnusgnalreb gnades gnay isidnok nad isautis nagned isatpadareb atrakaygoY

85 ,5002 ,sfelkciR .C .M aisenodnI harajeS 0021 nredoM - 4002 ,ibmareS :atrakaJ ,.244 .mlh

95 ,6891 ,najdrameoS oleS ATRAKAYGOY id laisoS nahabureP :atrakaygoY ,25 .mlh ,sserP ytisrevinU llenroC - .55

06 .dibI .35 , 16 .dibI .77 , 26 .dibI .45 , 36 ,.dibI .55


62

ap gnay nahabureP ialum atrakaygoY ,isulover asam adap halada aratnek gnil

nagned gnusgnal tabilret atrakaygoY kadadnem araceS .emsimanid nakujnunem

takaraysam ,atok ubi aynhadnipreb nagned 6491 adaP .isuloveR atok idajnem

kapmad isasinatilopomsok imalagnem aguj atrakaygoY kududnep sudoske irad

.isargimreb turut gnay atrakaJ 46 atreS - laisos isidnok atrem - id pudih gnay ayadub

.nahaburep imalagnem atrakaygoY

gnodnobreb isargiM atrakaygoY ek aratnemes atok ubi nahadniprep acsap

6491( - ayadub isufid kapmad awabmem ,tubesret )9491 .atrakaJ ,raseb atok iD

.ines taigep arap atres awabmem aynmalad 56 raseb namines arap nagnatadeK

,idnaffA itrepes 66 ,onojojuS .S 76 aynrihka adap aynnial atok ubi namines nad

iD .atrakaygoY takaraysam igab urab alawarkac akubmem atrakaygoY id patenem

aratna p rages safan naklanekrepmem isargimreb tuki naidumek gnay namines ara

gnay namines isubirtok alup tapadret tubesret atrakaygoY id nainesek ainud malad

uti naajarek agraulek atoggna irad halada akereM .naajarek agraulek irad lasareb

,iridnes onodraW unsiW ad n ojrahidusuK gnogaB . A isarutluk ayadub aratna

ayadub nad ajgoJ takaraysam malad gnigad haradnem halet gnay laoisidart

.sesorp malad gnades gnay nredom 86 reropmetnok ayrak nakrihalem aynaudeK

,fitavoni irad .gnayaw nad ,awaJ irat ,kitab nasikul ru awitsireP isasinab

tapad isulover asam adap atrakaygoY ek hadnipreb gnay atrakaJ takaraysam

nilajnem naidumek tubesret gnatadnep namineS .laisaps ketkarp iagabes nakatakid

46 ,deo‘saM rathoM .tic .po .521 , 56 ,.dibI 1 .52 66 ,9791 ,idisoR bijA kanA kutnu ifargoiB idnaffA sikuleP - kana akatsuP :atrakaJ ,

.43 .mlh ,ayaJ 76 ,2891 ,idisoR bijA kanA kutnu ifargoiB onojojuS .S sikuleP - kana :atrakaJ ,

.63 .mlh ,ayaJ akatsuP 86 ,deo‘saM rathoM .tic .po .521 ,


72

.takraysam nad lakol namines arap nagned nagnubuh isarutluka idajret ayntabikA

oisidart ayadub takaraysam igab urab ayadub naklisahgnem gnay nredom nad lan

.atrakaygoY

ialinid nupualaW ayrak ,akitetse isidart fitkepsrep irad - akerem ayrak

.katnorebmem uata lakidar nagnurednecek ikilimem kapman 96 ines anerak ,saleJ

gnay nredom ines halada reropmetnok .lanoisidart mekap uata nanatat irad raulek

raggnalem uata kasurem nagned nakitra amasid gnires tubesret lah ,aynasam adaP

.aynitsemes gnay laedi nanatat gnayaw naklanekrepmem onodraW unsiW malad

utkaw aud maj , nagned asahab ratnagnep aisenodnI . 07 ad rauleK adap rula ir

nakanuggnem gnay aynmumu asahab iagabes awaJ asahab naD .ratnagnep

ifargoerok taubmem ojrahidusuK gnogaB irat urab nairat irad - lanoisidart nairat

gnay naayadubek satitnedi gnatnet urab safan awabmeM .aynmumu adap awaJ

racibreb aynah igal kadit haubes iagabes tapmol ipat ,nahareadek satitnedi naka a

.aisA irad satitnedi satitne 17

kitnedi naik aynnakidajnem nad utas habmatreb atrakaygoY nakuluJ

atoK uata aguj ayaduB atoK inkay nugnabret hagnet gnay atok rifsomta nagned

yadub atoK nakuluJ .namineS gnades ,naajarek namaj kajes lucnum halet a

atok liforp naktakelem naik ,sudoske helo awabret gnay urab ayadub nahubmutrep

ek risomtA .ayadubreb nad ines awijreb gnay - namines - gniries nugnabret ialum na

.takaraysam malad namines arap nalumugrep nagned numeK raseb halmujes naluc

,aynawabid gnay ayadub nagned nargimi takaraysam naklanekrepmem

96 .dibI .521 , 07 ibI .d .521 , 17 .dibI .521 ,


82

atrakaygoY adapek nabadarep nad ayadub .raseb atok haubes natilopomsok

naidumek ,isisnart asam adap atrakaygoY id lupmukreb namines arap nagnatadeK

ayadubek gnaur habugnem .nredom idajnem lanoisidart aynmulebes gnay na

atrakaygoY atok irad lawareb aynutas halas ,nredom naayadubek nakutnebmeP

iagabes tukireb nahatniremep ador tasup idajnem gnay atok ubi idajnem akitek

h kadit atrakaygoY ini kitit iraD .naayadubek atok ropolep atok idajnem ayna

atok aguj ipatet iratsel gnay aynawaJ rutluk iges irad ruhul gnay naayadubek

.nredom naayadubek ispesrep malad naayadubek nakitkubmem tubesret laH

haletes gnaur isatneserper adap nahaburep imalagnem halet atrakaygoY awhab

kelaid imalagnem tapad tubesret gnaur isatneserper nahabureP .naayadubek akit

nakawabid gnay gnayaw nakujnutrep malad idajret gnay nahaburep irad tahilid

asahab nakanuggnem nakawabid tubesret nakujnutreP .anahdraW unsiW helo

hibel gnay utkaw nagned nad aisenodnI ratnagnep .takgnis

nad atrakaJ sata )6491( adnaleB nakududnep ,nakididnep isis adaP

satisrevinu alup tuggnerem gnudnaB - .atrakaJ id ada gnay satisrevinu 27 nuhat adaP

naped naigab nakanuggnem hisam )MGU( adaM hajdaG satisrevnU akubid 6491

anatsI 37 ek gnaur naigabes nad notark malad hayaliw nakanuggnem satisrevinu sal

.rajagnem rajaleb tapmet iagabes gnabmekreb nad hubmut ialum iggnit naurugreP

id atrakaygoY , em idajn ,urab lakol ayadub aynlucnum satilisaf sulumits sugilakes

narihalek aragen asgnab nredom gnay . aratnemeS napudihek igab gnitnep nasiraw

3591 adaP .ines iggnit halokes aparebeb aynnakiridid halada aisenodnI nainesek

aynaratna id agit ,awaJ id ada gnay aragen irosnopsid gnay ines halokes tapme ada

27 ,sfelkciR .tic .po .344 , 37 .dibI .344 ,


92

.apuR ineS naigaB idajnem 47 ugrep halada )IRSA( apuR ineS imedakA iggnit naur

.atrakaygoY id 9491 nuhat adap nakiridid gnay aisenodnI id amatrep ines 57

halokeS .oloS id 0591 nuhat adap iridreb aisenodnI natiwaraK irotavresnoK

.atrakaJ id nakiridid id naayadubeK saniD iladnek hawabid taraB kisuM

urugrep ayntasep gnabmekreB igab kirat ayad idajnem atrakaygoY id iggnit na

irad isargim kiranem nikameS .aisenodnI urujnep hurules irad haread rajalep arap

.tujnal nakididnep maynegnem nad gnatad kutnu aisenodnI id haread iagabreb

breb naka iamar hibel idajnem atrakaygoY ,aynkapmaD irad gnaro iaga

anerak nialeS .aisenodnI hurules irad haread nad asgnab ukus iagabreb

hadum nad hamar lanekret atrakaygoY gnaro tafis ,tapec gnay atok nahubmutrep

ek isargim ujal ayntasep nakidajnem uti laH .urab ayadub nagned isatpadareb

em nad atrakaygoY .larulp atok idajn 67 ,lanoisidart gnay naajarek atok ,atrakaygoY

nad isamrofsnartreb ialum idajnem natilopomsok .

.C akimaniD naayadubeK iD trakaygoY a

,8491 sutsugA 82 nad ,72 ,32 laggnat adap nakadaid naayadubek sergnoK

elo nakaraggnelesid nad iasrakarpid nagned atrakaygoY naayadubeK saniD h

nad nakididneP nairtnemeK nad atrakaygoY runrebuG irad nagnukud

47 ,senoJ doT .tic .po .301 , 57 ,9791 ,)de( idansuK aisenodnI apuR ineS harajeS nemetrapeD :atrakaJ ,

.491 .mlh ,naayadubeK nad nakididneP 67 ,)de( oyotuK onsirtuS ,7791 itsI hareaD harajeS ,atrakaygoY awem :atrakaJ

ialiN naanibmeP nad naijakgneP keyorP - ialiN nad harajeS tarotkeriD ,tasuP ayaduB ialin.843 .mlh ,naayadubeK laredneJ tarotkeriD lanoisidarT


03

.gnalegaM id naayadubeK 77 amatrep raseb sergnok nakapurem tubesret sergnoK

.nediserp likaW nad nediserP helo iridahid nad 87 amatrep sergnok nakapureM

gnay natabedrep amet ilabmek naktikgnabmem upmam ,aynnial sergnok hibelem

raseb gnay naitahrep nad itapmis huranem attaH gnuB .silanoisan naayadubek

.naayadubrebek halasam malad 97 gnatnet aynnagnadnap ikilimem uaileB

gnay asgnab idajnem gnitnep awhab ,naayadubek aratna nagnabmiesek ikilimem

libats surah aguj ipatet )taraB itrepes( lairetam naayadubek iskudorp rajegnem

naayadubek kimelop idajret aynsesorp malaD .aynlautirips naayadubek malad

idajret halet gnay itrepes taraB nad rumiT naayadubek aratna kiranem gnay adap

5391 nuhat - .nakididnep gnadib adap itoroynem ,na 08

isuloveR“ lanoisaN atik surah awabmem isulover id nagnapal .naayadubek iapmaS gnarakes isulover naayadubek muleb

nakukalid helo .hatniremeP iauseS tnemetats amasreb .lgt 02 ieM 8491 irad paneges trap ia - iatrap nad isasinagro - isasinagro ,aynnial akam malad aragen aisenodnI gnay ,akedrem naayadubek asgnab

aisenodnI surah awijreb isarkomed gnay .silairepmiitna iauseS nagned naruku ,ini akam margorp nad awij margorp narajalep id halokes - ,halokes aguj ukub - ukub narajalep atik surah habuid amas ."ilakes 18

sergnoK ayaduB gnay amatrep nakapurem gnaur natalehrep amatrep gnay

sahabmem nagnubuh aragen nagned naayadubek .aisenodnI 28 arageN irebid

tapmet gnitnep irad lawa sergnok nad ayadub naktapmetid adap agrahgnep na

iggnitret iukaid idajnem rusnu gnitnep malad naaraggneleynep .nahatniremep

77 ,9991 ,reoT atnanA aydeomarP ,)8491( VI diliJ aisenodnI isuloveR kinorK

,GPK :atrakaJ 155 .mlh . 87 ,senoJ doT .tic .po .98 , 97 .dibI , .19 08 .dibI , 09 - .19 18 ,reoT atnanA aydeomarP tic .col ,)8491( VI diliJ aisenodnI isuloveR kinorK . 28 ,senoJ doT .tic .po .19 ,


13

ikseM nup adap ,aynrihka kadit ada iapacnem utas natakapesek gnay salej gnatnet

anamiagab nagnubuh aragen nagned .ayadub 38

sergnoK naayadubeK nakadaid nagned naparah naka lucnum nakadnit

kutnu naktameleynem naayadubek irad namacna huragnep isufid naayadubek

.gnisa nialeS aguj ahasureb takgnagnem ilabmek nagnacnibrep gnatnet isinifed

naayadubek aisenodnI gnay lainolokitna nad .sitarkomed aynkadneH" sergnoK

naayadubeK id gnalegam ad tap nakpatenem nalp nahaborep id nagnapal

,naayadubek ujunem naayadubek gnay lainolokitna nad .".sitarkomed 48 malaD

naiakgnar sergnok naayadubek gnay idajret adap nalub sutsugA 8491 ,tubesret

ahasureb kupumem asar naaggnabek sata isidart ruhulel nasiraw nab .asg nagneD

aynhubmut asar naaggnabek padahret ayadub ,iridnes aynnaparah hubmut asar

naknahatrepmem naayadubek asgnab irad huragnep .gnisa

naatpic aratna iD" - ainud malad nemirepxe nakapurem gnay urab naatpic,niramek nakrabak atik hanrep itrepes nainesek malad nakgneletesid gnay

,tiluk irad nikibid huluS gnayaW .huluS gnayaW halai naayadubeK sergnoKukalep ipatet - nad adumep ,inat ,hurub nagnolog irad kilobmis halada aynukaleprabmag aguj - ,nediserP likaW ,nediserP aynlasim ,atik nipmimep irad rabmag

S .A.H ini gnayaW .lld orogenopiD ,niddufirajS rimA MP sakeb ,mila kajes nad )aisenodnI kilbupeR adumeP sergnoK nadaB( IRPKB helo nakahasuid

3/01 .lgt nuidaM id amatrep nakujnutrep nakadaid - naatpic gnayaw akam 7491.huluS gnayaW taykar helo aman irebid ini urab nakididnep irebmem kutnU

ased ek iapmas aggnih lassam araces taykar adapek - 4/2 .lgt adap akam ,ased - aguj uti hulus gnayaw letes 25 ,PPD isnerepnok nagned natapetreb 7491 halet uti hulus gnayaw nakujnutrep gnarakes aggniH .aretamuS ek nakmirikid

o notnotid ubireb hel - nokal anerak ,notnonep naitahrep kiranem nad taykar ubir - atik asgnab nagnaujrep nagned sarales gnay ameht libmagnem uti gnayaw nokal hurules id ,hubmut tubesret gnayaw amales nuhat 2 opmet malaD .gnarakes

lus gnayaw gnalad 07 ada hadus inik awaJ aynaumes ,atinaw 3 aynaratna id ,hu aguj hulus gnayaw awhab ,nakgnaretid tapad aynrihkA .adum natakgna irad

umat irad naitahrep tapadnem - tapmet ignujnugnem hanrep gnay gnisa umat".hulus gnayaw nanikibmep 58

38 .dibI , .19 48 ,reoT atnanA aydeomarP 491( VI diliJ aisenodnI isuloveR kinorK .tic .col ,)8 58 ,reoT atnanA aydeomarP ,.tic .po ,)8491( VI diliJ aisenodnI isuloveR kinorK

465 - .565


23

d lautsketnok hibel taykar atirec habugnem nagneD gnay inik asam naidajek nagne

nakujnutrep ilabmek nakhubmuneM .uti asam adap namaj awij nagned naveler

edi nad namaz nagnabmekrep itukignem habuid gnay atirec ayag nagned gnayaw

.aisenodnI sinoisulover hokot arap atirec tulabid gnay nahokonep irad

d lisaH gnatnet saul gnay isinifed nakpatenem naayadubek isnerefnok ira

aisunam napudihek kepsa aumes pukacnem naayadubek awhaB .naayadubek

.ines laos aynah nakuB .inahor nupuam kisif kiab takaraysam malad 68 sergnoK"

aayadubeK nadaB kutnebmem gnalegaM id naayadubeK gnay lanoisaN n

."hafinaH ubA .rD nad orogenosgnoW .rM helo nipmipid 78 hibel gnay lisaH

gnay naayadubek agabmel utaus aynkutnebret naayadubeK sergnoK irad tergnok

habureb naidumek gnay )NKL( lanoisaN naayadubeK agabmeL inkay ,gnitnep

eK agabmeL idajnem aman araumreb ini agabmel adaP .)IKL( aisenodnI naayadub

araca - id naayadubeK isnerefnoK .ayntujnales naayadubek isasinagro nad araca

.IKL helo nakaraggneles id 0591 nuhat 88

naakedremeK isuloveR malaD marataM ialaB .D

gnudeG )2491( gnapeJ nakududnep namaZ coS tietei aman habureb

.iatnaK nakoC idajnem 98 tapad gnay pisra uata nemukod ada kadit numaN

68 ,senoJ doT ,.tic .po .29 78 ,reoT atnanA aydeomarP ,.tic .po ,)8491( VI diliJ aisenodnI isuloveR kinorK

.765 88 ,senoJ doT ,.tic .po 39 98 antaR iwD ,2102 ,)de( ,inirajahruN atokubI ek nignireB natuH irad atrakaygoY

awemitsI hareaD :atrakaygoY , lanoisidarT ialiN nad harajeS nairatseleP ialaB.mlh ,atrakaygoY .94


33

.gnapeJ nakududnep acsap gnudeg isgnuf nad aman nahaburep naksalejnem

ialaB aman gnadnaynem tubesret gnudeg ,naakedremeK isamalkorP acsaP

m marataM ialaB amaN .marataM ukgnemaH natluS irS helo nairebmep nakapure

.XI anawuB 09 nahaburep anerak ,isatneserper gnaur irad naigab nakapurem natluS

anawuB ukgnemaH natluS irad isiv nakapurem tubesret gnudeg adap idajret gnay

aw irad gnudeg isgnuf haburem naidumek ,tubesret isiV .XI naayadubek had

.aisenodnI lanoisan nakaregrep hadaw idajnem adnaleB aidniH

arap igab akubret 9491 aggnih 5491 nuhat edoirep marataM ialaB

ialaB .tapar nup uata sergnok araca kutnu tapmet nakhutubmem gnay silanoisan

.nasabebek lobmis idajnem nakhab marataM

gnudeg ,naakedremeK asam adaP" gnigineereV ed tieteicoS idajnem tubesret01 laggnat irad ,I adumeP sergnoK ayngnusgnalreb tapmet - rebmevoN 11

idajnem adumep arap irad aracib kah ,nasabebek ,nautasrep safaN .5491r iagabes numaN .ini gnudeg irad urab lobmis kadit ini gnudeg ,kilbup gnau

.nasabebek lobmis idajnem patet aguj niales ,artic nahaburep imalagnemgnaur isgnuf nahabureP - artic nugnabmem ada gnay gnaur - sata urab artic

alages naknalajnem nagnareneP nairetnemeK rotnaK akiteK .tubesret gnaur aynsativitka gnay ,isamrofni lobmis halada nugnabret gnay ,ini gnudeg id

ini gnudeg anerak igal taukrepid hibel ini laH .naakubretek haubes itrareb ikilimid gnay lanoisan atireb rotnak inkay ,aratnA atireB rotnak idajnem aguj

,idaJ .aisenodnI kilbupeR tieteicos tna ini 5491 nuhat ara - imalagnem 9491lobmis nahaburep - nahawemek lobmis irad ,aisenodnI ek lainolok irad lobmis

