gaelic orthographic conventions 2005
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
1/42
Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
UGHDARRAS
THEISTEANAS
NA H-ALBA
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
2/42
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
3/42
Gaelic Orthographic Conventions2005
Published date: August 2005
Publication code: BB1532
First Published by the Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB)
in 1981 and revised by the Scottish Qualifications Authority (SQA) in 2005.
Published by the Scottish Qualifications AuthorityHanover House, 24 Douglas Street, Glasgow G2 7NQ
Ironmills Road, Dalkeith, Midlothian EH22 1LE
www.sqa.org.uk
The information in this publication may be reproduced in support of SQA
qualifications. If it is reproduced, SQA should be clearly acknowledged as the
source. If it is to be used for any other purpose, then written permission must be
obtained from the Publications Team, Customer Relations and Marketing at SQA.
It must not be reproduced for trade or commercial purposes.
Scottish Qualifications Authority 2005
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
4/42
For an up-to-date list of prices visit the Publication Sales and Downloads section
of SQAs website.
This document can be produced, on request, in alternative formats, including large
type, braille and numerous community languages. For further details telephone
SQAs Customer Contact Centre on 0845 279 1000.
SQA is committed to using plain English. We will try to make our publications as
easy and straightforward to understand as we can, and will try to avoid all
unnecessary jargon. If theres any language in this document that you feel is hard
to understand, or could be improved, please write to Editor, Publications Team, atthe Glasgow address above or e-mail: [email protected].
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
5/42
Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
1 The spelling rule .....................................................................................................................................................................................................2
2 Consonant quality.................................................................................................................................................................................................2
3 Consonant groups .................................................................................................................................................................................................3
4 Vowel representations ......................................................................................................................................................................................4
5 Word stress and emphasis............................................................................................................................................................................5
6 Apostrophes and spacing ..............................................................................................................................................................................7
7 Sound adaptation and loan words ......................................................................................................................................................8
8 Verbs ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9
9 Prepositional phrases.........................................................................................................................................................................................10
10 Hyphenation ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................12
11 Other orthographic issues
A Numbers ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................14
B Months of the year..................................................................................................................................................................................15
C Dates .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
D Days..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................15
E Surnames............................................................................................................................................................................................................15
F Place names .....................................................................................................................................................................................................15
G Titles........................................................................................................................................................................................................................16
H Acronyms............................................................................................................................................................................................................17
I Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................................................................17
12 Word list.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................18
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
6/42
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
7/42
1
Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
Introduction
In 1976, the Scottish Certificate of Education Examination Board (SCEEB), at the
request of its Gaelic Panel, set up a Sub-committee of the Panel to investigate issues
pertaining to Gaelic orthography. Inconsistencies in the standard of written Gaelic had
been noted by SCEEB examiners and it was felt that guidelines should be created to
ensure that an authoritative set of orthographic conventions was adopted by teachers
and examination candidates. It was also important that examiners, setters and markers
would use the document when dealing with Gaelic examination papers and scripts.
The findings of the Sub-committee werepublished in 1981 in the document GaelicOrthographic Conventions (GOC). Thisdocument has proved to be a valuable foundationfor many areas of Gaelic development since thenas Gaelic usage has expanded into differentdomains of public life in Scotland. More recentlythe GOCrecommendations have been adopted
in the compilation ofFaclair na Prlamaid.
It has now been decided by the ScottishQualifications Authority (SQA), whichsuperseded the SCEEB, that the document shouldbe reviewed and updated, whilst adhering to theprinciples and recommendations contained in theoriginal. It is intended that this updated documentshould be easier to use, and the extended list ofnearly 2,000 words is designed to illustrate morefully the application of the conventions. In most
cases a single orthographic form is recommended,although it is recognised that, in some instances,more than one form is in use.
The revised word list is not intended to be, nor toresemble, a dictionary. It is a source of referencewhich users of the document may wish to consultwhen in doubt as to how a word, or related wordor phrase, should be spelt. Explanatory noteshave been kept to a minimum.
SQA gratefully acknowledges part-funding from theScottish Executive and Brd na Gidhlig for the
revision ofGOC.
PROJECT CONSULTANT
Donald John Maciver, Comhairle nan Eilean Siar
STEERING GROUP
Annie MacSween, Lews Castle College
A G Boyd Robertson, University of Strathclyde
Ian MacDonald,The Gaelic Books Council
SQA OFFICER
Marilyn M Waters
SQA CONSULTANT
Evgeniya Matyunina
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
8/42
2
1 The spelling rule
The spelling rule leathann ri leathann is caol ri caol (broad to broad and slender to slender) isthe most common device to indicate orthographic forms in Gaelic. This means that when one or moreconsonants come between two vowels, the vowels on either side of the consonant(s) should be of thesame class.