".akubret gnaur idajnem pututret gnaur irad nad ,isamrofni ek 19

marataM ialaB taubmem aisenodnI kilbupeR ek gnapeJ irad naasaukek nahilareP

eiroret hibel nakaregrep ahasu tapmet iagabes ,uti asam nahutubek adap hibel isatn

silanoisan arap tapmet idajnem kapmat marataM ialaB ini edoirep adaP .lanoisan

edi nakgnaunem ,lupmukreb - nagned raulek nad ,asgnab nagnitnepek kutnu edi

.aynnasoboret iagabreb

09 .dibI 94 , 19 ,inirajahruN antaR iwD .tic .po .05 ,


43

aynisgnuF sergnok igab hadaw idajnem - gnay nupapa araca uata sergnok

5491 rebmevon nalub 8 laggnat adaP .naakedremek isulover nagned natiakreb

.aisenodnI malsI tamU sergnoK mumu tapar tapmet iagabes nakanugid 29

ulover tagnames naktikgnabmem ini tapar malad nasahabmeP nakanuggnem is

id gnaujreb kutnu malsI amaga kulemep arap naklupmugneM .malsI amaga rasad

.dahiJ naadaek malad laggninem akij nad silairepmi ignaremem ,hallA nalaJ

aynutas halas ,gnarepreb kutnu assam naklupmugnem arac macam iagabreB

.amaga nirtkod nagned

01 laggnat ini iraH" - gnaj aisenodnI heoreoles adeomeP sergnok 11 marataM ialaB gneodeg id tapmetreb akeobid ialeom harajdes gneodnagnem ,awajD irad inkaj aisenodnI heoreoles irad adeomeP paneges helo igneojdneokid

jteK adneoS ,oenroB ,isewaleoS ,aretameoS halmeojreb gnaj eokeolaM ,li ,onrakeoS .rI .M.J.P aisenodnI kilbeopeR nediserP .gnaro 0002 hibel gnareok .gnatad ageojd nakeolremem ,attaH .heoM .srD .M.J.P nediserP likaW iretneM ,ameoseokatanariW .T.P iregeN malaD iretneM kapmat ajnteojdnaleS

nagnareneP iretneM irtnameoS ameoseoK awI .rM ,nideofirajS rimA 2naeoT .P rafaG .dbA arageN siraterceS ,orotnaweD .H .K narajdagneP iretneM ,laisoS

nial nad ,ojojdimaortsaS ilA .rM ,odgidoggnirP - ."...ajnnial 39

t marataM ialaB gnaur isgnuf ,isamalkorp acsap asam adaP kadi

nagned ,limrof hibel idajnem urtsuJ .nakifingis gnay nahaburep imalagnem

iagabes nagnaur nakanuggnem ulales gnay tapar uata sergnok araca naiakgnar

,.naakedremek isulover asam uti taas adap namaj awij ,hibelreT .araca tapmet

reb gnaro tikides aggnihes ayof - nahilareP .atames nagnanesek kutnu ayof

nahutubek adap hibel isatneiroret hibel marataM ialaB taubmem nup naasaukek

.lanoisan nakaregrep ahasu tapmet iagabes ,uti asam

11 laggnat adaP" - 11 - eolal ,iaseles aisenodnI adeomeP sergnoK hadeoses 5491eoseosid ,amatrep gnaj )odniseP( aisenodnI silaisoS adeomeP sergnoK nagned l

adap ridah gnaJ .malam 03.22 majd ialeomid marataM ialaB id tapmetreb ;netnaB .4 ;nagnairP .3 ;rogoB .2 ;atrakajD .1 : irad 2nasoteo halai eoti eotkaw

arameS .7 ;nagnolakeP .6 ;noberijT .5 ;marataM .01 ;eodeK .9 ;sameojnaB .8 ;gn

29 taykaR nataluadeK 5491 rebmevoN 5 , 39 taykaR nataluadeK 5491 rebmevoN 01 ,


53

.71 ;ayabareoS .61 ;irideK .51 ;neoidaM .41 ;orogenojdoB .31 ;itaP .21 ;oloS .11 .22 ;gnabmelaP .12 ;lijtek adneoS .02 ;areodaM .91 ;ikeoseB .81 ;gnalaM

."..natnamilaK .42 nad ;gneopmaL .32 ;neleokgneB 49

rgnoK iasueS silaisoS adeomeP sergnoK naktujnalid areges ,iaseles adumeP se

ek aisenodnI - sergnok nasutup aparebeb nakpatenem tubesret sergnoK .1

,aggnat hamur naraggna ,haread id gnabac ,isasinagro rutkurts :inkay aynmulebes

aitakreb gnay utauses alages ,isim nad isiv nagned n eliforp nad gnitrats

itukignem ,akubret nad sabeb hibel nup marataM ialaB anuggnep araP .isasinagro

.gnusgnalreb gnay araca

irah aud alup lususid iaseles amatrep aisenodnI adumeP sergnoK haleteS

tapar araca 5491 rebmevoN 31 laggnat adap naidumek huruB nasiraB

.aisenodnI 59 gt koseb akam ,aisenodni naakrednemek irah itagnirepmem kutnu"

71 - 11 - adumep mumu tapar nakaraggnelesid maratam odnisep ahasu sata 5491

gnodnobreb halignujnuk .eros 61 majd adap maratam ialab id tapmetreb - gnodnob

".uti tapar 69

aleS adap adeomeP meomeO tapaR tapmet iagabes nakanugid ayntujn

81 adap atrakajgoJ BJT odniseP nakeotnebmeP tapaR .5491 rebmevoN 71 laggnat

tapar ralegid 5491 rebmevoN 12 laggnat adap naidumeK .5491 rebmevoN

sahreB .marataM irtuP katnorebmep nasiraB nakutnebmep gnaro 002 tapadnem li

aud idajnem igabid gnay ,gnarep nadem id gnay tirujarp arap utnabmem kutnu

hitalid aguj gnaro aparebeB .nanakam naigab nad harem gnalap naigab ,naajrekep

.uti nagned nagnubuhreb lah nad atajnes gnagemem ,natirujarpek gnatnet

nakoseeK gnalap irad gnaro aparebeb ada 5491 rebmevoN 22 laggnat ini irah

49 taykaR nataluadeK 5491 rebmevoN 51 , 59 taykaR nataluadeK 5491 rebmevoN 31 , 69 taykaR nataluadeK 5491 rebmevoN 61 ,


63

amasreb gnarameS nasurujek naktakgnarebid irtuP katnorebmeP nasiraB harem

.katnorebmeP tirujarP nagned 79

,isulover ayapu anasaus malad hisam gnudeg naanuggnep 6491 nuhatiD

inuJ 4 laggnat adap narabubmep araca kutnu atoggna tapar nakgnusgnalid 6491

nautasreP narabubmeP .IKP ilaucek ridah atoggna aumeS .nagnaujreP nautasreP

halet atoggna raseb naigabes aratna id romur radereb halet anerak nagnaujreP

.lanoisaN isartnesnoK kutnebid 89 ah narok malaD adap taykaR nataluadeK nair

naweD ajrekep nadaB irad nanumugnep alup tapadret 6491 inuJ 4 ,amas gnay irah

nanipmip arap adap nakujutid gnay )IPPPD( aisenodnI adumeP tasuP nanipmiP

.aisenodnI kilbupeR adumeP sergnoK nadab malad gnubagret gnay isasinagro

eM" 8 .gt adap awhab nakmeolkamrepid ini nagneD .akedr - naka 6491 ineojD 9

ek aisenodnI adeomeP sergnoK nakadaid - marataM ialaB id tapmetreb II

."...atrakajgoJ 99

tapmet iagabes nakanugid marataM ialaB 6491 inuJ 7 laggnat adaP

iraB isnerepnoK nalanekreP naumetreP araP .)IWBB( aisenodnI atinaW huruB nas

likaw ,isnerefnoK nasutu niales uti naumetrep malad ridah gnay niridah - likaw

nadab ,nairetnemeK - tubesret naumetrep malad araca utas halaS .srep nad nadab

msinninneL nad emsilaisoS ,emsilatipaK gnatnet otadip tapadret haduseS .e

gnay takaraysam ek ujunem ahasu halada hurub nagnaujrep gnatnet isasilaisos

awhaB .atinaw hurub adap emsinimef gnatnet nakgnaretid tujnal hibeL .sitsilaisos

79 taykaR nataluadeK 5491 rebmevoN 22 , 89 taykaR nataluadeK 6491 inuJ 4 , 99 taykaR nataluadeK nuJ 4 , 6491 i


73

ikal arap amasreb gniasreb inareb atinaw hurub aynkadneh - kutnu ,ikal

amasrep nakkujnunem .aynaudek aratnaid tajared na 001

ek adumeP sergnoK ralegid 6491 inuJ 8 laggnaT - ,marataM ialaB id II

sergnoK .6491 inuJ 4 laggnat adap rabesid halet gnay nagnadnu nagned iauses

,aragen iretnem ,nanahatrep iretnem ,nediserp iridahid tubesret II ek adumeP

ikaw likaw nad malA ukaP .G .gK .P.S natluS .gk .l S l - nadab ,nanupmihrep likaw

.nagnolog nad 101 malad kitilop nakaracibmem uti irah adap tapar adega nanusuS

.isasinagrO .3 ,iregen raul kitilop .2 ,iregen 201

naigab ,narasas halas gnay sirggnI helo namobegnep acsaP ialaB naped

nakasiynem ,rucnah marataM grubwuohcs .isavonerid naidumek nanugnab asiS .

.onosineS idajnem aman habureb naidumek ini gnudeg 0591 nuhat adaP 301

nad nainesek gnudeg iagabes aguj nakanugrepid naidumek ini onosineS gnudeG

soib gnudeg idajnem tapmes .pok

naremap uata sikuL ineS gnileteS raleg id ,0591 iraunaJ 92 laggnat adaP

iraunaJ 71 laggnat kajes akubid halet ini raseb aracA .onosineS id sikuL ineS

.0591 401 lisah nasikul haub 22 nakremamem ini sikuL ineS gnileteS araca malaD

ggna gnaro 11 naajrekep MIS ato 501 iskeloK . - ,iggnit ialinreb tubesret iskelok

001 taykaR nataluadeK 6491 inuJ 7 , 101 taykaR nataluadeK 6491 inuJ 7 , 201 taykaR nataluadeK 6491 inuJ 8 , 301 ,ahtrA ituT nawrA ,.tic .po 32 401 taykaR nataluadeK 0591 iraunaJ 71 , 501 malad nemele hurules atres kiranem tubesret nahatniremep sudoskE

ysam ek isargimreb turut gnay namines uata ines taigep araP .namines tukireb takara id hayaliw iagabreb irad naknialem atrakaJ irad aynah kadit ataynret atrakaygoy

namet nad onojojduS asrakarp sata ,8491 nuhat adaP .aisenodnI - .MIS halrihal nametsenodnI namineS gnay apur ines isasinagro nakapurem MIS takgnisid uata aduM ai

ayrak iulalem isulover tagnames nakiamarem turut kutnu taubid ajagnes - .akerem ayrak ,nuidaM id rihal MIS .atrakaygoY id patenem naidumek


83

gnaroeS .aisenodnI sikuL ineS harajes malad nakaggnabid tutap aggnihes

iskelok ayapus nakahasugnem naka nainesek atnicep tietirotua - tubesret iskelok

.ajgoJ raul id nakujnutrepid tapad 601

iraurbef 12 asaleS araca iagabes nakanugid onosineS gnudeg 0591

.aisenodnI nawatraW nautasreP ayniridreb nuhat 4 natagnireP 701 91 uggnim iraH

palab abmol kutnu hsinif nad trats nakidajid onosineS namalaH 0591 teraM

agnireP nakujdnutreP ammargorP" araca naiakgnar malad ,adepes ajniridreB nat

."atrakajgojagN 801 nad sergnok ratikes limrof araca adap hisam aynnaanuggneP

natacneg anerak libats hibel idajnem habureb halet namaj awij ipateT .tapar

asgnab kilim idajnem aynhunepes halet naakedremeK .iaseles halet atajnes

gnihes ,aisenodnI .ayadub nad laisos hara ek hadnipreb isartnesnok naulah ag

rutnel hibel idajnem isulover acsap onosineS nagnaurek naanuggnep aggniheS

.igal

601 taykaR nataluadeK 0591 iraunaJ 92 , 701 aR nataluadeK tayk 0591 iraurbeF 12 , 801 taykaR nataluadeK 0591 teraM 31 ,


93

.poksoib idajnem ialum onosineS 0591 nuhat nahagnetrep adaP

92 d/s irah 1 laggnit : 0591 inuj 82 onosineS poksoiB" .rumu alages inuJ inuJ 03 lgt lusuynem ,gnuoY eoJ ythgiM / gnoK gniK naamlejneP - ek ht71 inuJ 3

01 isireb nanaggnel ukuB aidesret naidumeK .suirotoN / ajnkuruB rohosreT sata ayapus ,malam/gnais ilebid asaib onosineS / onosrahoboS id ileb id tapad rabmel

.".irtna kadit 901

numan ,poksoib gnudeg idajnem isgnuf habureb onosineS gnudeG

poksoib irad naadebrep ikilimem onosineS poksoiB - gnay ajgoJ id poksoib

mlif ratumem onosineS poksoib iD .skes uabreb mlif ratumem ayngnires - mlif

agnaujrep hasik nakatirecnem gnay kana mlif aguj uata ,asgnab n - poksoiB" ,kana

rumu alages 9/7/5 maj ayntukireb nad ini malam :0591 sutsugA 61 ubaR onosineS

aisenodnI mliF ,aisenodnI kilbupeR naakedremeK nuhat 5 gnalu irah tubmaynem

901 taykaR nataluadeK 0591 inuJ 82 ,


04

.".hituP hareM gnaS ktU : 011 uhat 71 mlif alup ada nupikseM gnay sata ek n

,nad ajnkuruB rohosreT mlif ,sata id nakilpuc itrepeS .onosineS id ratupid

.tS halokeS sataek ht71 iluJ 31 d/s irah 2 laggnit )0591 iluJ 21( onosineS poksoiB"

."airaM 111

011 taykaR nataluadeK 0591 sutsugA 61 , 111 taykaR nataluadeK 0591 iluJ 21 ,


14

BAB III

TIETEICOS ONOSINES

.A oroboilaM igaB nahubmutreP S namine iD atrakaygoY nuhaT

0691 - 0891

igaB aisenodnI id nredom ayadub nad ines nahubmutrep oroboilaM nalaJ

.namines rifsomta isautis narihalek nagned natiakreb gnitnep harajes ikilimem iD

m namines arap aratnaid susruksid idajret oroboilaM nalaJ gnajnapes gnay adu

namines adap urugreb - nakapurem oroboilaM .roines namines top gnitlem uata

nugnabret gnay anasauS .lautkeletni nupuam namines iagabreb umetreb tapmet

.oroboilaM nagnukgnil itukignem iatnas

gnaid anerak ?oroboilaM apagnem ,oroboilaM sorop naidumek" aynpag iagabes top gnitlem - oroboilaM aneraK .utis id aynnaumetrep kitit ,utisid ayn

nuhat - lautkeletni ,nawartsas ,namineS .rasap tasup idajnem muleb uti nuhat ,lorbgn umetreB .uti oroboilaM gnajnapesid gnorkgnon asib hisam

edi nakrihalem - alem ,artsas edi edi nakrih - edi nakrihalem ,apur ines edi -"..utis id hisam uti nauhategnep edi 211

aisenodnI id haread iagabreb irad lanoisan namines arap aynharjiH

utas halas idajnem ,isulover akitek atok ubi amaturet rifsomta nahubmutrep

igal pudih hibel gnay naayadubek arap aynlupmukreb nagneD .atrakaygoY id

,)3491 rihal( iggnaraP udnaL ubmU itrepes nawayadub nad nawartsas ,namines

nad )5591 rihal( ojraharotpaS ,)2391 rihal( mayaK ramU ,)7091 rihal( idnaffA

aman - nebmep igab gnitnep sulumits idajnem ,aynnial gnitnep aman .uti nakut

napudihek idajnem gnay raseb naayadubek natalehrep isignem amatureT

211 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 sutsugA 42 ,omotortesiW onrawuS nagned aracnawaW


24

0691 nuhat adap namines nad oroboilaM - harajes nanalajrep malad alup utigeB .na

aygoY id gnabmekreb gnay naayadubek 0691 edaked adap atrak - .rihka na

helo nipmipid gnay satinumoK" narihalek oroboilaM riaynep nediserp gnas nanalajrep ianrawem tapmes )iggnaraP udnaL ubmU( awabmuS kabubakiaW upmam halet ubmU aynkaditeS .ini rajalep atok id ayadub nad ines

nawak hariag naktikgnabmem - akitkelaid haubes malad aynnawakreb gnay naartsasusek atok naiamarek tasup :oroboilaM nalaj id sakram

".ini aratnasuN urujnep hurules ek lanekid gnay )aygoY( geduG 311

anasaus nagned oroboilaM nakpudihgnem gnay uruG utas halas ubmU

nuniA ahmE itrepes nawartsas nupuam riaynep kaynab nakrihalem nad ,namines

bijaN )8491 rihal( asotnaS ihduB mamI ,)3591 rihal( .M.N.A aritsihduY ,

idrassaM )1591 rihal( .D.H milaH ,)4591 rihal( edA .G teibE , suniL ,)4591 rihal(

)1591 rihal( .G.A idayruS gnaputamiS .R gnudnaL , nahulup nad )1591 rihal(

.aynnial gnitnep aman 411

sek anasauS nad pudih tagnas atrakaygoY takaraysam malad naine

nuhat adap gnasgnarem - naatpicnep adap isaiserpa nagned aguj utigeb ,uti nuhat

.isiup gnajnapes id anerak ,gnitnep nasawak haubes idajnem iridnes oroboilaM

namines arap sativitka helo pudih oroboilaM nalaj akitek ,aynirah malam adap

reniluk akena nagned itnagreb oroboilaM naratalep nad putut halet okot aumes

.irah eros kajes aynnagnagad raleggnem ialum hadus gnay

kilimep halmuj anerak nareh kat ,tipmes hisam nup oroboilaM nalaJ rabeL

khab rotomreb naaradnek naidumek amatu satiroirP .tikides tagnas hisam libom na

.ikak nalajep adap

07 isautis irad kiranem gnay" - kadit nak uti oroboilaM nalaj saur anerak uti nagnuraw ada idaJ .gnarakes tadapes - namet umetreb tapmet naklasim gnuraw -

311 isaB natsuB iggnaraP udnaL ubmU" ,5102 ,saraM r - :( asotnaS ihduB namI

,")"icnuK uruJ nad nediserP gnaS anabaS 32 ,5102 iraurbeF ,6 .oN , - .42 411 gnanegnem/956/51/30/3102/molok/daer/oc.opmet.www//:ptth - ubmu - nad -

nakareg - 6102 lirpA 4 seskaid 0791


34

gnay adurag namat id uti namet han soik ada utis id apa idaj uat kag gnarakes kaP ayngnorkgnon tapmet gedug gnuraw ada ulaL .gnorkgnon tapmet utis id ,idnaffA malam hagnet gnadu olak utis id malam nakam olak mayaK ramU

nip ada ulud ..ayngnabreg utnip naped id sisrep gedug ,ojraharotpaS ut haN .irik halebes rasap padahgnem atik ualak ,ojrahgnireb rasap ayngnabreg

silunep atik nad lanekret tagnas gnay gedug utis id - tilus ..haw urab silunep nakaynabek nak ini salek hadu nak uti anerak ritkart id ag olak utisid nakam

hokot - tik ulal hA .hokot gnarakes iD .igal gnorkgnon tapmet ada a ulaL .uti aynhawab id han ,aduraG )letoH( naped iD .oroboilaM naakatsuprep amas ipok gnuraw ,utis id ipok gnuraw ada aneraK .onosineS naped id

."ay ayngnaur ada anerak aguj nad usus gnuraw 511

nugnabret gnay akitkelaiD anasauS .larutan nad iatnas araces rihal isuksid irad

ayntubeynem asaib iridnes akerem ,iatnas nugnabret gnay gnorkgnon tikides kat

."nagnadnaleg" iagabes irid naklanekrepmem gnay alup 611 gnay ankam nakuB

jreb gnay namines nagnurednecek ipatet ,aynhuggnuses tapmeT .hadnerem awi

uata ,iadek ,nakam hamur ,gnuraw nagned natakedreb itsap lupmukreb akerem

tasup nagned takednem ulaleS .nahesel - aneraK .namunim uata nanakam tasup

.huguses tikides nagned maladnem naik nad riac ialum nalorbo

ubek nad ines golaid gnauR akitek eros irad gnusgnalreb tubesret naayad

nad iasu ialum oroboilaM ayar nalaj nanicep adap gnagadreb sativitka aumes

gnay lukip nupuam kaboreg ,nagnosa gnagadeb nagned itnagreb naidumek ,putut

gnisam nalaujreb tapmet halimem - ,uti alak oroboilaM .gnisam gnadnir hisam

nohop nagned - nad oroboilam nalaJ aratnaid ipar rejejreb gnay nignireb nohop

okot - .okot

raleggnem gnay nijargnep ,iynaynep ,sikulep ,namines arap lucnuM" sahk nanakam nakajajnem licek gnagadep arap alup lucnuM .aynnahelobek

m gnay namunim nad .oroboilaM id ini nanalaj ines sativitka gnukudne suret ini nanalaj ines napudihek tuyneD .inis id lanekid ialum nahesel ayaduB

511 milaH nagned aracnawaW .oloS id ,6102 ieM 1 ,DH 611 gnarO" ,5102 ,natahduR SR - ,"oroboilaM gnaro anabaS ,5102 iraurbeF ,6 .oN ,

01 .mlh - .11


44

ini nanalajreP .oroboilaM satitnedi irad naigab idajnem aggnih nalajrebtutid onosineS gnudeg na 0991 nuhat adap akitek itnehret ".pu 711

nagnabmekrep sorop iagabes atrakaygoY nakidajnem satnal gnay ini laH

.aisenodnI id nredom naayadubek

uti ,ajgoJ irad awij idajnem nainesek satinumok nad naayadubek awhab" irad gnitnep naigab utas halas halada onosineS awhaB .aguj kiranem

k naumetrep anerak ?apanek ,gnitnep inI .ayniagabes nad naayadube kadit uti ajgoj takaraysam nak aynlutebes uti naayadubek uata ,uti onosineS

naremap ek gnatad akerem gnusgnal araces - akerem iparet ?nak naremaputi iukagnem akerem ,ayadub atok halada ajgoj awhab asarem nupikseM .

gnaur malad kusam hanrep kadit akerem - akerem ipat ,naremap gnaurnataigek irad ?anam irad ,uti imulkamem - imahamem akerem nad nataigek

".uti 811

narihalek igab ropolep atok nakapurem atrakaygoY atok ,nial atak nagneD

saM .aisenodnI nredom naayadubek amirenem hadum hibel atrakaygoY takaray

atok nagned adebreB .nahaburep nad urab lah - ayadubreb halak kat aguj gnay atok

namines milki ikilimem atrakaygoY ,gnudnaB nikgnum uata ,gnadaP ,ilaB itrepes

atrakaygoY id iumetid aynah nad kitneto gnay ,sahk gnay .

P gnajnapes id lupmukreb asaib tubesret oroboilam inuhgnep ara

)oroboilaM takgnitreb rikrap tapmet gnarakes( aduraG namaT irad oroboilaM

itrepes roines nawayadub nupuam namines irad ,onosineS naped namalah aggnih

artsas atres namines nad ,idnaffA ,mayaK ramU amasreb lupmukreb aynnial naw

nakiludrepmem kat gnatad gnay akereM .isuksid akubmem iatnas nagned nad

ladnas nad gnolbo soak nagned aynah barka nad gnatad asib akerem ,satilamrof

.tipej 911 aggnih oroboilaM gnajnapes id lupmukreb turut gnay notnonep araP

neS roines nawaikednec nupuam ,namines ,nawayadub arap amasreb isuksid ,onosi

711 ,namsU otoynuS ,.tiC .pO 01 - .11 811 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 ieM 41 ,onosraH .xF nagned aracnawaW 911 goY id ,6102 inuJ 62 ,namraW gnaP aracnawaW .atrakay


54

gnades aguj gnay rajalep uata awsisaham arap halada nial aratna tubesret

malad hagnet gnay DH milaH aynlasiM .atrakaygoY id iduts asam itukignem

jaN nuniA ahmE ,MGU id tafasliF iduts .xF nupuata ,MGU imonokE irad bi

akerem ,supmak id nataigek iasues irah eroS .aynnial nad IRSA irad onosraH

.oroboilaM kognenem gnatad utkaweS - roines nawartsas uata namines arap utkaw

tigeb rilagnem ridah gnay raseb nad gnajnap isuksid akubmem ulal gnatad id ajas u

.malam paites 021

.ilsuR aynlaggnut naremap halada ,uti namaj utkaw adap tagni ayas gnay" sureT .ay apur ines kutnu utas gnitnep gnay lah utas idajnem pukuc utI ek gnay )UBAS( ubmaB raggnaS nuhat gnalu halada nial gnay naidumek

up mane nuhat hulupes .uti raseb isuksid utI .aguj utis id utI .nalibmes hul seid kutnu iakap id uata ada nuhat paites naidumek surT .utis id ridah ayaS ekapid awhab ipat ,aggne uata nuhat pait uti sisrep uatag ayaS .irsa silatan

IRSA silatan seiD naD .IRSA silatan seid kutnu adap IRSA anerak ,raseb uti uti utkaw adap IRSA .nakididnep agabmel aynah nakub halada uti utkaw

namines arap anam id nakididnep agabmel halada - aisenodnI raseb namines uti gnrakes gnay isI .gnarakes ISI itrepes nagnayabid nagnaj idaJ .lupmugn

ep arap aynah namines ,nesod arap ulud olaK .rajagn lupmugn rajagn uti utkaw adap ,IRSA ialum hadus akerem akitek ipatet .rajagn ,lupmugn akerem uti ay ,IRRTS idajnem epmas aynaman irad IRSA ialum aynaman

".)onosineS( utis id silataN seiD 121

nes namines arap aynlupmukreB adap susruksid akubmem gnay roi

id rages gnay nainesek milki nakatpicnem oroboilaM id adum hibel gnay isareneg

0691 nuhat - 0791 edaked rihka aggnih - id idajret gnay naatpicnep milkI .na

om nainesek nahubmutrep gnakalebratal idajnem ,oroboilaM nalaj gnajnapes .nred

aynpaggnaid anerak?oroboilam apagnem ,oroboilam sorop naidumek" oroboilam anerak .utisid aynnaumetrep kitit ,utisid ayntop gnitlem iagabes

nuhat - lautkeletni ,nawartsas ,namines .rasap tasup idajnem muleb uti nuhatlam gnajnapesid gnorkgnon asib hisam ,lorbgn umetreb .uti oroboi

edi nakrihalem - edi nakrihalem ,artsas edi - edi nakrihalem ,apurines edi - edinuhat adaP .utis id hisam uti nauhategnep - 07 nuhat - 08 ,na - sorop idaj .uti na

butuk nakujnunem uti oroboilam sorop ,nagnipmag sorop ,rumus kalub -butuk ,namines ,lautkeletni natalugrep top gnitlem tagnas urtsuj hacep kadit .

ualak ,aratu id lautkeletni gnomogn uam olak .uti aynisakamred sirag salej nakhab ,aynaudek umetek uam ualak ,nagnipmaG id nanaminesek gnomogn

021 .oloS id ,6102 ieM 1 ,DH milaH aracnawaW 121 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 ieM 41 ,onosraH .xF nagned aracnawaW


64

metek ,nagnadnaleg umetek ,rasap umetek haN .utig oroboilaM ..takraysam u08 nuhat - ".aynada atayn hisam uti na 221

anerak gnukudnem gnay rifsomta nugnabret upmam atrakaygoY iD

nagned pututret kadit gnay tadaitsi tada nad hamar gnay ayntakaraysam isidnok

hgnep nawayadub nad namineS .urab naayadubek gnay tubesret oroboilaM inu

igab tengam idajnem iggnih atrakaygoY naayadubek anasaus nakpudihgnem

iralunem nad ,edi macam iagabreb rihal atrakaygoY iraD .lanoisan naayadubek

atok - .nial atok 321 ines akitkelaiD - oroboilaM id nugnabret gnay ayadub

da nakkujnunem .laisaps ketkarp ayna

gnutnak aparebeb alup tapadreT - aratneB itrepes nainesekreb gnutnak

onosodirK llaH tropS nad ,oyodubonoS muesuM ,PIL ,akatsuP atraK ,ayaduB

nad ines araca uata nakujnutrep tapmet iagabes nakanugid gnires aguj gnay

.ayadub 421 tnaid numaN gnaur ara - natakedek ikilimem onosineS ,tubesret gnaur

alak atrakaygoY id ada gnay nainesek gnutnak nagnidnabid laiseps nad susuhk

igap ,taas paites id idajret gnay iskaretni iulalem nilajret tubesret natakedeK .uti

wartsas ,namines arap akitek malam nupuam kateL .lupmukreb isimedaka nad na

oroboilaM nalaJ irihkagnem gnay ,atok tasup id tapet adareb ,onosineS sigetarts

nemetrapeD ,aratnA atireB rotnak itrepes sigetarts gnudeg ignililek id nad

.umet kitit iagabes onosineS nakidajnem obasreP nad ,nagnareneP

aP haubes idajnem atrakaygoY atok 0891 aggnih 0691 nuhat edoirep ad

nahatniremep hawab id aynkitilop isautis libats pukuc fitaler gnay licek atok

221 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 sutsugA 42 ,omotortesiW onrawuS nagned aracnawaW 321 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 inuJ 62 ,namraW gnaP nagned aracnawaW 421 waW .atrakaygoY id ,6102 teraM 31 ,omotortesiW onrawuS nagned aracna


74

awitsirep idajret akitek nakhaB .malaukaP nad natluS nahilarep itukiid 5691

t nad ,otraheoS ek onrakeoS naasaukek raseb naiatnabmep idajre - .naraseb

utkaw niramek ayak ajas amas uti .olos ajgoj aratna nalaj aynkokop" .olos ajgoj aratna nak tubir gY .ay apapag nak ajgoJ .89 atrakaj nahusurek tuki his aynatak gnay ilimaf aynup ukA .aparebeb aynah aynoloS ipaT

oT .rakabid ajgoj aynayak ay ..heh heh .. oy en nab okoT .halalidn nad oknama - "..nataleS haread id uti makecnem gnay .ay ajas nama 521

atok nakgnidnabid gnanet hibel fitaler gnay hayaliw kusamret atrakaygoY - atok

lucnep awitsirep idajret aguj nupikseM .aisenodnI id nial .nahunubmep nad ,naki

" naidumek uti aratnet id ,ay aratnet gnipmas id aynitra ,idaJ .ay nakilucneP husum naktapadnem akerem IKP ay halnakatak IKP uam kadit uam ay nak nak naktira irad ,aguj imuysaM irad aguj INP irad kaynab nak IKP

ek anerak nak nakaynabek rethgif elgnis ..nak una ..kadit nak ikp nakayab .utig nak aynigoloedi nagned ilakes nikay aiD .ledom ag uti isarobaloK .nak gnay nakareg ada atrakaj id awhab kapmat akitek uti taas adap han aggniheS

lardneJ nakragnedret gnaY .utigeb lardnej hunubmem - rdnej hunubid la uti haN .atik uat kadn nak ..aynnaataynek nupiksem ,ikp hunubid ,inawreg ,apa id luteb ..idaJ .kadnitreb akerem nak haread id epmayn naidumek

malam - ased epmas ..naidumek haN ,nupiksem tukat .adnor adap utig malam - takraysam helo .adnor ada ,ased utigeb takaraysam naidumek salej gnay ipat

hadu uhat adap nak akerem .gnagep ek gnutnu naidumek ,uti awitsirep adauat anerak .kapmat ag adap gnalih kaynab - nad .kudicid uti irah malam uat

dn uti ualak .kabmetid gnusgnal kudicid ilag ualak ,ilag nagned nial id uat ka id aynnahat id una aid ulud uti lutnab id olak id ulud gnamem idaj .anam hisam uti nanugnab ada muleb nak uluD .IRB kutnu ini taas gnay .uti naubir olak akerem ulud uti idaj ,akubret aynilak ada ulud uti ,ilak .gnosok hanat

ti macam alages idnam nelak id .utis id ay u - )?karaB namuC idaJ( .uti nelak".ayI 621

isautiS .iladnekret nad nama hibel gnurednec patet atrakaygoY hayaliw numaN

kadit aggniheS .hamar nad rutnel hibel idajnem atrakaygoY id nugnabret gnay

Y atok S03G awitsirep regeg adap akij nareh licek atok haubes idajnem atrakaygo

nad natluS iladnek hawab id aguj niales aynkitilop isautis libats pukuc fitaler gnay

.malaukaP

521 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 sutsugA 31 ,otnameoS idkaB niN nagned aracnawaW 621 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 rebmetpeS 11 adap ,onrahuS rajaF nagned aracnawaW


84

raysam ,iridnes nakididnep rotkes iraD a uapmalret hisam atrakaygoY tak

trakaygoY takaraysam isulover acsaP .furuh atub kaynab naka radas ialum a

06 nuhaT .inid kajes nakididnep - nupuam rajalep halmuj nakajnol idajret na

.ased nupuam atok id halokes 721 nagned tujnal takgnit nakididnep nup utigeB

,atrakaygoY id iggnit naurugrep nad satisrevinu macam iagabreb nahubmutrep

alup habmatreb halokes - .nakididnep naka naradasek nad halokes 821

.B isautiS naineseK iD atrakaygoY nuhaT 0691 - 0891

lanoisidart ayadub aratna isarutluka malad isubirtokreb gnay hokot araP

takaraysam gnigad harad idajnem halet gnay nredom ayadub nad atrakaygoY

nades gnay naajarek irad agraulek atoggna nakapurem ,sesorp malad g

halada akereM .targninidaH atrakaygoyagN onodraW unsiW gnogaB nad

.ojrahidusuK 921

.nredom nairat nakatpicnem gnay iranep utas halas ajdradussuK gnogaB

akapurem gnogaB .8291 rebotkO 9 nuhat adap rihaL .IIV BH natluS nanurutek n

.amariW askeB adirK itukignem akitek irat ines nagned nalanekreb ilak amatreP

gnay targninidoyruS naregnaP irad artup ,9291 nuhat adap rihaL anahdraW unsiW

krihalem aynaudeK .awariW askeB adirK awaJ nainesek isasinagro nakiridnem na

721 ,6891 ,najdrameoS oleS id laisoS nahabureP atrakaygoY hajdaG :atrakaygoY ,

982 : mlh ,sserP ytisrevinU adaM - 392 821 dibI 392 :mlh , - .592 921 ,1002 ,).dE( ,deo‘saM rathoM dna msilarulP msilarutlucitluM fo scitiloP ehT

aisenodnI dna ,eropagniS ,aisyalaM ni pihsnezitiC .521 :ululonoH ,


94

reropmetnok ayrak hadus gnay amal alop naklaggninem nad haburem ,fitavoni

.idaj 031

iduts gnalupes awabid gnay taraB huragnep nakapurem tubesret isarutlukA

ajdraidussuK gnogaB .akiremA id hupmenem tapmes anadraW unsiW nad

id nakididnep mA id maharG ahtraM .takireS akire gnay nahaburep kaynab ikseM

irat irad laisnese nakareg tapadret patet ,nakukalid - gnay lanoisidart nairat

.naknahatrepid 131 ialinid nupualaW ayrak ,akitetse isidart fitkepsrep irad - ayrak

kalreb gnay amron ihalaynem nagnurednecek ikilimem akerem .u 231 adaP

nanatat raggnalem uata kasurem nagned nakitra amasid tubesret lah ,aynasam

.aynitsemes gnay laedi nupikseM nad idajret tapad patet nahaburep ,utigeb

asib aisenodnI nredom naayadubek ,rotkaf utas halas halada inI .hairem nikames

aygoY atok id rihal .ilaB id kadit atrak kiranem kutnu nredom are ipadahgneM

.isatpada idajret itsem ,ayadub isufid nakhab uata atasiw ,isareneger tanim akaM

id nredom naayadubek atok ropolep idajnem isnetopreb atrakaygoY uti irad

.aisenodnI

nainesek nakadebmem gnay tagnameS 0691 nuhat id - 0791 aggnih na - na

lah adap rasadreb ,nainesek malad asar halo halada - malad id idajret gnay lah

namines araP .hor ikilimem nad pudih tagnas uti taas adap naineseK .takaraysam

ggniheS .takaraysam irad naigab nakapurem akerem isisop iradaynem ikilimem a

gnades gnay isautis uata halasam helo nabawaj irebmem nad naksumurem sagut

031 1 ,itayidA itiS " ,299 naklaggnineM ,"amaL ayaG aloP malad nad kajeJ

ajdraidussuK gnogaB namalagneP 59 .mlh ,nakopedaP :atrakaygoY , - .79 131 " ,2991 ,ardneR .S .W ,"isidarT emsitatS kaloneM malad nad kajeJ

,ajdraidussuK gnogaB namalagneP 02 .mlh ,nakopedaP :atrakaygoY - .12 231 ,deo‘saM rathoM .tic .po .521 ,


05

.takaraysam malad idajret 331 kaynab tikides naidumek naklisahid gnay ayraK

.laisos kitirk apureb ayraK - kutnu ahasureb ,uti asam adap namines gnaroes ayrak

adap naklipmanem .aynasam adap naadaek nad isautis gnatnet mumu kayalahk

P 0691 nuhat adap isareneg namines nakukalid gnay nahabure - aggnih na

0791 - kutnu aynnagnabmus malad naayadubek nad ines haubes katel halada ini na

aisos naadaek naksumurem sagutreb namineS .nahaburep malad idajret gnay l

aynayapu atres ahasu nad takaraysam irad naigab halada namineS .takaraysam

nahaburep adap kapmad nakirebmem nad takaraysam nagned natiakreb surah

akubmem malad urab nakarbeg nakapurem nredom ines ,igoloedi iges iraD .laisos

nanatat - tat ines ,iridnes fitkepsrep malaD .uggnelebmem gnay kisalk nana

ayapu nad ahasu alages aynkadneh aggnihes takaraysam irad naigab nakapurem

atres ayrak haubes nakrihalem malad - sata nahaburep aynidajret imed atrem

.laisos naadaek irad nasumur ret gnay susruksiD aj gnajnapes id kutneb l na

oroboilaM haburem naayadubek irad isatneserper gnaur idajnem atrakaygoY

.nredom

ikilimem asarem nad ranet hadus uti alak gnay nial lanoisan namineS

.ardneR .S .W halada ini ayaduB atoK nagned natiakretek 431 gnay utkaw adaP

b ripmah 4691( naamasre - akiremA id tujnal nakididnep hupmenem ardneR )7691

ines gnadib malad nahaburep taubmem uaileb ria hanat ek aynilabmekes nad

.retaet uata gnuggnap 531

331 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 inuJ 1 ,namraW gnaP nagned aracnawaW 431 id 5391 rebmevoN 7 adap rihal ,aisenodnI nredom retaet aradartus gnaroeS

aroinamuh nad ines iduts margorp nad ranimes iagabreb inalajnem tapmes ardneR .oloSid .7691 aggnih 4691 nuhat kajes akiremA