A If the vowel preceding the consonant(s) isbroad, a, o or u, the vowel following shouldalso be broad.
bodach, celmhor, cumadh
B Where the vowel before the consonant(s) isslender, i or e, then the vowel after theconsonant(s) should be slender.
caileag, coinnich, oidhche
An exception to this rule occurs with somepast participles passive, eg:
glacte, leagte, togte, dante
with certain compounds, eg:
banrigh, choreigin, mocheirigh, rudeigin
and with some borrowed words, eg:
mosgoto, soircas, telefn
2 Consonant quality
A Consonants or consonant groups withpalatal quality should be indicated by placingslender vowels (e, i) adjacent to them:
at the beginning of a word: ceann, geall,greann, seall, steall
at the end of a word: cruinn, cuirm,Goill, risg, sail
in the middle of a word: clisgeadh, cruinne,sailleadh, tuilleadh
B Consonants or consonant groups with velar
quality should be indicated by placing broadvowels (a, o, u) adjacent to them:
at the beginning of a word: grn,
sprilleach, str at the end of a word: balach, ceann, cosg,
geal, sealg
in the middle of a word: ceannaich, balach,cosgais, lochdan
C The forms seo and siud, showing palatalquality, should be used. In the case ofneo orno, the latter is the preferred form, althoughthe former is appropriate in the phrase air neo.
D Taigh should be used instead of tigh, toreflect the sound quality of the consonant.
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
9/42
3
3 Consonant groups
A The letters sg should be used in all positionsin place ofsc:
basgaid, cosg, pasgan, Sgalpaigh, sgian
The letters sp should be used in all positions inplace ofsb:
cuspair, cuspann, speal, uspag
However, because of their frequency andfamiliarity, the spelling of the words deasbad,
easbaig, Gilleasbaig and taisbeanadh should beleft unchanged.
The letters st should be used in all positions inplace ofsd:
aosta, a-rithist, ist, furasta,gasta,psta,staidhre, tuarastal, tubaist
An exception would arise in a compoundplace name where the final element is dal ordail, eg:
Gramasdal, Lacasdal, Loch Baghasdail
Exceptions may also be found in the case ofestablished forms of personal names andnomenclature on signage, eg:
Alasdair, Colaisde, Fionnlasdan, Taigh-sda,isdean
Likewise, Crosd(a), Crosdaidh etc
B The prefix formerly written as comh- shouldbe written as co- where it does not take stress,eg:
co-chomann, co-chrdadh, co-labhairt,co-ogha
Where it bears stress but does not havenasalisation, words should be written as in theexamples below:
coileanta, coitheanal, coluadar
Where it bears stress and does havenasalisation, the form comh/cmh without ahyphen should be used:
coimhleanta (compos-mentis), comhaois(person of similar age), cmhdhail(conference, transport), cmhradh (speech)
C Consonant groups should be simplified in:
cudrom (cuideam also acceptable),
cudromach, meraich and merachan
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
10/42
4
4 Vowel representations
The following are recommended forms:
A eu rather than ia as in the words beul, feur,meud,sgeul
B o rather than ia as in the words don, fon,for, mos
C Homophones (words with the same sound buta different meaning) should be differentiated
where possible. For example, ceud should beretained for a hundred and the word forfirst should be written ciad. Similarly, monthwould be mos and the word for basin shouldbe written mias. The words for grass, squintand true should be spelt feur, fiarand forrespectively. The words for anything,charm/spell and storm should be spelt son,seun and sian respectively.
D The sound previously represented by the
vowel combination ao should be written asadh in words such as:
adhbhar, adhbrann, adhradh
The combination ao is retained to representthe different sound in, for example:
daor, faobhar, gaoth, saor
E The use ofa (rather than u) to render thesound in the unstressed second syllable in
words like balach, bodach and tioram shouldbe extended to most words, eg:
lainn, altram, Boball, comann, doras,fallas, foghlam, madainn, solas, turas
An exception to this is agus, in which u shouldnot change to a, because of frequency andfamiliarity.
Similarly, ea should be used rather than io inwords like:
boireann, doilgheas, ireannach, fireannach,gailleann, timcheall
However, the words aotrom, cothrom, cudrom,cudromach should reflect the element trom in
their spelling.
F In the case of diphthongs with m in wordssuch as:
cam, lampa, lom,trom
the spelling without the accent should beretained except in:
m (time)
which should have an accent to differentiate itfrom other words spelt am.
G The conventional spelling should be used inthe representation of the vowel quality of theadjectival endings in words such as:
ainmeil, duineil, sgileil, sgoinneil
although in many areas these contain backvowels when spoken. The spelling rule doessometimes allow a closer representation of
such back vowels:
bodachail, cuideachail, fearail
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
11/42
5
H The grave accent only should be used toindicate length:
an-d, b, c, lmh, line, mr, tr
The accent should be written on /s (out of)and on s whenever the vowel is open (s bith,s didh, s mo chadal) to distinguish it fromas when the vowel is not open (as fherr, ast-earrach, as t-samhradh etc).
The accent should also be used to indicate
length on capital letters:
ird saig, le, omhar, An t-ban, ig, na
I The conventional spelling without an accentshould be retained on the long vowel soundbefore ll and nn in words such as
cinnteach, fillte, inntinn, till
bonn, cunntas, sanntach
This principle should also be applied to wordsformerly spelt with the accent, eg:
dilleachdan, dinnearand trilleachan
5 Word stress and emphasis
A Initial Stress
Where stress is on the first syllable of words,including proper compounds, these should be
spelt as one word:
atharrais, banrigh, barrall, cuingealachadh,dochuimhnich, eatarrasan, imeachd,smaoineachadh
Words with prefixes conform to the samepattern:
anabarrach, anacothrom, aocoltach,aodomhainn, eucoir
B Non-initial Stress
Words in which stress does not fall on the firstsyllable should generally be hyphenated, withthe hyphen coming before the part of theword bearing the stress:
ban-dic, cas-chrom
Words with prefixes conform to the samepattern:
ana-miann, ath-bheothachadh
However, hyphens should not be used inborrowed or adapted words that have non-initial stress:
buntta, telebhisean, tombaca
Pronouns with emphasising particles (-ne -sa,-se, -san) should generally be written as oneword:
dhaibhsan, dhsan, dhse, dhmhsa,dhuibhse, dhuinne, dhutsa
But leis-san and ris-san should be hyphenatedto avoid the juxtaposition ofss.