531 ,5102 ,inayraiduY ataK iniM retaet nad ardneR SW . :atrakaygoY ,


15

0691 nuhat adap namines arap nakukalid gnay nahabureP - 0791 aggnih na

- ep helo huragnepret na .iregen raul id rajaleb sesorp amales akerem namalagn

nahaburep gnaduges awabmem nagned gnalup gnay ,XI BH natluS aynah kadiT

.ayadub nad ines gnadib adap idajret aguj nahaburep ipatet ,notark isarkorib

eper pesnok malad nakgnautid otraheoS uraB edrO asaM akitek I atil

pesnok padahret naawecekek imalagnem takaraysaM .kusam gnisa ladom

naarethajesek numan gnisa ladom akubmem gnay otraheoS nanugnabmep

nupuam nasatnemep nanijirep ,uraB edrO asam adaP .kurupret hisam takaraysam

amaturet ,tilus gnalibret naremap lanekret gnay namines hokot arap igab

gnay ayrak paites tarays idajneM .asaugnep isitirkgnem gnires gnay silanoisan

,naitra malaD .isilop rosnes itawelem surah naksatnepid nad nakremapid naka

.tapmetes naisilopek irad nizi naktapadnem 631 dit gnay ayrak igaB tapadnem ka

akitek ,ardneR imalaid ini laH .araca nakadagnem asib kadit itrareb ,isilop nizi

tropS id anadrep rodnoK gnuruB nad nodotsaM lakirtaet naksatnemem kadneh

.onosodirK llaH 731

atok iagabes atrakaygoY naktabilem kitilop isaletsnok akitek tapeT

yadub artsas nad ayadub ,ines ainud nahubmutrep nad susruksid akam ,a

iraH .talbik idajnem nad tasep gnabmekreb - oroboilaM nanalaJ tubesret irah

adap ayadub nad ines napudihek aynralegret nagned hairem gnuggnap idajnem

.aynirah malam

631 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 teraM 31 ,onrawuS nagned aracnawaW 731 ,1102 , ).de( asotnaS kilK iwD ,rodnoK gnuruB nad nodotsaM :atrakaygoY

serp karem gnuruB .01 .mlh ,s


25

nagnabmekrep nagned gnirieS ,atasiwirap hara ek oroboilaM

nad huir gnay rasap haubes idajnem oroboilaM nanalaj halisatpookret

adaP .atrakaygoY nawayadub nad namines arap sativitka irad aynnakhuajnem

0791 nuhat - ujunem oroboilaM irad nahalrep harjih ialum namines arap lawa na

l tapmet gnay nuhat iD .sativitaerkreb malad iadamem hibel aynrifsomta gnay nia

.atasiwirap nagnitnepek kutnu isavoner imalagnem oroboilaM amas

.C trA yrellaG onosineS

adaP gnudeg iagabes isgnufreb hisam onosineS gnudeG 7691 nuhat

gnudeG idajnem kajeS .poksoib hadus iridnes onosineS gnudeG ,poksoiB

.utnahreb uata "rekgna" lanekret

" ..kaynab ik utis id elaos .gnugA gnudeg ujunem gnay utnip ada uti onosineS teked id gnay ,iregn gnay uti ay naD .reneb timed timed .e timed kaynab

ti gnugA gnudeG ek ujunem gnay utnip uka aynayak .utnip ada gnakaleB .u gnudeg ,ini ek tepem gnay uti nad .utnahreb ulud ..ay apa notnon ulud ut

".gnuga 831

irad nama gnay gnudeg gnologret nup S03G awitsirep nagned tiakreT

hagnet id adareb gnamem onosineS nupualaw ,aizar uata keberg - itit hagnet k

tapmet helo ignililekid onosineS gnudeG .nawar - nagned natiakreb gnitnep tapmet

nad IWP rotnaK nagned nahalebesreb onosineS gnudeG ,uti taas kitilop isautis

gnudeg nagned nahalebesreb onosineS gnudeG gnakaleb naigab adap ,aratnA

.nagnareneP nemetrapeD 931 eG ,IKP sakram nagned nagnarebesreb onosineS gnud

.nalhaD damhA .lJ natales halebes halebes id katelret ayntapet gnay 11 AMRA

831 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 sutsugA 31 ,otnameoS idkaB niN nagned aracnawaW 931 1 .on naripmal haned tahiL


35

helo ikududid nad narisiynep anekret 11 AMRA 5691 awitsirep regeg akiteK

IPAK sakram nakidajid narisiynep halaletes haluraB .aratnet 041 IMAK nad 141 .

id ,utis id IMAK sakram IPAK sakram nak ,uti 11 IMRA id aynnataleS" rotnak ,IKP ayntapmet ulud uti 11 AMRA gnay ulud uti haN .uti 11 AMRA nak uluD .)gnag haletes ,nalaj natales gnay( gnag e rab ,nalad ludik gnis .IKP

naidumeK .utis id AMRA ada ,hanap kaynab gnalib gnaro nak gnares id".isarepo malad nak aynaratnet ada hadus ipateT .gnadep kaynab 241

nasayaY halrihal XI BH natluS irad naatnimrep sata 8691 nuhat adaP

namines raga natluS helo sagagid tubesret naatnimreP .onosineS - namines

l atrakaygoY malad mukuh nadab utaus taubmem nad risinagroret hibe

najdrameoS oleS kaP nakiapmasid tubesret laH .onosineS gnudeG nakanuggnem

.namialuS orotnailuS adapek XI BH natluS idabirp siraterkes 341 natluS

y nahaburep anerak ,isatneserper gnaur irad naigab nakapurem adap idajret gna

,tubesret isiV .XI anawuB ukgnemaH natluS irad isiv nakapurem tubesret gnudeg

aisenodnI lanoisan nakaregrep hadaw irad gnudeg isgnuf haburem naidumek

ines sativitka hadaw idajnem - .atrakaygoY id nredom ayadub

ineS 9691 nuhat kajes aggniheS iagabes akubid onos yrellaG trA irelaG(

kutnu gnaur naiakamep araggnelesret halet ,0591 nuhat adap nupikseM .)ineS

.MIS raggnas 441 poksoib gnudeg idajnem isgnuf nahaburep imalagnem numaN

raneb urab naidumek ,5591 nuhat adap - idajnem isgnuf habureb raneb G trA yrella

idajnem isgnuf nahilarep akiteK .9691 nuhat adap yrellaG trA gnay isgnuf ,

gnay naineseK .ajas remap gnaur satabes halada nakanugid upmam aynranebes

041 aisenodnI rajaleP iskA nautaseK 141 aisenodnI awsisahaM iskA nautaseK 241 ,6102 rebmetpeS 11 ,namraW gnaP nad onrahuS rajaF nagned aracnawaW id

.atrakaygoY 341 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 iraurbeF 91 ,namialuS orotnailuS nagned aracnawaW 441 taykaR nataluadeK .0591 rebotkO 71


45

idajnem aynhabureb lawa adap araca raleggnem gnires yrellaG trA ines halaynah

akid tubesret laH .apur tareb kasur hadus gnay gnuggnap iskurtsnok rotkaf nakaner

ines kaynab ialum 6791 nuhat adap haluraB .nakanugid tapad kadit aggnih

adap nakiabrep nakukalid halet anerak nasatnemep raleggnem gnay nakujnutrep

.gnuggnap 541

gnaur id idajret gnay raseb natalehreP nalaJ gnajnapes akubret sabeb

aggnih )oroboilaM takgnitreb narikrap inik( aduraG namaT irad ialum oroboilaM

lisah ayrak nakrulenem kutnu tapmet utaus nakhutubmem aynrihka adap onosineS

gnay hor ikilimem aguj gnay tapmeT .idajret halet gnay susruksid irad tapad

idajnem aguj gnay tapmeT .tubesret namines arap irid itaj nakisatneserperem

,nasagag ,isaripsa nakrulaynem upmam gnay tapmeT .akimanidreb malad hadaw

idajnem naidumek ,onosineS .tubesret nawayadub nad namines arap asahab ,edi

itaerkreb gnaja gnuggnap apais nakhab nawayadub ,nawartsas ,namines arap sativ

.akedrem gnay kilbup gnaur idajnem ini asam adap onosineS .nup

0791 nuhat adaP - 0891 yrellaG trA nainesek gnudeg nakapurem onosineS

utas - dubek nad nainesek nataigek ihadawem upmam gnay sugilakes aynutas naaya

ayadub nad ineS .gnukudnem gnay aynratikes nagnukgnil nagned aygoY atok

.nurug gnadap id esao itrepes naktarabiid tapad ,oroboilaM id gnusgnalreb gnay

alup utigeb ,nakam gnuraw itakednem fitom ikilimem idajret gnay isuksiD

ulales lucnum gnay suruksid id reniluk ikajajnem gnades gnay roines arap iracnem

aguj gnay onosineS skelpmok adap idajret tapad gnay alup utigeB .oroboilaM

ikilimem aguj nialeS .rakab itor nad ipok gnuraw ,nakam gnuraw tapadret

541 id ,6102 rebmetpeS 11 ,namraW gnaP nad onrahuS nagned aracnawaW

.atrakaygoY


55

rak ,nareh kaT .umetreb kutnu sigetarts gnay nagnukgnil kelpmok nagnukgniL ane

satnil umet kitit idajnem naidumek atok tasup id adareb sigetarts gnay onosineS

.nilpsid

raulid urtsuJ .lirets ulalret ajas naremap gnaur iagabes uti onosines aneraK" aynaratnaiD .ilakes kiranem gnay iskaretni ilakes kaynab onosineS kana - kanakana naumetreP .uka ,onosineS naped id aynlupmugn ulales irsa - irsa kana

.onosines id uti igolokisp nad tafaslif nasuruj amaturet ,adam hajag nagnedkana naumetrep naidumek sureT - artsas kopmolek nad apurines kana,uti iggnarap udnal ubmu ayntapmet ahmE ada utis id utI .bulk iduts adasrep

aynkiranem utis iD .utis ratikesid aynnaumetrep uti han ,suniL ,bijaN nuniA irad naigab idajnem ipat naremap gnaur idajnem aynah nakub onosineS irad

".idat kilbup gnaur 641

ad atok hagnet id adareb gnay onosineS kateL nalaJ irad gnuju nakapurem n

naka oroboilaM naiamarek irad tasup uata rihka idajnem naidumek ,oroboilaM

nuhat id aynayadub nad ines napudihek - utas halas ,onosineS" .tubesret nuhat

sativitka tasup iagabes nakhibsatid nup gnugA gnudeG skelpmok malad nanugnab

arap lucnuM .ayngnuggnap iagabes oroboilaM nasawak nagned namines arap

".aynnahelobek raleggnem gnay nijaregnep ,iynaynep ,sikulep ,namines 741

idnup ianegnem susruksid lucnum halet 1791 nuhat kajeS - idnup

tubek iradaynem takaraysaM .atrakaygoY id naayadubek .kilbup gnaur naka nahu

kana rabmag naremap naaraggneleynep atireB" - onosineS yrellaG trA id kana .I namalah id niramek ,iraunaJ 82 simaK "RK" id taumid halet

amasreb nakajrekid tubesret naaraggneleyneP - naakatsupreP aratna amaskanA - jgoJ IRVT nagned RK kana gnaraj nakatirebid ini natupil malaD .a

id nakukalid gnires gnay ines nataigek nupuam naremap sativitka nakukalem mutnacret aguJ .ini nagnakaleb onosineS yrellaG trA eussi yrellaG trA awhab

gats anerak poksoib idajnem ilabmek nakisgnuf hilaid naka onosineS isnan hajsabilA sabbA sikulep helo haggnasid areges tubesret lah numaN .tubesret

kana nakratagnem gnay - id rebmag abmol nad naremap itukignem aynkana nakrulasret gnatadnem adum isareneg awhab nanikayekreb aI .onosineS

aratna amasajrek iulalem aynsativitaerk muleb onosineS .RK nad IRVT gnay narikimep gnaruk anerak aynah nakgnayabid gnay itrepes karames ai sikulep gnaroes iagabeS .namines arap nagned amas ajrek nad gnatam

takab tahilem nigni - kana helo isirawid ayntakab - .gnatadnem isareneg kana

641 Y id ,6102 teraM 31 ,onrawuS nagned aracnawaW .atrakaygo 741 ,namsU otoynuS ,.tiC .pO .01


65

m nial gnadib iD idajnem hubmut tapad onosineS ,sabbA sikulep turunetakab naktulaynem tapmet - ines ,irat ines ,kisum ines ,madnepret takab

kadit "naayadubeK atoK" takiderP .aynnial nad sikul ines ,agnub iakgnaremais naka - id ilha gnaroes nagned nagnacnibrep aratnemeS .ais gnadib

aynisgnuf nakilabmekid onosineS yrellaG trA ujutes kadit aguj ,atasiwirapnawatasiw anerak aynnasalA .poksoib gnudeg iagabes - nigni gnisa nawatasiw

sahk gnay ines sativitaerk gnadug" iagabes ajgoJ atok tasup itamkinem."ajgoJ 841

inem iridnes takaraysaM tubesret are adap onosineS yrellaG trA naadarebek ial

nakrasadreb silutid gnay isaripsa tahileM .iauses gnay tapmet nakapurem

utas idajnem onosineS ,sabbA sikulep helo nagnacnibrep - gnay gnaur aynutas

ujnutrep ,nataigek nakrulaynem upmam gnay gnaur ihadawem sativitka nad ,nak

.ini ayaduB atok id gnabmekreb hagnet gnay ayadub nad ines

susuhkret naitahrep kaynab kiranem gnay ayntujnales onosineS id aracA

kopmolek irad apur ines naremap halada apur ines sitirk nagnabmekrep adap

irad minorka nakapurem APIP .APIP naktujnalem gnay apA naidabirpeK ineS

BRSG aynmulebes apur ines nakarbeg irad sitirk nakareg 941 aynnaremap gnay

reropmetnok apur ines sitnirem APIP nad BRSG .gnudnaB nad atrakaJ id ralegid

ubesret naremap malaD .aisenodnI id aynmulebes ada hanrep muleb gnay akerem t

rusnu nakusamem - ,apur ines hadiak malad ada kadit aynmulebes gnay nial rusnu

naurabmep akubmem ahasureb ini naremaP .isalatsni ayrak nad ,kisum itrepes

imalagnem nad ,nangats ,fitavresnok paggnaid gnay nainesek fitkepsrep padahret

emsilaedi sisirk . 051

841 ,taykaR nataluadeK ,1791 iraunaJ 92 941 irad natujnal setorp iska nakapurem ,)4791( uraB apuR ineS nakareG

naveler nad lida kadit paggnaid gnay nairujnep setorpmem gnay matiH rebmeseDes naabmolrep amet padahret iskA .apur in - irad urab fitkepsrep takgnagnem nigni ini iska

nagned gniries nahaburep imalagnem surah hadus paggnaid gnay apur ines nainesek id reropmetnok apur ines ilawagnem BRSG .edi sativitaerk malad golaid nad ,namaj

.aisenodnI 051 aavi.evihcra//:ptth - liated/stneve/gro.enilno 6102/52/4 adap hudnuid 52/


75

nakaraggneleynem ilak parek halet onosineS yrellaG trA iagabeS

naremap - .nasikul naremap 151 naremap nakaraggneleynem satabes aynah kadiT

nad ineS nataigek hurules ihadawem aguj onosineS yrellaG trA ,apuR ineS

eS yrellaG trA id otoF naremaP itrepeS .ayaduB id ajameR aracA ,onosin

,ifargotoF nad nasikuL ,ratiG nagned onosineS ,apuR ineS isuksiD ,artsas isuksiD

,1891 nuhat lanoisan kimok isuksiD ,retaeT nakujnutrep isuksid nad naratumep

naacabmep aguj ,irasayaM agnub iakgnarem ,irat nad kisum nakujnutrep ,mlif

takelem gnay isgnuf ,onosineS yrellaG trA id idajret gnay akimanid iraD .isiup

iagabes aguj ecapS trA radekes adap irad yrellaG trA . 251 sesorp haubes idajreT

gnay reropmetnok nupuam nredom ines naulah iagabreb irad nakhab ,nainesekreb

yrellaG trA nakidajnem nredom nainesek hadaw utas talas iagabes onosineS

.atrakaygoY id amatrep

nad sativitka alages ihadawem aynrasad adap onosineS yrellaG trA

",nredom ayadub nad ines akimanid .ada hanrep kadit aguj aynasar nalemaG

gnires ay ut artsekrO .ada ag utig tudgnaD aynlasiM .aynrotaruk ada surah gnaY .

".apur ines 351 lanoisidart naayadubek nad ines nataigek ihadawem gnay gnauR

tapmet ikilimem halet - yrellaG trA .oyodubonoS muesum itrepes nial tapmet

0891 nuhat YID tapacaM naabmolrep tapmet idajnem tapmes onosineS

erakid nagned naamasreb fisudnok kadit nagnukgnil anerak taases isaukave nakan

.netakes rasap nanuhat lautir nataigek 451

151 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 iraurbeF 91 ,namialuS orotnailuS nagned aracnawaW 251 ecapS trA nagnajap tafisreb gnay ines ayrak satabes kadit ,nainesekreb gnaur

d nataigek ihadawem gnay gnaur aguj ipatet ,atames .ines susruksid na 351 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 iraurbeF 91 ,namialuS orotnailuS nagned aracnawaW 451 taykaR nataluadeK 0891 iraunaJ 9 ubaR ,


85

0891 nuhat iD - eS kimoK naremaP nakaraggnelesid na - amatrep aisenodnI

gnat adap halada aynkacnuP .onosineS eirellaG trA id gnusgnalreb nad ilak 21 lag

.lanoisan kimok ranimes araca nagned 0891 rebmevoN

kaynab kadit naacaB namaT 8 nad simagrec gnaro 13 ayrak itukiiD" gnajnapes id rapmahret gnay magrec ilikawem pukuc ipaT .aynhuggnuses

L .riahanat id ukub okot esalate kilab id nad ayarnalaj raotort uti irad hibenanikgnumek nakijaynem aguj naremap ,halam - urab nanikgnumek — gnay

nemirepske iagabes aynmagrecnep iukaid rujuj nagned -- ,amet malad kiab , ukuB .aynartsas ines ayag nupuam )fitaroked patet ualaw( apur ines ayag

,aynlasim ,nagnaujreP muesuM umaT kajes irad imsaH simagrec takgnaid uti magrec amasreb alup ayngnajapid gnay amas luduj malad liamsI qifuaT nateroc nagned itnanikowruP nad noJ iS amarkatraP .gnidnab nahab iagabes napacugnep nad nahalognep nagned ipat ,hisasoK AR irad adeb kat amet nad

ok ialin naktamaregnem gnay akerem aynaH .reropmetn - lakissalk ialin naigabes aynnaktukiiD .ini noJ iS magrec helo tagnesret asarem ilakgnarab hugeT ulimeP nad )bst imsaH aguj( eiG gnaW ohK nO tuP laires irad

nakkujnunem kadit gnilap ,nial aratna ,)?( osotnaS nakub kimok awhab aparebeb alup utigeB .roroh atirec nad dabab ,adnegel ,gnayaw aynah aparebeb( gnayas ,kartsba fitaroked ayag nagned abocnem simagrec

.naknikayem gnay kinket nataukek helo gnapotid kadit )aynaratnaid

hreb hadus nasiluT kirbaP nupanamiagaB apa nakkujnunem lisa".tamaleS .paragid nikgnum gnay apa nad hadus gnay 551

araca kutnu nakanugrepid gnires hisam onosineS 0891 edaked lawa adaP

.nainesek

harum nad hadum tagnas gnay satilibiseska ikilimem onosineS yrellaG trA

ayadub nupuam namines arap igab .naw 651 ahmE aracnawaw haubes malaD

.lebiskelf nad hadum utigeb gnudeg namajnimep sesorp naksagenem gnay akereM

otraM kaP iumenem nad gnatad asib onosineS id satilisaf nakanuggnem kadneh 751

.niam laggnat nasemem nad lawdaj tahilem kutnu 851

551 6 ,nasiluT kirbaP araca kutnu nawaiteS irsreH lainomitseT - rebmevoN 21

atrakaygoY ,onosineS ,0891 T kirbaP kilim pisrA . .nasilu 651 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 teraM 3 ,bijaN nuniA ahmE nagned aracnawaW 751 kajes ,onosineS yrelaG trA nahisrebek sugilakes agajnep halada otraM kaP

0591 nuhat - .na 851 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 ieM 51 ,tetuB nagned aracnawaW


95

ulud .hadum tagnas ho" kaG .aja gnudeg agajnep amas nagnubuh amuc ut ayak aynhalitsi ,ay apa gnau hisak atik itnan gnudeg aynah .isarkorib ada anamig aynniji niaynatid ag .ilakes amas isarkorib ada ag .utig halupas gnau

,apareb laggnat gnosok aynlawdaJ .iakap ,ekap hadu .ada ag ada hadus ini ho ulaL .naaraduasrep rudesorp ut aynrudesorp idaj .aja utig hadu .iakam gnay anrup nagned uti ,isarkorib ada nak naatanep ada edoirep ialum uti haletes

lasoporp ada ag ulud .lasoporp nakujagnem surah ayadub - olak nalasoporposineS olaK .ulud gnapmag evitaler uti on - pitnign amuc ,halnagnapmag

gnulut ,kap niam ,kap enemes laggnat uka kap ,agaj gnay umetek lawdaj iapmas uti( .nahisrebek gnau hisagn itnan .aja utig hadU .iuk tetacid

".utig ayas tegnies ,ayI )?mo ay utig aynpututid 951

gnalibret ikseM gnarabmes kadit ,tubesret gnudeg uakgnajnem hadum tagnas

haubes aynkadit kayal ialinem gnay rotaruk nawed ada pateT .ralegid tapad araca

.aynnial ines araca nupuam naremap

,nawayadub nad namines arap nagned natakedek ikilimem onosineS

atakid asib anerak uti utkaw adap atrakaygoY aynah kadit atok iagabreb irad nak

halaS .aisenodnI id ayadub nad ines nagnabmekrep talbik nakapurem atrakaygoY

onosineS yrellaG trA nagned natakedek ikilimem asarem gnay namines utas

.onosraH .xF sikulep halada onosineS nakapurem nalaj nakutnenem gnay tapmet

.itajes namines gnraoes iagabes aynpudih

raggnas tuki ayas anerak ,uti ubmaB raggnaS nuhat gnalu isuksid akitek han" haW .uti ayas taub asaib raul ..ayas ..hudaw tahilem ayas utis id idaJ .ubmab

namines amas lupmugn ayas - mines ialum ayas naidumek utis id utI .pot na ..IRSA id aynhunepes ayaS .NTPA id hailuk igal kadit ayas ini irah mutnemom utaus aynitra ..ini ..ini asarem ayas naidumek halutis id naidumek

".ayas pudih bisan nakutnenem gnay 061

ubesret ubmaB raggnaS isuksid iulaleM harajes ikilimem onosineS ,uaileb igab t

ainud malad ek nujret alum lawa adap aynnaped asam kutnu gnitnep gnay

.nainesek onosineS ,atrakaygoY id harpikreb hanrep gnay namines igaB

951 ieM 51 ,tetuB nagned aracnawaW .atrakaygoY id ,6102 061 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 ieM 41 ,onosraH .xF nagned aracnawaW


06

itinem malad lidna irebmem hanrep itsap gnay nainesekreb gnaur nakapurem

rak .ri 161

" adap ajgoJ id nupapa iseforp iagabreb malad namines aumes ripmah idaJ 08 iapmas 54 edoirep - utI .onosineS nagned nagnuggnisreb hanrep itsap ,na

namines epmas ,gnogaB kaP ,idnaffA irad ,nimaj ayas - ,apur ines naminesp nimaj ayaS .aumes ,artsas ,retaet irad largetni naigab utI .uti itsa

".ajgoJ id ines nahubmutrep 261

nainesekreb gnaur iagabes onosineS yrellaG trA aynada nagneD

,atok kilbup gnaur iagabes netal isgnuf ikilimem nad atrakaygoY takaraysam

nerak pudih nikames idajnem ayaduB nad ineS nahubmutrep satilisaf ikilimem a

idajnem iridnes atrakaygoY atoK takaraysaM .nataigek ihadawem gnay

malad ek kusam halet gnay atok hara nahaburep nagned isatpadareb kitilop

atok takaraysam hurules kadit aynlutebes ikseM .ayaduB atok iagabes lanoisan

tregnem atrakaygoY gnajnapes id idajret gnay ayadub nad ines napudihek gnatnet i

malad id uata oroboilaM nalaJ yrellaG trA aynakubret nagned numan ,onosineS

yrellaG trA nad mahaf idajnem takaraysam kilbup gnaur iagabes aguj onosineS

t gnades gnay nahaburep nagned isatpadareb .idajre 361

161 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 ieM 51 ,tetuB nagned aracnawaW 261 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 ieM 51 ,tetuB nagned aracnawaW 361 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 ieM 41 ,onosraH .xF nagned aracnawaW


16

VI BAB

?APAIS KILIM ONOSINES

.A atrakaygoY nuhaT 0891 - na aggniH lawA 0991 - na

id fitka gnusgnalreb patet naayadubek akimanid utkaw ek utkaw iraD

aynaraggnelesret nagned kapmat ini laH .atrakaygoY lanoisaN muisopmiS

naartsasuseK nredoM aisenodnI 62 adap MGU id nakgnusgnalid gnay - rebotkO 72

.4891 aisenodnI naartsasusek malad gnitnepret hokot arap iridahid muisopmiS

.tubesret namaj id artsas nagnabmekrep ianegnem sahabmem gnay 461

opmis malad gnusgnalreb gnay isuksid nad halakam iraD tubesret muis

urahes artsaS .nangats paggnaid artsas nagnabmekrep ipaggnanem s upmam ayn

gnay laisos satilaer padahret kitirk nupuam iskelfer sata gnoroc haubes idajnem

.takaraysam malad gnusgnalreb hagnet 561 natalarep ikilimem aynsurahes artsaS

lad naujut nad nalaosrep ipadahgnem ma - .natakaraysamek nalaosrep 661 halasaM

ayrak haubes laisos isgnuf halada naidumek nasahabmep idajnem nad lubmit gnay

nagnurednecek aguj gnipmasid ,artsas - aisenodnI artsas adap nagnurednecek

.nredoM 761 naartsasuseK lanoisaN muisopmiS malaD uti nredoM aisenodnI

461 ,5891 ,otnayreH leirA lautsketnoK artsaS natabedreP ,ilawajaR .VC :atrakaJ ,

.9 .mlh 561 .dibI .731.mlh , 661 .dibI .941 .mlh , 761 .dibI .051 .mlh ,


26

hibel numan ,ini arE adap nawartsas arap nahunejek sahabmem iridnes

.tubesret isnangats irad ouq sutats nakhukukgnem 861

gnay nahubmutrep imalagnem nainesek anasaus nup ini edoirep adaP

hasipret - k malaD .atrakaygoY id rabeynem nad hasip tapadret iridnes namines ubu

.nahaceprep 961 0891 are adaP - kopmolek ikilimem kapmat namines ini na -

" .aynmulebes are adap itrepes utasreb kadit gnay kopmolek 08 haletes anerak - na

08 ,ked uti - 09 na - nial amas utas agiruc hunep hadus ,lewer hadus namines uti ,na

ubuk - .naubuk "

onrawuS ,iridnes namines kahip adap tubesret naiskasek ihagneneM

adapek hibel namines malad id ada gnay nahaceprep tahilem hibel ,omotortesiW

gnisam gnadib adap nahubmutrep - id rabeynem nad naamasreb gnay gnisam

0891 are adap atrakaygoY - .na

" ubuK .isasiralop idajret ulales ,inigeb ini ajgoJ id aynhuggnusueS - uti ubuk iskirf idajnem kadit uti naubukrep ,licek ini atok anerak amuc ,ada ulales idajnem naidumek gnay iskirf idajnem kadit uata ,suires ulalret gnay

ubuk idajnem naidumek nad narutneb -k kilfnok .kadit hasipret gnay ubu malad lucnum gnay iynubmesret gnay kilfnok ,kilfnok ada nup ualaK .kadit

huggnus kadit ipatet ,apa uata nakedel ,nanouyg kutneb - idajnem huggnus".nagnuratrep haubes 071

ik gnay natubes adap awabmem naidumek tubesret naubukgneP nagned lanekid in

id nataleS nad aratU hayaliw nasahkek naklojnonem gnay isakramed sirag

.atrakaygoY

nagnipmag 48 nuhat nagnipmaG haletes ,silunem ayas naidumek urab haN" aynumetreB .ISI irad naigab idajnem ,ISI idajnem aman habureb nak uti

kisum imedaka .nagnipmaG id 48 nuhat nakiridid ISI idaJ .irat imedaka nadhacep hisam nupikseM .ISI supmak ipatet IRSA supmak idajnem igal kadiT -

id utaynem aynsupmak naidumek nuhat hulupes naidumek urab hacep sorop ,rumuS kaluB patet aynsorop silunem hanrep ayas ,noweS nad ,noweS

861 .dibI .9 .mlh , 961 bijaN nuniA ahmE nagned aracnawaW .atrakaygoY id ,6102 teraM 3 , 071 onrawuS nagned aracnawaW .atrakaygoY id ,6102 sutsugA 42 ,omotortesiW


36

gnutnak sulp - nuhat adaP ..atrakaygoY id naayadubek gnutnak - 07 nuhat - ,na08 - uti oroboilaM sorop ,nagnipmaG sorop ,rumuS kaluB sorop idaJ .uti na

butuk nakujnunem - ,namines ,lautkeletni natalugrep butuk top gnitlem kadiT .salej tagnas urtsuj hacep gnomogn uam olaK .uti aynisakamred sirag

uam ualak ,nagnipmaG id nanaminesek gnomogn ualak ,aratU id lautkeletni umetek ,nagnadnaleg umetek ,rasap umetek nakhab ,aynaudek umetek

08 nuhat haN .utig oroboilaM ..takaraysam - "aynada atayn hisam uti na 171

legneP nad ,ayadub nad ines sativitka nagned kitnedi nataleS haread nakopmo

tubesret naarticneP .simedaka gnadib malad naujamek nagned kitnedi aratU

haread nad nagnipmaG id katelret gnay IRSA supmak isasilobmis nagned libmaid

katelret gnay MGU supmak nagned aratU .rumuS kaluB id 271 naidumeK 32 adap

nagned ITSA nad imA nagned IRSA ayngnubagreb halnakimserid ,4891 iluJ

nad ISI kutnebmem noweS ek hadnip . 371

nahubmutrep nakapurem aynmulebes 0891 aggnih 0691 are adaP

eM .atrakaygoY id ayadubmem gnay sitirk ines napudihek namaj awij naktujnal

hokot ikilimem aguj ini are ,uti taas - nagned tiakret sitirk gnay takaraysam hokot

ayajiwnugnaM atrayliB fusuY .naayadubek 471 gnay rutsap gnaroes halada

lanekiD .nawartsas nakapurem aguj nad ketisra gnadib malad nailhaek ikilimem

p nagned halasam adap iludep tagnas aguj gnay ,nugnaM omoR barka naliggna

atekgnes susak malad aynnailudepek kutneb utas halaS .naayadubek nad laisos

171 omotortesiW onrawuS nagned aracnawaW 271 omotortesiW onrawuS nagned aracnawaW 371 4891/93 .oN ,IR nediserP KS 471 id laggninem nad 9291 ieM 6 ,awarabmA id rihaL ayajiwnugnaM .B.Y

adaP .9991 iraurbeF 01 atrakaJ suirevaX sucsisnarF SIH halokes ek kusam 6391 nuhat ,gnalegaM id 3491 nuhat adap rasad halokes nakididnep nakiaseleyneM .nalitnuM 1591 nuhat adap AMS nakididnep nad ,atrakaygoY id 7491 nuhat adap PMS nakididnep

es kusam ayajiwnugnaM 1591 nuhaT .gnalaM id naD .atrakaygoY id hagnenem iranim2591 nuhat - naduyotreM id hagnenem iranimeS ek igal kusam ayajiwnugnaM 3591

iluaP itcnaS igoloeT nad tafasliF tutitsnI ek kusam 9591 nuhat adap naidumeK .gnalegaM( nami iagabes nakhibsatid amas gnay nuhat adap ,atrakaygoY adap haluraB .)rotsaP

.rutketisrA ainud nagned aynnaapmujrep lawa 9591 nuhat


46

araus nakgnaujremem licek taykar alebmem nugnaM omoR ,obmognudeK hanat

nakhab uaileB .hatniremep nawalem aynkah nad halmujes nupmihgnem

.obmognudeK takaraysam gnolonem isapisitrapreb kutnu awsisaham 571

gnay asgnab surenep ,adum isareneg nakitahrepmem tagnas nupuaileB

surah gnay aisunam gnaroes halada aynirid awhab radas aynitsemes

halokes nakiridnem nagneD .nakaisunamid nujret uaileb ,edoC iagnus naratnab id

takaraysam nugnabmem ialum nad iagnus nariggnip takaraysam malad gnusgnal

."aisunam nakaisunamem" nagned

.B gnutnaK naayadubeK edakeD 0891 - na

0891 edaked adaP - nakajnolok imalagnem apur ines namines arap na

ilebmep naidumek narasap itanimid laujret siral aynayrak gnay namines araP .

irelag nugnabmem - akerem irad aguj kaynab ,uti satabes kaT .remap gnaur irelag

nugnabmem gnay ecaps tra .atrakaygoY id rabeynem hayaliw iagabrebid 671 haN"

09 adap iapmas - idajret uti na imoob gn gnutnak apur ines - nainesek gnutnak

?apa aneraK .tegnab kaynab ,rumaj itrepes lucnum uti apur ines amaturet

namineS - gnaur nikib ,kiab nagned rasap paresid rasap araces kiab gnay namines -

".naremap gnaur 771

iagabreb nalucnumeK yrellag trA nupuam , ecapS trA atrem atres tubesret

edaked itrepes atok tasup id tasupret igal kadit naayadubek gnutnak taubmem

aggniheS .atrakaygoY hayaliw hurules id atar rabeynem ialum ipatet ,aynmulebes

571 opmeT 12 .mlh ,1991 lirpA 72 "obmognudeK id nahatreB gnay akereM" , 671 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 sutsugA 42 ,omotortesiW onrawuS nagned aracnawaW 771 ortesiW onrawuS nagned aracnawaW .atrakaygoY id ,6102 sutsugA 42 ,omot


56

0891 edaked irad ialum - id rabeynem nad atarem nahubmutrep tapadret ,ini na

aygoY iagabreb aynnalucnumreb nagneD .nainesek gnadib adap susuhkret atrak

butuk taubmem tubesret naayadubek gnutnak - aynmulebes gnay nainesek butuk

akatsuP atraK ,onosineS yrellaG trA adap itrepes atok tasup id tasupret 871 PIL , 971

ayaduB namaT nad 081 nad rabeynem inik licek nakareg taubmem - numan licek

.nial amas utas apaynem gnilas aguj patet 181 amasajrek nad tahes nagniasreP

.atrakaygoY id nainesek napudihek nakarameynem nikames aynaratnaid

halrihaL .ayajiwatiS utuP aynkilim ecapS trA gnirkgnaS halrihal aynhotnoC"tsaws gnaraS halrihaL .ibmeT id ayaduB hamuR ibmeT isaisinignem aguj a

nasreK .natales lutnaB haread id apuR ralaN halrihaL .iflA aynkilim gnidliuBgnutnak ilakes kaynaB .oidutS trA - nugnabmem gnay naayadubek gnutnak

".apur ines naremap gnaur idajnem amaturet 281

.C onosineS nuhaT 1891 - 1991

hurap ikusamem namaj naletid gnasu ialum iridnes onosineS yrellaG trA

trA gnudeg kisif adap natawarep apureb naitahrep aynada apnaT .aud ek daba

nad hokok iridreb patet tubesret aut gnudeg aynasar lihatsum ,onosineS yrellaG

871 gnay adnaleB gnisa asahab iduts tasup nasayay haubes halada akatsuP atraK

nakaideynem akatsuP atraK .JS ,ffeoL .L .M .H E aynoyN helo 7691 nuhat adap nakiridid691 teraM 11 adap akubid imser araces gnay naakatsuprep nagned amas ajrekeb gnay 8

okotraH kciD omoR nahusa hawab id akatsuP atraK .atrakaJ id adnaleB raseB naatudeK ines nagnabmekrep igab nainesekreb gnaur isubirtnok irebmem kaynab 0891 ekaked adap

.atrakaygoY susuhkret aisenodnI naayadubek nad 971 odnI agabmeL .5791 nuhat adap nakiridid PIL takgnisid uata sicnareP aisen 081 7791 nuhat adap nugnabid gnay nainesek gnutnak nakapurem ayaduB anruP

.XI onowubukgnemaH natluS irS .I.R nediserP likaW helo 8791 adap nakimserid nadap saniD sinkeT naanaskaleP tinU nakapureM hareaD isnivorP naayadubeK saniD ad

naayadubeK nad nakididneP irtneM nasutupek tarus nakrasadreB .atrakaygoY awemitsItasup nakiridid ,8791 uhat - aisenodnI id isnivorp aparebeb id aynnial naayadubek tasup

.ayaduB namaT aman nagned 181 nrawuS nagned aracnawaW .atrakaygoY id ,6102 sutsugA 42 ,omotortesiW o 281 .atrakaygoY id ,6102 sutsugA 42 ,omotortesiW onrawuS nagned aracnawaW


66

itnac gnudeg malad gnuggnap 2891 nuhat adaP .nasikikgnep hutnesret apnat k

.hobor onosineS 381

,halasam idajnem tapmes onosineS yrellaG trA gnudeg naayaibmeP

nanugnab tawarem kutnu naraggna anad aynnakisakolaret kadit nakanerakid

egatireh kret naayaibmeP .tubesret aynah anas id gnusgnalreb gnay nataigek tia

naka anacaw malad onosineS aggniH .kirtsiL nad riA anad nasitarggnep satabes

tubesret lah numaN .nahakinrep araca gnudeg idajnem kutnu nakhelobrepid

trA nairah surugnep ,namialuS orotnailuS helo haggnasid areges yrellaG

.onosineS

apa KS iaynupmem kadit atiK .rayabmem gnay atok ilaw kap patet aY" - apaw kap ,uti ropalem atik utkaw halaM .atok ilaw irad nakatagnem atok ila

helob ay nahakinrep gnudeg idaj nakawes id uam aynkokop - gnow ajas helobrayabmem naka kadit imak patet ayaib nakraulegnem naka kadiT .ohl utig i

.utig naknalajnem kutnu asib nak nakawesid asib olak idaJ .onosines kutnu kutnu uti gnudeg nakaweynem naka kadit imak aynsalabmem imak ipaT

marp abasaharg gnarakes ualak itrepes aY ?uti ot ucul aH .nahakinrep ana ini haN .e satisrevinu uti gnoW ?ot ucul oy aynlutebes nak nahakin kutnu surah utis id naremap kutnu gnoW .igal inrum ines yrellaG .yrellag nawed uti naremap ratfadnem gnaro aynlasiM .ulud nakgnacnibrepid

".gnadnu ayas naremap aynrotaruk 481

nagned ikseM kutnu nakanugrepid patet onosineS ,uti itrepes naadaek

araca - 21 adap naksatnep id naka gnay MMS raseB resnoK itrepeS .nainesek araca

4891 iraurbeF 581 4 utbaS irah adap oyoduB omoriW gnarO gnayaW satnep ,

4891 iraurbeF 681 nuggnap halnakimserid 6891 iluJ 1 adaP . .onosineS akubret g 781

helo malam uggniM aynnaiakamep nakimserid akubreT naineseK gnuggnaP

taas tapet gnusgnalreb naimserep ,otnakimtajD loktel ,atrakaygoY aydokilaW

381 .atrakaygoY nanediserpeK anatsI pisrA 481 ,namialuS orotnailuS nagned aracnawaW .atrakaygoY id ,6102 iraurbeF 91 581 taykaR nataluadeK , 4891 iraurbeF 3 681 taykaR nataluadeK 4891 iraurbeF 4 , 781 taykaR nataluadeK 6891 iluJ 1 ,