C Where the emphasising particle follows anoun or an adjective, the word should behyphenated:
a brgan-se, ar cirdean-ne, mo leabhar-sa,mo sheacaid r-sa
However, adjectival forms ofseo, sin and siudshould be written as separate words:
an rud seo / an rud sa, an rud sin, an rud ud
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
12/42
6
D The following adverbial expressions of timeand place, which constitute units, should behyphenated:
an-d, an-diugh, an-drsta, a-nis, a-rs,a-rithist
a-bhn, a-bhos, an-ird, a-nall, a-nos, a-nuas,a-null
a-chaoidh, a-cheana, am-feast, a-mhin,a-riamh
a-mach, a-muigh, a-staigh, a-steach
a-mireach, am-bliadhna, an-earar,an-uiridh, a-raoir
E In the following common adverbialexpressions, meaning next year, tomorrownight and next week, hyphens should beused:
an-ath-bhliadhn(a), an-ath-oidhch,
an-ath-sheachdain
However, when they are nouns used in thesense of the following or the next theyshould be written as separate words, eg:
Bha an ath bhliadhna na b fherr(The following/the next year was better)
Bhiodh an ath oidhche gl eadar-dhealaichte(The following/the next night would be verydifferent)
Thisich an ath sheachdain le gaoth is uisge(The following/the next week began withwind and rain)
F Compound prepositions with stress on non-initial elements should be written as twowords:
a chum, am broinn, measg, am measg,a rir, a thaobh, os cionn, ri taobh
G airson, carson and ciamarshould be written asone word, but son/shon in expressions such asair a son fhin and air mo shon fhin should bewritten as separate words.
H Words ending in the element -eigin shouldgenerally be written as one word, even wherethe spelling rule is broken:
air choreigin, cuideigin, feareigin, latheigin,neacheigin, rudeigin, uaireigin
The word t-eigin should, however, behyphenated to avoid the juxtaposition ofee.
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
13/42
7
6 Apostrophes and spacing
A Apostrophes are used for the following:
forms of the article before a noun, ega ghealach
verbal nouns beginning with a consonant, ega falbh
shortened version ofis, eg s ann, s dcha,s e, s math
shortened version ofbu, eg b ann, b e,
b fherr shortened version ofis/agus, eg cho luath s a
tha e, math s gu bheil e
shortened version of possessive pronouns, egd fhinne, m amhach
after the past tense marker dh, egdhfhalbh, dhith
when the preposition do becomes a dhbefore vowels, eg a dhiarraidh, a dhUibhist
B The apostrophe should not be used in thefollowing:
gum faigh, gun creideadh, gur ann
lrna-mhireach, nuair
C The apostrophe should not be used inpossessive phrases, eg:
nam thaigh; na mo thaigh
nad thaigh; na do thaigh
na thaigh
na taigh; na h-ite
nar taigh; na ar taigh
nur taigh; na ur taigh
nan taighean; nam brgan
D The apostrophe should not be used with formssuch as ga, eg:
gam thuigsinn; ga mo thuigsinn
gad chreidsinn; ga do chreidsinn
ga chluinntinn
ga h-aithneachadh
gar togail, ga ar togail
gur leantainn, ga ur leantainn
gan coinneachadh
gam faicinn
E It should be noted that the forms a, b, d andm are always followed by a space. Thereshould not, however, be a space after dh.
Where an or am are shortened to n and m,and are preceded by a noun or a pronoun,
they should be written as separate words, witha space left, eg:
a bheil thu m beachd?, bha an duine n dil,tha mi n dchas
A space should always follow s, and it shouldnever be joined to the following word, eg:
s ann Nis a tha mi
s e sin as fherr, s mise a th ann, s dcha
gun tig iad
mi fhn s tu fhin, cho luath s a ch mi
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
14/42
8
7 Sound adaptation and loan words
A Words or sounds integrated into Gaelic shouldbe written as follows:
Initial CH may be represented by se or te:seclaid (chocolate), teans(a)/seansa (chance)
Initial J may be represented by i: Iapan(Japan), Iupatar(Jupiter)
Initial K may be represented by c:cileagram/cg (kilogram/kg), cilemeatair/km(kilometre/km) (km is used to avoid
confusion with cm)
Initial Q may be represented by cu:cuaraidh (quarry), cuota (quota)
Initial V may be represented by bh:bhana (van), Bhictria (Victoria)
Initial W may be represented by u(a) or u(e):ulras (walrus), uir(wire)
Initial WH may be represented by cu or chu:
chuip (whipped), cuibheall(wheel),cuip (whip)
Initial X may be represented by s:saidhleafn (xylophone); X in the middle ofa word may be represented by gs: bogsa(box), tagsaidh (taxi)
Initial Y may be represented by gh or i:gheat(yacht), iogart(yoghurt), Iorc (York)
Initial Z may be represented by s:sinc (sink/zinc), s/sutha (zoo)
B The following words are adapted in this way:
The combination of letters oi represents avariation of sounds in English loan words, asin coiridh (curry) and soircas (circus),although the word bus should remain anexception because it is familiar in that form.
Diphthongs in adapted words should berepresented by -dh, not -gh, eg:
baidhsagal(bicycle), loidhne (line),
soidhne (sign), stoidhle (style)
Final -ee and -y should be represented by-(a)idh, eg:
cofaidh (coffee), comadaidh (comedy),comataidh (committee), poileasaidh(policy), tofaidh (toffee)
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
15/42
9
8 Verbs
A The following forms should be used for the verb to be, with stress determining the choice ofalternative form where a comma is used. An oblique is used to indicate dialectal alternatives.
Past Tense forms an robh? (was/were?)gun robh (that was/were)nach robh (that was/were not)
Past Participle form bhite/bhithist(e) (used to be)
Conditional form bhiodh, bhitheadh (would be)cha bhiodh, cha bhitheadh (would not be)
Future Tense forms bidh, bithidh (will be)cha bhi (will not be)am bi? (will be?) gum bi (that will be) nach bi (that will not be)a bhith (to be)
B The following forms should be used for irregular verbs, with stress determining the choice ofalternative form:
The monosyllabic forms (eg bidh, thuirt) should be the norm, with the forms with two syllables (egbithidh, thubhairt) being used only to show emphasis. Variants such as a ruigsinn, cha deachaidh,cha d rinig, chunna are also acceptable.
Root Verbal Noun Past Positive Past Negative
abair ag rdh/a rdh thuirt, thubhairt cha tuirt, cha tubhairt beir (air) a breith rug cha do rug
cluinn a cluinntinn chuala cha chuala
dan a danamh rinn cha do rinn
faic a faicinn chunnaic chan fhaca
faigh a faighinn fhuair cha d fhuair
rach a dol chaidh cha deach
ruig a ruighinn rinig cha do rinig
thig a tighinn thinig cha tinig
thoir a toirt thug cha tug
Root Verbal Noun Past Positive Past Negative Infinitive
cuir a cur chuir cha do chuir a chur
C Forms of the verb cuir(put) should be written as follows:
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
16/42
10
9 Prepositional phrases
A Prepositional phrases may consist of preposition + article + noun, eg bho + an + baile, which yieldsbhon bhaile (from the town). The form bhon a bhaile is also acceptable.The same principle isshown below with other prepositions.
fo + an fon taigh, fon an taigh
mu + an mun bhrd, mun a bhrd
ro + an ron Nollaig, ron an Nollaig
tro + an tron bhaile, tron a bhaile
leis + an leis an duine, leis a bhaile
ris + an ris an duine, ris a bhaile
In the case ofleis and ris, a different pattern is found, as they do not combine with the article toform a new word and they can be followed by two different forms of the article:
anns + an anns an duine, anns a bhaile san duine, sa bhaile
A similar pattern is found with anns, but additional contractions are also found.
do + an don bhaile, don a bhaile dha + an dhan bhaile, dhan a bhaile
de + an den bhaile, den a bhaile dhe + an dhen bhaile, dhen a bhaile
The prepositions do and de are replaced in many areas with dha and dha/dhe, resulting in a greatervariety of forms than in the case of those above. When followed by the article they are alsosometimes written as in the fourth column below.
In the case ofdo + an, dan bhaile may also be found.
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
17/42
11
B Other prepositional phrases may consist of preposition + possessive + noun, eg do + mo + taighwhich yields dom thaigh (to my house).The form dham thaigh is also acceptable. The followingcombined forms can be used, although the separate versions are also acceptable:
Preposition Pronoun Prepositional Pronoun
do/dha mo dom/dham
do dod/dhad
a (masc) da/dha thaigh
a (fem) da/dha taigh
ar dor/dar/dhar
ur dur/dhur
am dom/dam/dham
an don/dan/dhan
bho/o mo bhom/om
do bhod/od
a (masc) bho/o (a thaigh)
a (fem) bho/o (a taigh)
ar bhor/or
ur bhur
an bhon/on
am bhom/om
Preposition mi thu e/i sinn sibh iad
de dem ded de (a) der dur den/demdhem dhed dhe (a) dher dhur dhen/dhem
fo fom fod fo (a) for fur fon/fom
gu gum gud gu (a) gar gur gun/gum
le lem led le (a) ler lur len/lem
ri rim rid ri (a) rir rur rin/rim
ro rom rod ro (a) ror rur ron/rom
tro trom trod tro (a) tror trur tron/trom
C Other simple prepositional phrases follow this pattern:
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
18/42
12
D However, it is also acceptable to use thefull forms:
bho do mhthair gu do sheanair
le bhur cead ro ur bracaist
In the first and second plurals the formswould be:
bho arand bho ur le ar and le ur
de/dhe arand de/dhe ur ri arand ri ur
do/dha arand do/dha ur ro arand ro urfo arand fo ur tro ar and tro ur
gu arand gu ur
E In many areas dha has replaced do as thenormal preposition before the article, althoughdo is retained when there is no article, eg:
dhan taigh, dhan a bhth, taing dhanFhreastal, but
do thaigh mr, do bhth an arain, taingdo Dhia
However, in some areas dha is used evenwhen there is no article, especially with proper
names. In these cases, the word followingshould never be lenited, eg:
dha seirbheis an Rgh, dha Miri,dha Seumas
10 Hyphenation
A Nouns
It is acknowledged that the spelling of words
made up of more than one noun joinedtogether presents difficulties, and the followingguidelines are intended to assist. Compoundsare generally hyphenated if they constitute aunit for example, if any accompanyingadjective would normally come before or afterthe paired words rather than between them, eg:
an t-eadar-lon, brath-naidheachd,cis-lagha, in-sheirbheis, lrach-ln,leabhar-latha, post-dealain, ro-rdh
The words ite, ball, bta, ceann, clr, cir, cirt,culaidh, inneal, ionad, obair, rm, semar, taighand uidheam should always be followed by ahyphen when preceding another noun which isin the genitive case, eg:
ite-fuirich, ball-maise, bta-siil,ceann-suidhe, clr-gnothaich, cir-breith,cirt-lagha, culaidh-thruais,inneal-nigheadaireachd, ionad-obrach,obair-limhe, rm-cadail, semar-ionnlaid,
taigh-bdh, uidheam-sprs
The following words denoting persons orgroups bean, buidheann, fear, luchd, neach,sgioba t should be hyphenated whenfollowed by a common noun, eg:
bean-taighe, buidheann-obrach, fear-siubhail,luchd-elais, neach-gairm(e),sgioba-glanaidh, t-labhairt
Similarly with the prefix ban(a) when thestress is on the second syllable, eg:
bana-phrionnsa, ban-Eadailteach,ban-s(h)einneadair
When the stress is on the first syllable, thereshould be no hyphen, eg:
banabaidh, banacharaid, banacheard,banaltram
Being a prefix, unlike bean, ban is neverfollowed by the genitive case. The spellingbaintighearna (noblewoman/lady) should alsobe noted.
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
19/42
13
A similar pattern of hyphenation occurs whenone noun is used (like an adjective) to prefixanother noun not in the genitive case, withlenition occurring where possible, eg:
brn-chluich, bun-sgoil, ceann-latha,sluagh-ghairm, speur-bhean
It should also be noted that when the secondnoun (whether feminine or masculine) is notlenited in the nominative, it may still be
lenited in an oblique case following apreposition and the article, eg anns aneachdraidh-bheatha, san taigh-sheinnse.
Words that should not be followed by ahyphen include aithisg, comhairle, greis,iomairt, oifigeach, oifigear, rdugh, plana,roinn, eg:
aithisg comhairleachaidh, comhairle baile,iomairt coimhearsnachd, oifigeach/oifigearleasachaidh, rdugh cirte, plana gnomh,
roinn dealbhachaidh
There should be no hyphen when nouns areseparated by the article or when the second orfollowing noun is a proper noun, eg:
Ball Prlamaid, bta Mhalaig, beanThormoid, Cirt an t-Seisein, fear an taighe,obair na h-ola, rm na cloinne, sgiobarugbaidh na h-Alba, taigh Dhonnchaidh
It is not possible to give a definitive ruling on
whether a noun following a feminine noun(whether or not there is hyphenation) shouldbe lenited, as there are many examples ofwhen such a noun is lenited and manyexamples of when it is not, eg bean-ghlineand deise chl but eachdraidh-beatha.A number of examples of recommended usageare given in the Word List.
B Adjectives
A prefix or an adjective preceding a nounshould always be hyphenated, eg
rd-easbaig, ath-innse, beag-seagh,cruaidh-chs, dubh-fhacal, iar-cheann-suidhe, leas-stiiriche, liath-reothadh,mr-roinn, trom-laighe
The exceptions are adjectives that precede thenoun: droch, f or, ioma/iomadh, promh, seann,
eg:
droch shil, for dhuine, iomadh oidhche,Promh Mhinistear, seann sgeulachd
An adjective preceding another adjectiveshould always be hyphenated, eg:
fad-fhulangach, ioma-dhathach,iomadh-fhillte, ln-elach,uile-chumhachdach
More examples of all the usages listed aboveare given in the Word List.
C Adverbs
Guidance on adverbial phrases is given inSection 5 (D).
It should be noted that an seo, an sin and ansiud should be spelt without the hyphen.