76

sata hisak amiret nakataynem nup aydokilaW .ilabmeK aygoY gnanegnem

gnay gnuggnap nagnabmus ihunemem tapad agomes naparah nad ,uti kitnac

A nalaJ onosineS namaT id m4 x m9 narukureb opodneP .aumes atik nanigniek

helo gnacnarid gnay atrakaJ taykaR aratneB nasayaY irad haidah halada I inaY

ad sapmoK kahip ilikawem idnaffA matseoR .ayajiwnugnaM .B.Y aidemarG n

laisos bawaj gnuggnat nakapurem tubesret gnuggnap nairidnep nakatagnem

gnay nijarep nad namines utnabmem kutnu ,takaraysam nad acabmep arap adapek

.nautnab nakhutubmem hisam 881

onosineS nalaosreP kilfnoK lawA .1

anatsi nagnabmegnep pisra turuneM ianegnem anacaw ,nanediserpek

onosineS gnudeG .9891 kajes lucnum halet onosineS gnalu naatanep

saseD .ragup id naka nakanacnerid - onosineS narakgnobmep ianegnem sused

id lucnum naktujegnem atireB .1991 nuhat lawa id assam aidem ek taucnem ialum

airah narok nakatirebiD ."rakgnobiD onosineS teraM 1 ialuM" ,tsoP aygoY n

.rakgnobid naka tubesret nainesek gnudeg teraM 1 ialum anacner turunem awhab

nanediserpeK anatsI namat nasaulrep akgnar malad tubesret narakgnobmeP

irep awhab aguj nakatirebiD .)AG( gnugA gnudeG irad irad lasareb tubesret hatn

asib gnay rebmuS .atrakaJ irad mit helo aguj inagnatid naka nad )atrakaJ( tasup

naka gnay mit nakatagnem aguj ,tubesret aynsatitnedi tubesid kat nad ayacrepid

kahip nial iD .ini gnarakes aygoY id adareb hadus aguj inagnanem orotnailuS

881 taykaR nataluadeK 6891 iluJ 1 ,


86

awhab iuhategnem kadit nakatagnem onosineS nasayaY autek ukales namialuS

82 laggnat adap iridnes onosineS yrellaG trA .teraM 1 rakgnobid naka onosines

ukagnem aynirid nupiksem .nainesek araca kutnu nakanugid hisam 1991 iraurbef

gnadnuid hanrep ahasureb patet iridnes orotnailuS .tubesret lahirep tapar

.tubesret sigetarts tapmetid hagem iridreb patet raga onosineS naknahatrepmem 981

itrepes aynanacner salejrepmem nikames kapmat iridnes hatniremep kahiP

.nawatraw adap nakropalid gnay

" dis utaus malaD ini halasam ;ulal nalub aparebeb YID DRPD onelp gna nakirebmem YID DRPD ,sutecret ini gnadis irad nahalaM .taucnem hanrep ,aynitnaggnep nakiracid surah tubesret gnudeg ,natatac nagneD .uajih upmal

d aynanacneR .ojrahgnireB taked tieteicos skelpmok id inkay uti skelpmok i upmam aggnihes ,fitatneserper tagnas gnay nainesek gnudeg taubid naka

."ines sativitka alages gnupmanem 091

itnaggnep idajnem anug kirilid ialum nup )gnarakes YBT( riatiliM tieteicoS

.onosineS 191 sib muleb hisam iridnes riatiliM onosines isidnoK kutnu nakanug a

nakbabesid tubesret laH .rotok nad atatret muleb hisam anerak ,nainesek araca

nahab nanapmiynep gnadug kutnu nakanugid riatiliM tieteicoS gnudeg niales

aguj ,IRBA atoggna halmujes laggnit hamur nad ojrahgnireB rasap nagnap

utnu nakanugrepid rasap sativitka naratupes hisam nagnadep arap nalaujreb k

.ojrahgnireB kudnI 291 ojrahgnireB rasap nagned nahalebesreb gnay tieteicoS kateL

aggnihes ,nalaujreb kutnu nakanugid turut aguj tieteicoS naratikes aera taubmem

.humuk nasekret

namines aratna kilfnoK lucnum onosineS naknahatrepmem ahasureb gnay

gnaret - rakgnobid naka onosineS awhab gnusgnal iuhategnem akitek nagnaret

981 tsoP aygoY 1991 iraurbeF 72 "rakgnobiD onosineS teraM 1 ialuM", 091 tsoP aygoY iraurbeF 72 ubaR "rakgnobiD onosineS teraM 1 ialuM", 1991 191 sanreB 1991 teraM 31 ubaR "onosineS itnaggneP retiliM tetisoS " , 291 sanreB 1991 teraM 31 ubaR "onosineS itnaggneP retiliM tetisoS " ,


96

.latot 391 nagned ayraK atpiC nejriD aratna golaid malad ,1991 teraM 52 adaP

olegnep( namialuS orotnailuS nad )YKD atoggna( GA idayruS suniL trA al

iauses awhab naksagenem gnay tapadnep naadebrep lucnum )onosineS eirellaG

nakhab ,latot rakgnobid naka onosineS yrellaG trA ,labolg anacner nagned

gnudeg sakeB .tubesret nuhat id ialum nakukalid narakgnobmep nakitsapid

namat nakidajid naka onosineS gnudeG namat irad naigab nakapurem gnay atok

nasawak irad naigab nakapurem naka igal labolg hibel araces nad gnugA

nakA .IWP nad aratnA gnudeg adap iapmas naka nakabmoreP .uti naayadubek

aggnihes ragupid aynah latot rakgnobid kadit tubesret gnudeg ,ipatet idajnem asib

kutnu lawa hakgnal nakapurem onosineS narakgnobmeP" .gnugA gnudeG naigab

.nejriD atak ",tubesret nasawak nakdujuwem tieteicoS riatiliM igal - naka tubes igal

naakanaskalid sativitka alages naahadnimep numan ,onosineS itnaggnep idajnem

deg akitek gnu tieteicoS riatiliM gnaret suret orotnailuS ubI .ragupid halet

nejriD kapaB raga nohom imaK ",nejriD adapek aynnatarebek nakatagnem

imaK ...aygoY namines araus nakragnednem nad uti anacner ilabmek uajninem

namines arap araus namaker napmiynem nalutebek sata natarebek gnay aygoY

kutnu aygoY namines igab natapmesek halireB .onosineS aynrakgnobid anacner

ayraK atpiC nejriD ."onosineS aynah ualaw ,oroboilaM irad naigab ikilimem

onosineS rakgnobmem hatnirep niales anerak ,nial taubreb asib kadit iridnes

hadus kutnu rakgnobid naka patet onosineS .nurut hadus nup naraggna anad ,ada

irad naigab nakapurem gnay naaydaubek nasawak inkay ,raseb hibek gnay utauses

ignujnugnem naidumek YKD nagnobmoR .oroboilaM nasawak naatanep anacner

391 tsoP aygoY "onosineS bisaN tukgnayneM atrakaJ id nagnageteK idajreT" ,

1991 teraM 62 asaleS


07

adubeK nejriD iumenem nad JKD ,IKD gnay halasam nakiapmaynem kutnu naay

srd YID admeP II adliwkessA itukiid nial aratna YKD nagnobmoR .amas

halmujes nad YID DRPD E isimok atoggna ,YKD surugnep arap ,iraH onomarP

.nawatraw 491

onosineS kutnU hisaK atniC iskA .2

rakaygoY nawayaduB nad namineS ianegnem aracib takgna ialum at

BY ,owobiW derF atrakaygoY naineseK naweD auteK .onosineS nahalasamrep

gnay nasutupek nakgnayaynem tagnas okotraH kciD nad ayajiwnugnaM

nad takaraysam ,namines ,hatniremep kiab kahip kaynab nakigurem

.naayadubek 591 moR turuneM tapad kadit onosineS nahansumep ,nugnaM o

kiab kahip aumes nakigurem aynrasad adap babes ,nupapa araces nakranebid

irad hibelreT .iridnes uti aygoY naayadubek nad takaraysam ,namines ,hatniremep

kalagid gnades gnay atasiwirep nad larutketisra gnadnap tudus nuhat kajes nak

nemunem ,rutketisra ayrak iagabes kiab gnitnep tessa nakapurem onosineS ,0991

rebmus turuneM .ines ayrak macam iagabreb hadaw iagabes nupuam harajesreb

onosineS narucnahgnep nasutupek ,aynaman naktubesid uam kadit nad ayacrepret

anep halada awhab naktubesiD .otraheoS nediserP nanigniek irad halas gnay narisf

tahilem uaileb ,gnugA gnudeG id panignem nad gnujnukeb otrahuS akitek

nad kadur gnay onosineS pata isidnok ratnemokreb nad onosineS gnudeG

491 tsoP aygoY ajreT" , "onosineS bisaN tukgnayneM atrakaJ id nagnageteK id

1991 teraM 62 asaleS 591 sanreB namineS onosineS narakgnobmeP laoS" , - "araciB takgnA nawayaduB

1991 lirpA 5


17

ep ,okotraH kciD turuneM .tawaret kadit nasekret halajam istkader nipmim

refsnartid asib kadit gnay sirotsih ialin ikilimem onosineS ,sisaB naayadubeK

aggnihes ,nial tapmet ek ajas utigeb gnilug rakut retiliM tetisoS nagned onosineS

nugnaM omoR sirotsih sketnok malaD .nahalasamrep nakiaseleynem kadit

nem ,nalitnes nakhabma

retilim iserga akitek utukes mob( narasas idajnem gnay aynranebeS"INB halada )I adnaleb - oidaR narais sop nakapurem uti akitek gnay ,64

.mob anekret gnay ,ajas onosineS naped naigab aynah gnutnU .kilbupeRutukeS mob irad tamales haleteS nejtiD "mobid" onosineS inik ataynret ,

."UP ayraK atpiC 691

.sitilop itra ikilimem onosineS ,owobiW derF namines igaB

kutneb nakapurem ,sigetarts tagnas atok hagnet id katelret gnay aynnaadarebeK

akol akiJ" .namines nad nainesek adapek iggnitret naagrahgnep ,rusugid ini is

namines igab naanihgnep nakapurem inI .nainesek nakriggninmem aynlah amas

ipaggnaneM .derF atak "nainesek nad eussi rasad sata onosineS narakgnobmep

naayadubek naswak nakapurem ayngnajnap akgnaj gnay namat nanugnabmep

nerak nanamaek nupuata derF ,gnugA gnudeG nagned nahalebesreb aynkatel a

tapet gnilap gnay ,aynnarikimep rasad ini nasala nakamapmU" ,nakhabmanem

atres nama nad saul hibel gnay tapmet ek gnugA gnudeG nakhadnimem halada

araysaM .iragapid naka aynitnan uti namat hoT ...hadni hibel asib kat patet tak

."itamkinem

namines kahip aratna aynah kadit turalreb nikames onosineS sata kilfnoK

nurut ialum nup mawa takaraysam numan ,hatniremep nagned ines taigep nupuam

onosineS narakgnobmeP .onosineS naadarebek naknahatrepmem irid naktabilem

691 sanreB namineS onosineS narakgnobmeP laoS" , - "araciB takgnA nawayaduB

1991 lirpA 5


27

es nagned nahalebesreb gnay aynkatel nagned nanamaek rotkaf anerakid iridn

nad ,nanediserpeK anatsI irad nakhuajid surah aggnihes nanediserpeK anatsI

naidumeK .igal iridreb kayal kadit hadus paggnaid gnay nanugnab isidnok rotkaf

iska nalucnumreb - iradilos iska .hisaK atniC iskA ayntubeynem akerem uata sat

narulu nakirebmem onosineS helo nakrasebid halet asarem gnay namines araP

ituyaS .A otnimuS .akerem naupmamek nagned nup apa apureb nagnat 791 malad

gnidniD nad onosineS - aygoY atoK gnidnid ,sanreB nairah narok id

raget hulupreb kajes onosineS iD" - sativitaerk ,gnusgnareb ayadub apasisiup ,hasaid nainesek - ,nakisuksidid nad naksatnepid retaet ,rakem isiup

rawat ,gnajapret nasikul ,nulagnem kisum - apaiS .gnusgnalreb ualin rawanemem gnay ,adareb nup anam id nad aid nup lanegnem nad ayadub asar ikilim

;alup uhat itsap ,aygoY cba - ."onosineS ayn 891

emsitnamor ilabmek kerognem onosineS narakgnobmep ianegnem nalaosreP

itrareb tagnas onosineS aynigaB .tubesret gnudeg id idajret halet gnay ulal asam

goY id nainesek napudihek igab iskas idajnem tubesret gnudeg aguj niales ,atrakay

sahabmem otnimuS aynnasilut malaD .lainoloK namaj kajes harajes usib

.bijaN nuniA ahmE nad GA idayruS suniL isiup riays iulalem onosineS

mujes helo hisak atnic iska gnusgnalreb 1991 lirpa 01 laggnat adaP hal

nainesek sativitka alages nakukalem nagned ines atnicep nad awsisaham raseb

onosineS gnudeg id tapmet hadnipreb inik ISI id gnusgnalreb aynasaib gnay

taubmem nagned sikulem ,gnutap ines irad ialum ,onosineS namalah id nupuam

ov halo aggnih retaet ,teks aman sata kopmolek ,namines irad aynah kadiT .lak

791 ep gnaroeS 0791 nuhat kajes gnay lanekret riayn - uata husaid asarem na

.onosineS helo aguj aynaman nakrasebid 891 sanreB gnidniD nad onosineS" , - 1991 lirpA 6 utbaS "aygoY atoK gnidnid


37

onosineS gnudeG id gnajnap naremap raleggnem aguj rutketisra awsisaham 991 .

.onosineS id hamek nakiridnem nagned tujnalreb tubesret hisaK atniC iskA

nakgnusgnalem nad lupmukreb atrakaygoY adum namines nasutaR gnay araca

."aisenodnI aduM namineS naweD naayadubeK nakareG hameK" tubes akerem 002

amal kat 1991 lirpA 2 iridreb iridnes )IMSD( aisenodnI aduM namineS naweD

kutneb iagabes rihal IMSD .asam aidem ek onosineS nalaosrep taucnem haletes

r sata nanitahirpek irad atrakaygoY IMSD .onosineS narakgnobmep anacne

iagabreb nad kawal ,kisum nasatnemep ianrawid nagned hisak kujnu nakukalem

.aynnial nainesek iskarta 102 gnusgnalreb nakanacnerid tubesret hisak atnic iskA

l iagabes nakukalid tubesret hamek iskA .irah amil amales arap natakedek gnabma

.onosineS nagned namines 202 turut natnops namines arap tubesret araca malaD

irahes gnay onosineS icnuk uruJ .aracibreb lipmat kutnu otraM kaP nakatreynem -

solop nagned tubesret 2591 nuhat kajes onosineS agajnem sagutreb aynirah

akatagnem .nakanaskalid idaj kadit narakgnobmep anacner raga aynnaparah n

itnan nikib gnis igal adA .nalaosrep ajas ada ut irah paites gnow ahl" amal nikam !hud hudaw .inig ada malam koseb ,inig ada uam melam

n oket ik ubi ono ileg oy uka gnoW ...ot uti gnaget nikam owogg gnatad uti ubi ada ileg aguj ukA( ohl ut nanakam kunkun unagn

gnalup ag ut ayas kana .)ohl uti nanakam awabmem - aynatak gnalup irah iki ...rikip ayas surt .inis ek ay ayas idaj ,onosineS id omed tuki

kgnum 003 atik nataukek olak ? omed gnay apareb ini hudaW .ub niulem kat uka onogn ken - .)natuki ay uka utig ualak hudaW( ulem

gnanes alages nagned oy gnaro ay utI .aboc kun 003 gehdug neseP nanomed gnow oggnid mecam alages godn iekid oy uti e kun itah

ad rulet nakhabmanem itah gnanes nagned gnaro( onosineS alages n

991 sanreB lirpA 01 ubaR "hisaK atniC iskA gnusgnalreB inI igaP onosineS iD" ,

1991 002 akedreM arauS 1991 lirpA 11 simaK "onosineS narakgnobmeP setorpmeM" , 102 taykaR nataluadeK 1991 lirpA 11 simaK "hisaK kujnU" , 202 akedreM arauS 1991 lirpA 11 simaK "onosineS narakgnobmeP setorpmeM" ,


47

gnaro kutnu gedug malad macam - id omedreb hagnet gnay gnaro".ayI .)onosineS 302

sata ines atnicep nad namines kopmolekes nakukalid gnay hisak atnic iskA

.hibel nalub utas aggnih gnusgnalreb aynrihka adap tubesret IMSD aman 402

aggnelesid araca iagabreB ines atnicep nupuam nawayadub ,namines arap nakar

aynutas halaS .onosineS naknahatrepmem kutnu tra gnineppah irad nahabmesrep

hameK ianrawem turut )YSML( atrakaygoY aduM nawapurineS agiL

.tubesret naayadubeK 502 iasues :tukireb iagabes gnusgnalreb nakujnutreP birgam

ujunem oroboilaM nalaj irusuynem YID DRPD gnudeg irad nalajreb akerem

tipaid gnay iggnates awabmep gnaro tapme naped gnilap adaP .onosineS gnudeg

silutreb gnay nasin utab awabmep ayngnakalebiD .robo awabme aud onosineS ,

gnay "tayam adnarek" itukiid nakanegnem tayalep aparebeB .hitup niak pututid

raseb naigabes gnay tayalep nahulup itukiid ,adnarek gnakaleb id nalajreb gnepot

gniri akiteK .gnordnog tubmareb namines - satnil ulal nagnisibek submenem nagnir

ulagnem naitamek ugal ,gnugA gnudeG id abit uti napuit irad gnajnap n

.tepmoret 602 nagned gnusgnal napatatreb gnay onosineS gnudeg naped id azalP

idajnem palusid akitekes ,tubesret atrakaygoY atoK gnutnaj id teraM 1 nemunoM

nasin adA .namakamep skelpmok tikaS hamuR ,atrakaJ 56 rumiT naasgnageP

eG ,gnapmiS inomraH gnud nad , onosineS nasiN . - nakapurem tubesret nasin

gnudeg irad lobmis - aracapU .rakgnobid naidumek gnay harajesreb gnudeg

kopmolek helo "onosineS naitameK KS” nahareynep iuluhadid namakamep

iaseles aracapu akiteK .tabajep nakgnabmalem gnay gnepotreb kopmolek ,

302 ,namialuS orotnailuS nagned aracnawaW ,6102 iraurbeF 91 .atrakaygoY id 402 opmeT 1991 lirpA 02 "onosineS utaB kupmuteS" , 502 opmeT 1991 ieM 11 ,"onosineS id tayaM adnareK" , 602 opmeT 1991 ieM 11 ,"onosineS id tayaM adnareK" ,