D Use offin and fhin
The prefix fin is always followed by a hyphen,eg:
fin-elas, fin-mhothachail, fin-mheas
However, fhin (and the alternative firstperson form fhn) should always follow theword it qualifies and never be hyphenated, eg:
an duine fhin, Seumas fhin, mi fhn,iad fhin
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
20/42
14
11 Other orthographic issues
A Numbers
There are two counting systems in use in Gaelic one based on twenties, the other (more recentlyintroduced) on tens. Examples of the two systems are given below:
No. Traditional (Twenties) Alternative (Tens)
11 aon-deug
19 naoi-deug
27 seachd air fhichead fichead s a seachd
29 naoi air fhichead fichead s a naoi30 deich air fhichead trithead
32 dh-dheug air fhichead trithead s a dh
40 d fhichead ceathrad
46 d fhichead s a sia ceathrad s a sia
50 leth-cheud caogad
60 tr fichead seasgad
70 tr fichead s a deich seachdad
80 ceithir fichead ochdad90 ceithir fichead 's a deich naochad
135 sia fichead s a coig deug ceud, trithead s a cigceud s cig-deug air fhichead
50,000 leth-cheud mle caogad mle
1,000,000 millean
1,000,000,000 billean
Numbers are combined with nouns thus:seachd bliadhna deug/sia neach air fhichead/fichead neach s a sia/fichead s a sia neach/cig sgillinn deug air fhichead/trithead sgillinns a cig/trithead s cig sgillinn
Whether the numbers 6, 7, 8 and 11 arepreceded by t- depends on the gender of theword, eg:
an seachdamh bogsa (masculine), but
an t-seachdamh brg (feminine)
Numbers should be sequenced thus:a chiad (1d)an drna/an dara (2na/ra)an treas/an treasamh/an trtheamh (3mh)an ceathramh (4mh)an cigeamh (5mh)an siathamh (6mh)an seachdamh (7mh)an t-ochdamh (8mh)an naoidheamh (9mh)
an deicheamh (10mh)
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
21/42
15
B Months of the year
Am Faoilleach An t-IucharAn Gearran An Lnastal Am Mrt An t-SultainAn Giblean An Dmhair An Citean An t-SamhainAn t-gmhios An Dbhlachd
C Dates
Dates may be written in full or using numbers,thus:
An seachdamh latha deug dhen Fhaoilleach
An ceathramh latha fichead/air fhicheaddhen Ghearran
An 23mh den Mhrt
23mh (An) Giblean
26 (An) Citean
D Days
Diluain DihaoineDimirt DisathairneDiciadain Didmhnaich orDiardaoin Latha/L na Sbaid
Periods of the day are indicated as follows:
madainn Diluain
feasgar Dimirt
feasgar na Sbaid
The names of the nights of the week should bewritten:
Oidhche Luain Oidhche HaoineOidhche Mhirt Oidhche ShathairneOidhche Chiadain Oidhche Dhmhnaich/Oidhche Ardaoin Oidhche na Sbaid
E Surnames
Surnames including Mac and Nic should bewritten as one word, but with a capital letteron the second element:
MacAilein, MacCoinnich/MacChoinnich,MacDhmhnaill, NicLeid, NicThmais
Exceptions are surnames which include thedefinite article:
Mac a Ghobhainn, Mac an Aba,Nic a Phearsain
F Place names
The spelling of place names consisting of twoor more elements should reflect the distinctiveelements:
Ceann Loch Chille Chiarain, Dn ideann,Inbhir Nis, Obar Dheathain
Where an element has become obscure, ahyphen should be inserted:
Earra-Ghidheal
The final element in names derived fromNorse -ey island should be spelt-aigh or -eigh:
Barraigh, Bernaraigh, irisgeigh, Pabaigh,Sgalpaigh, Tarasaigh
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
22/42
16
G Titles
Women
It is recommended that Miss, Ms and Mrsbe rendered as A Bh-Uas (a contraction ofA Bhean-Uasal). This would yield:
A Bh-Uas (Miri) Chaimbeul, A Bh-Uas(Sne) Mhoireach, A Bh-Uas (Anna)NicDhmhnaill
The article would not be written with a capitalletter except in an address, and after apreposition the name would appear as follows:
aig a Bh-Uas (Miri) Chaimbeul, aig aBh-Uas (Sne) Mhoireach, aig a Bh-Uas(Anna) NicDhmhnaill
dhan Bh-Uas Chaimbeul, dhan Bh-UasMhoireach, dhan Bh-Uas NicDhmhnaill
A dative might be marked both in the title and
in the name, eg aig a Mhnaoi-UasailChaimbeil/Mhoirich/NicDhmhnaill, but thiswould probably be unnecessarily formal.
However, a genitive should be marked, whichwould be na M-Uas (a contraction ofna Mn-Uasail/Uaisle):
nighean na M-Uas C(h)aimbeil, nighean naM-Uas M(h)oirich, nighean na M-UasNicDhmhnaill
The unlenited form is strictly correct, but inpractice lenited forms such as nighean naM-Uas Chaimbeiland nighean na M-UasMhoirich are more likely to be found.
The form when addressing someone would be:
A Bh-Uas Chaimbeul, A Bh-Uas Mhoireach,A Bh-Uas NicDhmhnaill
Where it is desired to make clear that awoman is married, the form A Bh-ph (acontraction ofA Bhean-phsta) is used in the
same way as A Bh-Uas above. The genitivewould be na M-p (a contraction ofnaMn-psta).
A Bh-ph Chaimbeul, A Bh-ph Mhoireach,A Bh-ph NicDhmhnaill
aig a Bh-ph Chaimbeul, aig a Bh-phMhoireach, aig a Bh-ph NicDhmhnaill
dhan Bh-ph Chaimbeul, dhan Bh-phMhoireach, dhan Bh-ph NicDhmhnaill
nighean na M-p C(h)aimbeil, nighean naM-p M(h)oirich, nighean naM-p NicDhmhnaill
The formulation below may also be used:
Miri, Bean ChaimbeilMrs Mary Campbell
Sne, Bean Mhoirich Mrs Jean Murray
Anna, Bean MhicDhmhnaillMrs Anne MacDonald
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
23/42
17
Men
It is recommended that Mr be rendered asMgr(a contraction ofMaighstir). The genitivewould be Mhgr(a contraction ofMhaighstir).This would yield the following:
Mgr Caimbeul, Mgr MacDhmhnaill,Mgr Moireach
aig Mgr Caimbeul, aig Mgr Moireach,aig Mgr MacDhmhnaill
do Mhgr Caimbeul, do Mhgr Moireach,do Mhgr MacDhmhnaill
mac Mhgr MhicDhmhnaill,mac Mhgr Chaimbeil, mac Mhgr Mhoirich
The form used when addressing someonewould be:
A Mhgr Chaimbeil,A Mhgr Mhoirich,A Mhgr MhicDhmhnaill
Other forms of address
Another format is exemplified in MiriChaimbeul, Uas (a contraction ofUasal); SneMhoireach, Uas;Anna NicDhmhnaill, Uas;Seumas Caimbeul, Uas;Alasdair Moireach,Uas; Cailean MacDhmhnaill, Uas. When anyof the names are inflected in the normal way,the Uas is unaffected.
H Acronyms
Gaelic acronyms, including some which aretranslations, should be written as follows, eg:
BP (Ball Prlamaid), BPA (Ball Prlamaidna h-Alba), BPE (Ball Prlamaid nah-Erpa), CnaG (Comunn na Gidhlig),CNES (Comhairle nan Eilean Siar), CNSA(Comhairle nan Sgoiltean raich), OGE(Oilthigh na Gidhealtachd s nan Eilean),
SMO (Sabhal Mr staig)However, non-Gaelic acronyms are often leftin their original form even though the full titlemay be used in Gaelic, eg:
BBC, NATO, SNH, SQA, UN, VAT
Acronyms are subject to normal inflectionpatterns, eg:
aig a BhBC, leis a BhPA, oifis ChnaG
I Abbreviations
When abbreviations appear in Gaelic form,they are written as follows:
ir. (no.), An t-Oll. (Prof), An t-Urr(Rev),cg (kg), dd (pp), Dr(Doctor; medical andacademic), km (km), me (eg), Mgr(Fr),msaa (etc), tdd (pages)
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
24/42
18
12 Word list
A from, out ofabaira-bhna bharrachd in addition; either
a bheila bhith to be (not a bhi)a bhn-da bhn-raoira bhn-uiridha-bhosacair(e)acfhainna-chaoidha-cheana
a chiad the firsta-chianaibha chionn s/a chionna chuma chur to put(not a chuir)a cluich(e)a cluinntinna cur puttinga dannsa(dh)a danamha dhaindeoin
a dhaon(a) ghnotha(i)ch
adhar skyadharcadhartadhbharadhbrann
a dhiarraidha dhionnsaighadhlacadhadhradha dhUibhistagam (am for short)agh heifergh joy, blissA Ghearmailta-ghnthag rdh/a rdhagusa h-uile h-oidhcheibheiseachaifreannaig a BhBCaigneailbheanilgheasachaillseaindeonach reluctant
ain-diadhaidh
aineolachainmeilainmigainneamhair a shon fhin
air a son fheinair choreiginird saigird headland; point of compassird(e) heightireamh (ir. for short)numberairgeadairidh worthyirigh sheilingirleas/erlasair-loidhneair muinirneisair neoair seachranairson (son for short)airtnealairtnealachaiseag naiseal axleaisig v
aiste out of her/it
The following word list gives examples of how words should be spelt in accordance with principles andrecommendations set out in the document. The list cannot take full account of all the variants whichoccur in speech. People pronounce certain words in different ways and this diversity is acknowledged,but it was not practicable to include all forms in this list.
Key
adj = adjective; gen = genitive; n = noun; pl= plural; v = verb; vn = verbal noun;f= feminine; m = masculine
Brackets: a letter or letters in brackets may be omitted
Comma: an alternative depending on context, eg emphasis
Oblique (/): an alternative form or forms.Where the alternatives appear twice in reverse orderthey are equally acceptable.Where the alternatives appear once, the first form isthe recommended one.