57

.namines kopmolek signat tirej igniriid makam naklaggninem tubesret gnepotreb

abiT - adnarek abit onosineS .aynputunep hitup niak kabiynem ,tabeh gnacnugreb

igabmem nad ,usibmem gnay hubut kososes nugnab adnarek malad iraD - nakigab

b gninuk satrek tiab isire - naD !itam muleb ukA" ,isireb nial aratna gnay ,isiup tiab

uam akerem apa kah sata ipaT .tikas uka ay ,tikas gnamem ukA !itam uam kadit

"?ukhunubmem 702 iskA amet nagned sukgnubid gnay isartsnomed naiakgnareS

nakapurem onosineS padahret hisaK atniC .isatneserper gnaur irad naigab

onosineS nalaosreP isaisogeN .3

gnudeg narakgnobmep anacner ianegnem setorp iska iagabreb haleteS

hokot agit hulup auD .isaidem nakulalem aynrihka hatniremep onosineS nainesek

rakaJ ek gnadnuid onosineS nalaosrep tiakret nanagnanep sahabmem kutnu at

.oroboilaM nasawak naajamerep akgnar malad onosineS nasawak 802 kahiP - kahip

rotkeR ,otnakimtajD atok ilaW ,nial aratna ridah napuggnasek nakataynem gnay

atrakaygoY naineseK naweD auteK ,PS osraduS II keruP ilikawid gnay ISI

)YKD( ,ayhaY irmA )IRSH( aisenodnI apuR ineS nanupmiH auteK ,onoyaN iK

nasayaY surugneP ,NA rawzA )IFRAP( aisenodnI mliF sitrA nautasreP auteK

suluT aisenodnI apuR ineS etimoK auteK ,orotnailuS itasaraL .rI .arD onosineS

onokraK nad ojdraidussuK gnogaB ,otisraW nalikawrep aguj tapadreT .ayajamaK

inahW ,onoyluM iraH ,otnatsirK ayilE ,oytsiluS idubmaP inkay IMSD irad

muleb iridnes bijaN nuniA ahmE nawayaduB .onesotorB nad nawamraD

ek gnadnuid gnay namines kahiP .atrakaJ id ridah naka naitsapek nakirebmem

702 opmeT 1991 ieM 11 ,"onosineS id tayaM adnareK" , 802 tsoP aygoY 51 ubaR "onosineS laoS ,atrakaJ ek gnadnuiD aygoY hokoT 32" ,

1991 ieM


67

ay atrakaJ naka patet onosineS narakgnobmep anacner setorpmem ini amales gn

malad onosineS nainesek gnudeg isnetsiske inkay akerem pisnirp nakahatrepmem

atrakaygoY )IAI( aisenodnI ketisrA natakI kahip irad nakgnadeS .tubesret muof

nakpaiynem halet B nalP abmem nagned onosineS isavoner anacner lasoporp aw

naka gnay isavoner nagnacnar kutnreb fitanretla rabmag nagned iatresid pakgnel

atrakaygoY IAI autek ukales idamhA IAI kahip iraD .murof id nakisatneserpid

m hadus MGU rutketisrA awsisaham mit utnabid nad fats 9 atreseb nagned gnata

ludujreb gnay stra latnemirepxe amas gnay irah iD .isavoner anacner inaruN akuL

nabadareP id BIW 03.5 lukup 1991 ieM 41 adap nakanaskalid naka aynanacner

latab IMSD atoggna gnaro 05 helo atrakaygoY atok urujnep ilikawem isakol 01

auses anerak .iuhatekid kadit iridnes icnirepret araces aynnasalA .nagnabmitrep ut

narok id naatirebmep lucnum tubesret atrakaJ id naumetrep haletes iraheS -

.rakgnobid naka nakitsapid onosineS awhab narok 902 atrakaygoY namineS

gnay nasutupek nagned awecek tagnas ukagnem naumetrep iasues nakaratuid

aguj uaileb ayraK atpiC nejriD helo pututid tapar akitek hibelreT .tubesret

tapar gnalejneM .nakusam iracnem kutnu aynah naumetrep awhab nakataynem

nad nagnat takgna namialuS orotnailuS onosineS nasayay autek likaw pututid

aynem ,aynhulek nakiapm

.imak adpek ini alh nakaynanem aygoY takaraysam ualak anamiagaB" ayas taubmem suret gniredreb hamur nopelet ilak paites paites ,aynlaos nup ini irah ,nadnoB kaP ,adeppaB auteK nakatakid itrepes anerak ...sserts

K ,rakgnobid asib onosineS onosineS ,nopelet tawel atireb ada nigni kadit ati uam onosineS nopelet amiret utigeb ,ulal utkaw aparebeb itrepeS .rakgnobid nisem" aynah ,rakgnobid kadit gnudeg ataynreT .onosineS ek atik ,rakgnobid

."ajas nalaj naksaregnem uam tawel gnay "gnilig 012

902 tsoP aygoY 1991 ieM 61 simaK "rakgnobiD nakitsapiD onosineS" , 012 sanreB nad aweceK atrakaygoY namineS onosineS gnatnet naumetreP ",

1991 ieM 61 simaK "kaloneM


77

utupeK nakukalid naka ,amas patet ataynret onosineS nalaosrep naka nas

ahasureb halet atrakaygoY irad nagnobmor arap nupiksem ,narakgnobmep

namines araP .tubesret naumetrep iasu setorp nad naras gnabmus nakukalem

k habugnem kadit ataynret akerem nagnatadek awecek gnamem ualaK" ,nasutupe

lakab naparah nagned ini atrakaJ id gnatad ajas amucrep ay ,aynnasutupek ada kat

iracnem aynah ataynreT .onosineS aynkadit uata rakgnobid naitsapek ada

.okonraK nawayaduB raju "awecek atik salej ,nakusam namines aratna isaisogeN

nad sesorp aynada nagned gnaur isatneserper irad naigab nakapurem aragen kahip

.tubesret akitkelaid

id rotnakreb gnay nagnareneP nemetrapeD narajaj amas gnay nuhat iD

2 .oN nalhaD damhA .HK nalaJ - tukireb 4 nakgnosognem halet onosineS

.gnudeg 112 peK nakrasadreB sata iakap kah nahareynep ,4991 nuhaT 61 .oN serp

atreseb atrakaygoY .I.D isniporP nagnareneP nemetrapeD liwnaK gnudeg hanat

hamuR .q .c arageN tairatrekeS adapek onosineS gnudeG kusamret aynnarajaj

bid kadit naksutupid onosineS gnudeG .nanediserpeK aggnaT uata rakgno

utas idajnem nad naragumep uata isavoner naktapadnem ipatet naka ,nakhoborid

,onosineS gnudeG .gnugA gnudeG uata nanediserpeK anatsI skelpmok nagned

skelpmok natubes nagned lanekid naidumek ebefreP gnudeG nad IWP gnudeG

.onosineS

iluJ 62 adaP gnudeg ragup anrup nakimserem eibibaH JB nediserP ,8991

arageN anatsI skelpmok id ragupid halet gnay onosineS gnudeg uata anug abres

112 iretneM taruS rebmuS .oN aisenodnI kilbupeR nagnareneP

.atrakaygoY gnugA gnudeG nanediserpeK pisra irad ,5991/R/IIV/K/MS/74


87

.atrakaygoY ,gnugA gnudeG 212 murotiduA idajnem onosineS naragumep acsaP

nainesek nakujnutrep tapmet iagabes nakanugrepid gnay natiakreb gnay hilipret

.naaragenek araca nagned habureb naidumek onosineS gnudeg nagnaurek isgnuF

araca kutnu ines nasatnemep gnudeg idajnem - tafisreb gnay aragen nainesek araca

.naaragenek umat uata aragen tabajep nagnalak igab pututret 312 4002 nuhaT adaP

.tapar gnaur idajnem igal isgnuf habureb onosineS 412 naigab idajnem arageN

helo onosineS aynhila libmaid nagned iadnatid gnay isatneserper gnaur

hatniremep .

adap hatniremep nad namines kahip aratna onosineS naputunep kilfnoK

ed hagnet kitit iumenem aynrihka hadaw iagabes onosineS aynpututid nagn

gnudeG nagned utas nakidajid acsap naragumep aynnakukalid nad nainesek

skelpmok ek naktasupid nad nakisakolaid naidumek nainesek hadaW .gnugA

patet nakA .gnajnunem hibel gnay satilisaf iagabreb ipakgnelid aguj nad YBT i

nalaosrep bawajnem kadit gnugA gnudeG kilim idajnem onosineS naputunep

ismusnokid kayal gnay nainesek nemunom nad harajesreb nanugnab iagabes

.sabeb araces kilbup

.takaraysam irad isainelaret onosineS taubmem ,tubesret nakajibeK

iagabes aynnakidajneM ,nanediserpeK anatsI iskelok ayrak igab muesum gnaur

natapmesek nakirebmem apnaT .kitna adneb gnadug idajnem ayntaubmem urtsuj

nainesek ainud naharajesek nemunom haubes lanegnem kutnu kilbup adap

y ayadub atok ,inori tikideS .ayaduB atok id ada gnay nredom nakhab lanekret gna

212 sanreB 8991 iluJ 62 uggniM ,"utnabmem ijnaJ nediserP" , 312 atrakaygoY id 6102 rebmetpeS 9 tamuJ ,oybiduS unuS nagned aracnawaW 412 nuS nagned aracnawaW atrakaygoY id 6102 rebmetpeS 9 tamuJ ,oybiduS u


97

0991 isareneg irad ialum lakol takaraysam numan ,lanoisanretni ainud id - na

namaj adap kiab kaynab gnabmuynem gnay onosineS hasikla naka gnisa hadus

.nredom aisenodnI nayadubek nakutnebmep aggnih isulover

hka adap onosineS gnaur isgnuF kitilop laisos isautiS .lirets idajnem aynri

gnay alages nad sivitka ,otraheoS aratna nagnagetek taubmem ,iralaM acsap

hibel nad ilej ialum ini mizeR .uraB edrO isitirkgnem hara ikilimem iagirucid

inem isnetopreb gnay sativitka alages nakhamelem igal tapar nakitirk naklubm

gnay oroboilaM tukireb ,aynratikes nad onosineS .otraheoS nahatniremep adap

satisrevinU nagned atipmeg pageg utigeb aynmulebes edaked aparebeb adap

oroboilaM - asauk helo tuggneret aynrihka adap itaM .nahalrep turus ialum ayn

haf gnay aragen nasawak kilbup gnauR .atok agraw nahutubek nagned ma

.gnagadep arap helo isatpookret oroboilaM 512 sativitka nad onosineS gnauR

nainesek nataigek aynisakolaret nagned mizer helo tuggneret oroboilaM isuksid

.atrakaygoY ayaduB namaT inkay urab nasawak ek

512 namaidekid ,6102 teraM 6 uggniM ,omotortesiW onrawuS nagned aracnawaW

.uaileb


08

V BAB

NALUPMISEK

gnudeg haubes ifargoirotsih makerem nigni aynrasad adap ini ispirkS

5491 nuhat adap atrakaygoY id nainesek - iskudorP iroet majnimem nagneD .1991

paites id onosineS gnudeG nagnaurek isgnuf nahaburep acabmem kutnu gnauR

haubes kisif rusnu haubes irad hibel imahafid inis id nabru gnauR .namaz

gnay utauses iagabes imahafid gnay laisos rusnu haubes naknialem ,ajas nanugnab

tirkgnok utausues halada gnaur ,ervbefeL turuneM .laisaps araces nakisasinagroid

ajnem isaenilaret gnay kudorp halada gnaur aggnihes ,kartsba gnay utauses id

.laisos 612 simanid sesorp takgnarepes helo kutnebid aynlawa adap gnay gnauR

naidumek ,silobmis nad naasaukek isanimod nalaosrep nagned tiakret gnay

d gnaur etkidnem naasaukek isanimoD .nahaburep imalagnem laisos sativitka na

irotiret nad sitilop kah gnagemem ini susak iduts malad arageN .idajret gnay

araus ikilimem aynrihka adap aragen aggnihes ,imub akum id tulosba gnay laisaps

isgnuf nupuam naanuggnep tiakret nasutupek nalibmagnep malad nanimod gnilap

aur .gn

,nauluhadneP I bab adap nakrapapid gnay halasam nasumur nakrasadreB

:naaynatrep sata gnitnep nabawaj helorepid tapad akam

.1 aud imalagnem onosineS gnudeG ,aisenodnI kilbupeR lawa asam adaP

.aman nad isgnuf nahaburep ilak matu nanarep ikilimem natluS malad a

,isatneserper gnaur irad naigab nakapurem natluS .tubesret gnudeg nahaburep

612 .dibI .62 .mlh ,


18

natluS irad isiv nakapurem tubesret gnudeg adap idajret gnay nahaburep anerak

irad gnudeg isgnuf haburem naidumek ,tubesret isiV .XI anawuB ukgnemaH

aidniH naayadubek hadaw lanoisan nakaregrep hadaw idajnem adnaleB

.aisenodnI gnudeg 9491 nuhat adap aggnih aisenodnI kilbupeR lawa asam adaP

iagabes isgnuf nabmegnem nagned marataM ialaB aman nagned lanekid tubesret

arataM ialaB ini edoirep adaP .lanoisan nakaregrep ahasu tapmet kapmat m

hadaw idajnem ,tapar nad lupmukreb silanoisan arap tapmet idajnem

edi nakgnaunem - nagned latnek utigeb uti asam adap namaj awiJ .isulover edi

ayrak malad kapmat ,isulover tagnames - alad naatirebmep nupuam ayrak tarus m

.tubesret edoirep rabak alageS nakharaid ayadub ines iskudorp nad naatirebmep

.naakedremek isulover ujunem aisenodnI taykar hurules tagnames rakabmem

aman habureb 9491 nuhaT .nasabebek lobmis idajnem nakhab marataM ialaB

eg sugilakes poksoiB gnudeG iagabes isgnufreb nad onosineS idajnem gnud

taubmem nup naasaukek nahilareP .MIS apur ines kopmolek nainesek anugabres

apnat ini asam adap aggniH .uti asam nahutubek adap hibel isatneiroret hibel

halet tubesret gnudeg ,nanugnab larutketisra padahret nakifingis gnay nahaburep

ilak agit imalagnem adaP .aynlawa pesnok adap isgnuf tukireb aman naitnagrep

gnudeg idajnem isgnufreb tubesret gnudeg ,nairidnep lawa tieteicos hilareb

isulover asam adap tapar gnaur isgnuf nagned marataM ialaB idajnem

m libats .I .R nahatniremep haletes nad .I.R naakedremek nad poksoib idajne

.MIS ines raggnas

.2 0691 nuhat adaP - iagabes isgnufreb onosineS gnudeG 0891 ecapS trA

nagnanewek sata 7691 nuhat adaP .atrakaygoY takaraysam nainesek hadaw uata


28

irad YID atok ilaW onosineS yrellaG trA idajnem habureb onosineS gnudeG .

iagabes aynah kadit isgnuf nabmegnem tubesret gnudeg aynnanalajrep adaP

idajnem aguj ipatet naremap gnaur ecapS trA gnay nainesekreb gnaur uata

gnaur idajnem sugilakes ayadub nad ines nataigek macamreb hadaw idajnem

p id adareb gnay aynkateL .atok kilbup raggnol gnay narutarep nad atok tasu

.kilbup gnaur idajnem aguj onosineS taubmem

.3 0991 nuhat lawa adaP - aratna kilfnok iulalem haletes onosineS na

nad kilbup kutnu pututid onosineS aynrihka hatniremep nad takaraysam ,namines

pek anatsi nagned utas idajnem idajnem onosineS nagnaurek isgnuF .nanediser

.kilbup nataigek irad lirets nad tabajep nupuam anatsi ffats susuhkret tapar gnaur

.nanimod gnilap utnenep idajnem aynrihka adap iggnitret asaugnep arageN

nagnagetek taubmem ,iralaM acsap kitilop laisos isautiS sivitka ,otraheoS aratna

adap ikseM .uraB edrO nakhutajnem hara ikilimem iagirucid nataigek alages nad

id onosineS aynlawa - eussi - ,atok namat idajnem nagned gnalu nugnabid naka nak

kireb ,aynratikes nad onosineS .tapar gnaur idajnem nad raguid aynrihka adap tu

nagned atipmeg pageg utigeb aynmulebes edaked aparebeb adap gnay oroboilaM

oroboilaM satisrevinU - tuggneret itam aynrihka adaP .nahalrep turus ialum ayn

onosineS .gnagadep arap helo isatpookret oroboilaM nasawaK .aragen asauk helo

nem halet paggnaid gnay idaj nredom nainesek igab harajesreb nemunom haubes

nup atrakaygoY id nainesek nataigek aynisakolaret nagned mizer helo tuggneret

0991 nuhat adap onosineS .atrakaygoY ayaduB namaT inkay urab nasawak ek - na

napahat itapmenem ini ecaps lanoitatneserper nagned tafis devil .


38

AKATSUP RATFAD

UKUB

,0002 ,ojdrahimojruS namhcarrudbA 0881 atrakaygoY atoK - harajeS 0391

laisoS nagnabmekreP .aisenodnI kutnu nasayaY :atrakaygoY ,

,9791 ,idisoR bijA kanA kutnu ifargoiB idnaffA sikuleP - kana P :atrakaJ , akatsu

.ayaJ

,2891 ,idisoR bijA kanA kutnu ifargoiB onojojuS .S sikuleP - kana akatsuP :atrakaJ ,

.ayaJ

,1102 ,).de( aggnalrE .M naydrA atoK gnauR .ukuB iserpskE :atrakaygoY ,

,0002 ,ahtrA ituT nawrA natataC gnajnapeS eoleoD opmeT atrakaygoY

atasiwiraP , rgiB .atrakaygoY :fa

,0102 ,rebuetsnielK itsA anatsI - secalaP etatS aisenodnI id nanediserpeK anatsi

nI aisenodnI .akatsuP isaerK atneG :atrakaJ ,

,1102 ,).de( htieK .M ,rekooB :yroehT larutluC dna yraretiL fo aidepolcycnE ehT

III emuloV yroehT larutluC detinU , .llewkcalB :modgniK

,5002 ,).de( ,.J.S otnasuS iduB pudiH ayaduB nad ulaL asaM )na(rubihgneP

asaM aisenodnI iniK suisinaK :atrakaygoY , onilaeR idutS agabmeL nad .

,5102 ,).de( keerF ,njibmoloC noitazinredoM ehT sgnopmaK dna ,stiudnoC ,raC

fo isenodnI eht 0291 ,ytiC na - 0691 .llirB :nedieL ,

,2991 ,okotraH kciD adnaT nahiliP onoS ineS iapmas koroB O ohilaM iraD -

adnat namaZ .aidemarG .TP :atrakaJ ,


48

,1102 ,namikeoS okojD isuloveR iapmas inepmoK namaZ irad sidnI naayadubeK ,

.ubmaB satinumoK :atrakaygoY

okojD ,6891 ,namrikeoS ,atrakaygoY atoK harajeS nemetrapeD :atrakaJ

nakididneP keyorP lanoisidarT ialin nad harajeS tarotkeriD naayadubeK nad

siratnevnI .lanoisaN harajeS isatnemukoD nad

,1102 ,).de( asotnaS kilK iwD ,rodnoK gnuruB nad nodotsaM :atrakaygoY

uB gnur .sserP kareM

inirajahruN antaR iwD ,2102 ,).de( atrakaygoY atokubI ek nignireB natuH irad

hareaD awemitsI trakaygoY , ialaB :atrakaygoY nad harajeS nairatseleP

ialiN .atrakaygoY lanoisidarT

,9002 ,).de( itawaydeS idE ujnutreP ineS naayadubeK harajeS ineS nad nak

aideM , .sserP ilawajaR :atrakaJ

,4002 ,sunuY .M suadriF laisoS satilaeR sisabreB nakididneP - & erierF oluaP

.B.Y ayajiwnugnaM .akatsuP gnugoL :atrakaygoY ,

,0102 ,arawseaM adraG isuloveR harajeS 5491 aisenodnI - nagnaujreP 0591

& atajnesreB D naakedremeK naknahatrepmeM kutnu isamolpi , :atrakaJ

.isaraN

,2002 ,.H.J tnecniV ,nebuoH ,atrakaygoY nad atrakaruS inepmoK nad notareK

0381 - 0791 .ayaduB gnatneB :atrakaygoY ,

,9791 ,).de( takgnapuS miJ aisenodnI uraB apuR ineS nakareG :atrakaJ ,

.aidemarG

,9791 ,).de( idansuK aisenodnI apuR ineS harajeS , nemetrapeD :atrakaJ

nakididneP .naayadubeK nad

,5102 ,okiA ,awasaruK naasedeP id laisoS nahabureP ,awaJ id gnapeJ asauK

2491 - 5491 .ubmaB satinumoK :atrakaJ ,


58

,4891 ,irneH ,ervbefeL capS fo noitcudorP ehT e .gnihsilbuP llewkcalB :ASU ,

,6991 ,syneD ,drabmoL aK ayaduB gnaliS :awaJ asuN udapreT harajeS naij

naigaB sataB :I - natarabmeP sataB .amatU akatsuP aidemarG .TP :atrakaJ ,

,7391 , 2281 atrakajkojD gnigineereV ed tieteicoS keobknedeG -

7391 , ffloK : atrakajkojD - .gninuB

,9991 ,reoT atnanA aydeomarP )6491( II diliJ aisenodnI isuloveR kinorK :atrakaJ ,

.GPK

,9991 ,reoT atnanA aydeomarP )8491( VI diliJ aisenodnI isuloveR kinorK ,

:atrakaJ .GPK

,8002 ,.C.M ,sfelkciR doM aisenodnI harajeS 0021 nre - 8002 .ibmareS :atrakaJ ,

,2691 ,najdrameoS oleS atrakajgoJ ni segnahC laicoS llenroC :kroY weN ,

ytisrevinU .sserP

,).de( oyotuK onsirtuS ,7791 ,atrakaygoY awemitsI hareaD harajeS :atrakaJ

.keyorP ialiN naanibmeP nad naijakgneP - tasuP ayaduB ialin tarotkeriD ,

nad harajeS .naayadubeK laredneJ tarotkeriD lanoisidarT ialiN

,5102 ,inayraiduY ataK iniM retaet nad ardneR SW .akatsuP gnalaG :atrakaygoY ,

HALAJAM

anabaS 6 .oN natibret .5102 iraurbeF

kiroteR .2102 rebmeseD natibret 1 .loV


68

PISRA

I pisrA atrakaygoY gnugA gnudeG nanediserpeK anats

atrakaygoY atoK hareaD tasuP pisrA

RABAK TARUS

sanreB .1991 teraM 31 natibret

sanreB .1991 lirpA 5 natibret



sanreB .8991 iluJ 62 natibret

aR nataluadeK tayk .5491 rebmevoN 5 natibret

taykaR nataluadeK .5491 rebmevoN 01 natibret

taykaR nataluadeK 5491 rebmevoN 31 natibret

taykaR nataluadeK .5491 rebmevoN 51 natibret



deK taykaR natalua .6491 inuJ 4 natibret

taykaR nataluadeK .6491 inuJ 7 natibret


taykaR nataluadeK .0591 iraunaJ 71 natibret


78

taykaR nataluadeK .0591 iraunaJ 92 natibret

taykaR nataluadeK .0591 iraurbeF 12 natibret

uadeK taykaR natal .0591 teraM 31 natibret


taykaR nataluadeK .0591 iluJ 21 natibret

taykaR nataluadeK .0591 sutsugA 61 natibret

taykaR nataluadeK .0591 rebotkO 71 natibret

taykaR nataluadeK natibret .1791 iraunaJ 92

uadeK taykaR natal natibret .0891 iraunaJ 9



taykaR nataluadeK .6891 iluJ 1 natibret

taykaR nataluadeK .1991 lirpA 11 natibret

sapmoK .1991 lirpA 41 natibret

akedreM arauS ret .1991 lirpA 11 natib

opmeT .1991 lirpA 02 natibret

opmeT .1991 lirpA 72 natibret

opmeT .1991 ieM 11 natibret

tsoP aygoY .1991 iraurbeF 72 natibret

tsoP aygoY .1991 teraM 62 natibret


88

tsoP aygoY .1991 ieM 51 natibret

tsoP aygoY .1991 ieM 61 natibret

ENRETNI T

mth.ervbefeL/mcc/moc.elkniwhannah//:ptth

gnanegnem/956/51/30/3102/molok/daer/oc.opmet.www//:ptth - ubmu - nad - nakareg -

0791

moc.sserpdrow.tasupiaai//:sppth

nataafnamep/12/30/2102/moc.sserpdrow.tasupiaai//:sppth - nanugnab - sidni - id -

ratikes - lon - retemolik - akaygoy atr

nosineS+kelpmoK+tekaM/873/adnalebiskelok/bew/di.bew.grubederv.www//:ptth

uluD+opmeT+marataM+ialaB+nad+o

aratnasun/ne/di.og.baktes.dlo//:ptth - 54921 - naklaggnit - ilab - nediserp - uajnit -

gnudeg - ines - lmth.onos

liforp/30/3102/moc.harajesurug.www//:ptth - anatsi - eg gnud - gnuga - lmth.ajgoj

di.oc.akilbuper.www//:ptth

aavi.evihcra//:ptth - gro.enilno

ines/anajras/margorp/di.ca.isi//:ptth - apur


1


2

atrakaygoY gnugA gnudeG nanediserpeK anatsI pisrA :rebmuS


3


4


5


6


7


8

11 naripmaL

REBMUSARAN RATFAD

.oN amaN P/L nuhaT

rihaL

iseforP tamalA

1 asajderatraK tetuB L 1691 trA ,namineS

rezinagrO

atrakaygoY

2 bijaN nuniA ahmE L 3591 nawayaduB atrakaygoY

3 onrahuS rajaF L 7491 aradartuS

retaeT

atrakaygoY

4 onosraH .xF L 491 9 sikuleP atrakaJ

5 otnayruW gerG L 2791 nesoD atrakaygoY

6 DH milaH L 1591 trA

rekrowteN

oloS

7 asotnaS ihduB mamI L 8491 riayneP atrakaygoY

8 orotnailuS itasaraL

namialuS

P 4391 nawayaduB atrakaygoY

9 otnameoS idkaB niN P 6491 hamejreneP rakaygoY at

01 itnasuS ineH avoN P 0891 anatsI ffatS

nanediserpeK

atrakaygoY

atrakaygoY

11 namraW gnaP L 6591 namineS atrakaygoY

21 itraiguS P 1691 anatsI ffatS

nanediserpeK

atrakaygoY

atrakaygoY

31 oybiduS unuS L 1691 anatsI ffatS

nanediserpeK

atrakaygoY

aygoY atrak


9

naripmaL 21

S araP takgniS ifargoiB namine

idnaffA halokes maynegneM .7091 ,taraB awaJ ,noberiC id rihal hcsdnalloH

loohcS ehcsdnalnI ,)SIH( sjiwrednO regaL dierbegtiU reeM nad ,)OLUM(

loohcS erableddiM eneemeglA ,sikulep iagabes naksutumem mulebeS .)SMA( nuhat

0391 - retsop rabmag uruj nupuam sicrak agaj sagutep iagabes ajrekeb tapmes ai ,na

sikuleP amiL kopmoleK malad gnubagreb ulaL .gnudnaB id ,poksoib gnudeg

id ,3491 ,gnapeJ nakududnep taas idajret aynamatrep laggnut naremaP .gnudnaB

akajD areteoP gneodeG apur ines halokes id awsisaeb tapad ai ,0591 gnalejneM .atr

nakanug ai ,sikulem rajaleb igal ulrep kat paggnaid anerak ipaT .aidnI ,natekinitnaS

naklisah halet ai ,aynpudih gnajnapeS .naremapreb libmas aidnI gnililek taub aynanad

iukaiD .nasikul 0002 hibel iagabes ortseam nagnat irad gnusgnal sikulem aynarac ,

tac aidem tawel irid iserpske nanikgnumek habugnem paggnaid asib )sauk apnat(

nuhat 38 aisu adap tafaw aI .napurusek hagnet gnay iranep iagab sikulem ai :kaynim

.atrakaygoY id

asajderatraK tetuB , rihal id nuhat atrakaygoY 1691 irad kana nakapurem uaileB .

malad fitka uaileB ,tetuB aman nagned barka lanekiD .ajdrahidussuK gnogaB sikulep

aguj ,golonoM satneP ,ifargomliF ,retaeT itrepes naayadubek nad nainesek nataigek

ad naayadubek margorp nad ukub silunem nasayaY ,ayniautekid gnay nasayay mal

ajdrahidussuK gnogaB .

bijaN nuniA ahmE kodnop id rajaleb hanreP .3591 nuhat gnabmoJ id rihal ,

hasagnem malaD .MGU imonokE satlukaf aguj nad rotnoG nertnasep

fitka ahmE isiup nad riays malad atak niamreb aynnalipmaretek idutS adasreP malad

,)1991( "ayahaC ahaM ayahaC" ,)5791( "babliJ natuaL" ,aynayrak aparebeB .bulK


01

,retaet nataigek malad fitka aguj ahmE .lld )2991( "ayaS aseD irad naigaB aisenodnI"

nacnalaytaS naagrahgneP iharegunaid ahmE ,1102 teraM adaP .hawkadnem nad a

gnaroes sativitka iniK .aisenodnI kilbupeR nautaseK arageN irad 0102 naayadubeK

gnililek nanalajrep nakukalem parek hawkadnep sugilakes nawayadub nad nawartsas

.takaraysam adapek hawkadreb aynsativitka malad aisenodnI hayaliw iagabreb

dA .G teibE be, ihal r aragenrajnaB ,idadanaW id nuhat 4591 halokes naktujnaleM .

rotkaf anerak ,MGU imonokE satlukaF ek kusam gnuru numan ,aygoY id hagnenem

riaynep nagned gnubagreb aynrihka ,oroboilaM nalaj id narutulek malam paiT .ayaib

naraP udnaL ubmU inumuregnem gnay adum nagned tolpmokreb ayntujnaleS .igg

nad mala adap akep ,kitnamor pakiS .isiup isasilakisum halognem ,bijaN nuniA ahmE

isiup iawijnem ,ratikes napudihek - nagned naknutnalid nad silutid gnay aynisiup

gned kitsuka ratig naniamrep imaladnem tapmeS .ratig nakitep inibseoK na -- atpicnep

)adum riaynep( satinumok malad naluagrep kapmat numaN ."iregeN umadaP" ugal

adalab iagabes aynayrak ihuragnepmem hibel ,fitiutni ,kadidoto abres ,lamrofni gnay

07 nuhat aisenodnI napudihek tertomem gnay - .na

onrahuS rajaF , B id rihal ,MGU artsas nasuruj kusaM .7491 nuhat atrakaygoY ,lutna

husaid gnay ,satlukaf nataigek iulalem arawidnas gnuggnap nagned nalanekreB .7691

,ardneR S.W nanipmip ,retaeT lekgneB malad gnubagreb naidumeK .otnamuS idkaB

hat nasatnemep utas napaisrep kutnU .0791 BGP id talis urugreb turut ai ,3791 nu

nakub ,satnep ainud padahret sugilakes silunem aynnaramegeK .rogoB ,hituP uagnaB

amasreB .7791 ,"marataM itsaniD" ludujreb gnay aynnokal haksan nakrihalem ajas

zaniD retaeT iridnem ai ,osoyibA hajaG nad omtaruS bitreT iaradartuynem nad ,it

nagalaP" nasatnemep naidumek rilagnem alup anas iraD .tubesret haksan

),0891( "dagaJ upaS kirdneG nedaR" ),8791( "kalaG saM lardneJ" ),7791("nagalaP

09 are iD .)5891( "hisakeK gnutaP" ),4891( "nacaM gnudnaK iD maiD kosoS" - na

ik aggnih iraheS .lutnaB ,nednaS ,irasgnidaG ,uyaD ,aynnusud ek ilabmek ai ,in - irah

tapadnem ,retaet lavitsef iruj idajnem ilakeseS .talis hitalreb nad nubek halognem


11

gnitsac sarugnem nagnakaleb gnay raseb ajreK .gnuggnap amard nupuam mlif niam

nep halada ,aynigrene ,ayabaruS nad atrakaJ ,aygoY ( "silbI nagnukiT" gnililek sat

.bijaN nuniA ahmE nagned itsaniD retaeT amasajrek sata ;)8002

onosraH XF aI .9691 ,"IRSA" IRSTS id idutS .9491 ,rumiT awaJ ,ratilB id rihal

,uraB apuR ineS nakareG hokot gnaroes halas nakapurem karbodnem aneraK .4791

,aynnial naker aparebeb atreseb ai ,uti alak apur ines anacaw amatu sura nanapamek

aynaman ,uti kajeS .tubesret iggnit naurugrep irad nakraulekid isgnas anekret

nim naktujnaleM .aisenodnI reropmetnok apur ines harajes malad iretapret ta

halet aynayrak ,rajagnem nialeS .7891 ,atrakaJ naineseK tutitsnI id aynsimedaka

.akiremA nupuam aporE ,ailartsuA ,aisA naremap gnaja id ralegid

DH milaH , rameg licek kajeS .1591 nuhat taraB awaJ ,netnaB ,gnareS id rihal

enem halokes naktujnaleM .acabmem ,solobmem hanrep ai ;aygoY id aynhagn

muaK nahamekreP kognenem nigni radakes ,sitirtgnaraP iatnap ek adepes huyagnem

satlukaF kusam hilimem ai naidumeK .2791 ,ardneR S.W sagagid gnay ,nakarU

simedaka ukgnab ,7791 nuhat numaN .MGU tafasliF nnaklaggnitid uti .ay

naker anamiagabeS - id gnorkgnon malam pait gnay ,uti alak nial riaynep naker

supmak aynkial hadus oroboilaM ,iggnaraP udnaL ubmU amasreb riotort gnajnapes

.aynigab itajes

asotnaS ihduB mamI ,nategaM id rihal , ai ,9691 adaP .8491 nuhat rumiT awaJ

tnabmem aguj ,nakawak riaynep iagabes lanekid aI .bulK idutS adasreP nairidnep u

kiliC gnoW iseforP ,aynnasilut aparebeB .awaJ naayadubek tamagnep gnaroes

gnaro arac tudugN ,)1102( gnayaW dagaJ irad tayshaD pudiH narajA itapiraS ,)9991(

)2102( pudiH itamkinem awaJ .

gnaputamiS .R gnudnaL , rihal atrakaygoY id nuhat sirggnI nasuruJ sunmulA .1591

gnaroes nakapurem ini adaM hajdaG satisrevinU artsaS satlukaF rotka retaet nad mlif


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halaS .retaet aradartus atres halada aynayrak utas airP gnukudneP naremeP

kiabreT aisenodnI mliF lavitseF mlif malad ,1102 amanruP udniR

.G.A idayruS suniL , rihal id atrakaygoY 1591 nuhat nad id laggninem atrakaygoY

nuhat 9991 as halada uaileB . kaynab gnay atrakaygoY atok nawayadub ,nawarts

isiup silunem :nial aratna helorepid hanrep gnay naagrahgneP . haidaH ineS ad ir

hatniremep atrakaygoY naagrahgnep tapadnem nad ,4891 nuhat artsas gnadib kutnu

irad nodnoL CBB sugilakes riaynep natagnirep akgnar malad aisenodnI iskeS

aynisiup kutnu ,tafaw halet gnay aisenodnI nawartsas gnay ludujreb rayalreB ,6791(

irad naagrahgnep tapadnem asahaB tasuP atrakaJ k kutnu isiup nalupmu ayn hamuR

gnuggnaP .)4991(

namialuS orotnailuS itasaraL , anajraS .4391 nuhat ,hagneT awaJ ,uyaimuB id rihal

d nainatrep agnuB iakgnareP nalupmukreP iridnep halada ,ini MGU tafaslif na

0791 lawa id ,aisenodnI irasayaM - nanipmip iagabes tabajnem aguj uti asam adaP .na

isavresnok gnadib id sifitka gnaroes aguj aI .atrakaygoY onosineS gnudeG alolegnep

iagabes ,lanoisidart kitab .dagaJ rakeS kitaB atnicneP nabuyugaP autek

iagabreb id ,imala anrawep labreh nahab itilenem halada rihkaret gnay aynnakubiseK

.awaJ id kitab iskudorp artnes hayaliw

otnameoS idkaB niN , .mla irad irtsi halada uaileB .6491 nuhat atrakaygoY id rihal

rD .forP fitka niN nahailukrep aggnih AMS asam adaP .US otnameoS idkabeoS .C .

niN ,sapel hamejrenep idajnem mulebeS .atrakaygoY id retaet nad ines nataigek adap

kutnu nakhamejrenem ,atrakaygoY ,IRVT raiynep nad haksan silunep idajnem hanrep

eS ,nalP stneraP retsoF .5791 nuhat atrakaygoY id ynapmoC ragiC id rutkeriD siratrek

UMG kutnu ajrekeb nad sapel hamejrenep iagabes ajrekeb niN ,0891 nuhat ialuM

tibreneP ,akatsuP gnatneB ,itifarG tibreneP ,amatU akatsuP aidemarG ,sserP

ibreneP nad odnitupmoK aideM xelE ,suisinaK hadus niN gnarakes iapmaS .gnatneB t

laisos ukub 05 irad hibel nakhamejrenem - ayadub - aparebeb gnitnuynem ,harajes

.rabak tarus iagabreb id kednep atirec nahamejret kaynab atres ,ukub


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ojraharotpaS , atrakaJ id rihal 5591 nuhat atrakaygoY id laggninem nad uhat .9002 n

L ayaduB anerA natiwaraK nad irat raggnaS utiay lamrof nakididnep agabme

3691 nuhat atrakaygoY - ineS imedakA id nakididnep hupmenem hanrep nad 7791

5791 nuhat atrakaygoY )ifardsA( mliF nad amarD - .7791

omotortesiW onrawuS , aygoY ,ogorP noluK id rihaL ek kusaM .2691 nuhat ,atrak

1S anajras hiareM .aisenodnI apuR ineS hagneneM halokeS iulalem apur ines ainud

S anajrasacsaP .8891 ,aisenodnI ineS tutitsnI id - ,1002 ,harajeS idutS margorP id 2

itka iniK .9002 ,MGU aideM nad ayaduB naijaK larotkoD margorP nad iagabes f

.aynretamamla id rajagnep atres nednepedni rotaruk

onojojuS .S , 3191 nuhat iggniT gnibeT id rihal 5891 nuhat atrakaJ id laggninem nad .

nakapurem aguj gnay gnirktsnuK id haidahreb naremap nakgnanemem 5391 adaP

d onojojduS harpik lawa natacnol utab ayntujnaleS .aisenodnI apuR ineS ainud mala

uaileb ,)aduM aisenodnI namineS( MIS itrepes nainesek isasinagro malad fitka niales

onojojduS gnapeJ nakududnep namaj adap ,IGASREP nakiridnem turut aguj

p acsaP .)taykaR aganeT taseoP( arteoP isasinagro utnabmem onojojduS isamalkor

tapmes nup ojojduS .)aisenodnI adumeP natakgnA( IPA nagned irid nakgnubaggnem

nuhat IKP iatrap iskarf irad RPD atoggnA idajnem nagned kitilop ainud malad nujret

0591 - namines iagabes fitka ilabmek nad raulek naidumek amal kadit numaN .na ines

ayraK .kitsinoiserpske asnaun nakawabmem gnay amatrep aisenodnI sikuleP .apur -

aynisakided satA .laisos saitlaer padahret kitirk nakapurem raseb naigabes aynayrak

aisenodnI apuR ineS kapaB raleg irebid onojojduS ,aisenodnI apuR ineS ainud adap

.nredoM asaj sata naagrahgnep iagabeS - onojojduS 0691 nuhat adap aynasaj

irad sikul ines gnadib malad ineS haregunA helorepmem kilbupeR hatniremep

.aisenodnI


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