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
25/42
19
ite-cmhnaidhite-falaichite-fuirichiteiginaithghearraithisglainnAlbaa-macha-mireach
amar-sn(i)mham badeiginam bi? am bi (dependent form)am-bliadhna this yearam broinn measg from amongam-feast everamha(i)cha-mhinmhainn
amharasa mheasg in amongmhghairam measg amongam Prtaidh Lbaracham Prtaidh Libearalach
Deamocratacham Prtaidh Niseantaam Prtaidh Traidheacha-muighan-abaich unripeanabaich premature; unreadyanabarrachanacothroman-ird(e) upwardsan ird an earan iteigina-nallana-miannan-asgaidhan ath bhliadhna
the following year
an ath-bhliadhna next yearan ath oidhche
the following nightan ath-oidhch next nightan ath sheachdain
the following weekan ath-sheachdain next weekan ceartuairan co-bhoinn ri
in association with
an-cmhnaidhan-dan didh/s didhan-diughan do rinn?/na rinn?an-drstaAn Eadailtan-eararan eisimeil dependent onanfha(i)nna-nos
a-nis(e)an lthairanns a bhaile/sa bhaileanns an taigh/san taighan robh? an robh (dependent form)an rud saan rud seoan rud sinan rud udan seoanshocair unease; illnessan sinan siudantaidhan tugtean tuirt, an tubhairtan uair sina-nuasan-uiridha-null
aocoltach
aodomhainnaoidion leakaoidionach leakingaoigh guestaoigheachd hospitalityaoigheil genialaon-deugaostaaotromar-a-mach
a-raoirrd-easbaigrd-rerd-ollamhrd-sgoilrd-sheanadhrd-rlara rira-rista-riamha-rithist/a-rs
ars (before vowel)arsa (before consonant)a ruighinn/a ruigsinns from, out ofs biths didh/an didhas fherrs mo chadala-staighastara-steachas t-earrachas t-fhogharas t-samhradhathair gen athara thaobh regardingatharraisath-bheothachadhath-innse
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
26/42
20
Bbachallbidh tendernessbadhbhBadhlachbaibheil marvellousbaidhcbaidhsagalbaidhsagalairbidse badge
baidse batchbigh baysbailebailinbaintighearnabirdsebalachbl ball(dance)ball/blla ballballa wallball-acfhainn
ball-basgaidball-bhilidhball-coiseball-dbhrainball-maiseBall Prlamaid (BP)ball-seircebana-bhrdbana-bhuidseachbanacharaid
banacheardbana-ghaisgeachbanaltramban-diaban-dicban-iarlab annban-oghabanrighban-rnairebanntrach
barail opinionbaraill(e) barrelbarantasbarraid terraceBarraighbarrall shoelacebarrfhad top layer of peatbasgaid basketbta-bathairbt-aiseig
batal battlebta-siilbta-teasairginnbtha(i)chbatharbthtebt-iasgaichb ebeag-chuidbeag-feumbeag-seagh
beag-trbeairtbeairteachbeairteasbeairtich v equipbean-phstabean-taighebernBernaraighbicearachdBeinn na Fadhla/
Beinn a Bhadhlabeshlaintbeothailbeulbeulaibhbeul-aithrisb fherrbhan(a)bhsa vasebhathar/bhathas/bhatar
bheat vetinerary surgeonBhictriabhidio videobhiodh, bhitheadhbhoras virusbhosa visabhoto vetobhite/bhithist(e)bhithist(e)/bhitebho from
bhodca vodkabhidsebholt(a) voltbholtaids voltagebhtbiathadhbidh, bithidhbilean lipsbillean billionBoballbith-be a living, livelihood
bith-bhuanbith-elasbirobiurocrasaidhbiurocratachblaigeardblasta tastybleadraig v blether; botherbleoghain vbbobhstair bolster, mattressboc male goat; leapbochd poor; illbodachbodha reefbodachailbdhradhbidhcheadboireannta femininebogha bow; bulgebogha-frois(e) rainbow
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
27/42
21
bogsabogsa-ciilbogsadhbogsaigbogsairbogsa-litricheanboireannbonaidbstbstadh
braidhmbristebrmairbraghaBreatannachbreugbroghmhorbriosgaidbris(t)bris(t)eadhbritheamh
broidse broochbrosgalbr-dheargbruichbuaghallanbucaidbuidheann-obrachbuidsidh budgerigarbuinteanas/buntanasbungalobun-os-cionnbun-sgoilbunttabus
Ccballcafaidhcaibideilcaidreabhcaileag
cilearcailleachcaipteancirdinealcirich v mend vn cradhcit a bheil?cit(e)caithte worn out, used upCaitligeachcaladh
calaraidh caloriecalltainncamcamara plcamarathancnanCanidianachcangarcaogadcaora plcaoraichcarabhaidhcaraich v move vn carachadh
carbadcargucarsoncartncas-cheumcas-chromcatalogcathadh snowstormceird craft, tradeceala-deug/cola-deugceann-bliadhna birthdayceann-latha deadlineCeann Loch Chille Chiarainceann-suidhecearcallcerd travelling personcern/cernaidhcernagcernagachceart-chernachceart-chernag
ceathradceileir warbleceimigceimigeachdceimigearCeinia Kenyaceirsle ball of woolCitean (An)celmhorceud a hundred
ceudameatair (cm for short)cha bhicha do rinig/cha d rinigchan eilchan fhacachan fhuilearcha tinigcha tuirt, cha tubhairtcha tugchchte/chithist(e)
chluinnte/chluinnist(e)chuip v whippedchunchunnacaschunnaic/chunnaciad firstciamarcia mheudcidhe pier, quaycidsincile kilocileagram (cg for short)cilemeatair (km for short)cinnteachcobairciopair kipperciudha queueciutha hair bunclach-mheallain
plclachan-meallainclag
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
28/42
22
claigeannclann-nigheanclr-amaclr-gnothaichclr-innsecleachdteclcclceachcliobachcliop haircut
clisgeadhclcloc clockcnimh bonecnimhneach skeletoncnmh digestcnapcnap-starra(dh)
plcnapan-starra(idh)cnatancneasta
cnoccnuimhco-aimsireilco-aontaichc s a tha thu?co-bhanntachdcochallco-chomannco-chrdadhco-dhaltaco-dhicofaidhcofhurtachdcofhurtaichcofhurtailcoibhneascoibhneilcoidsecigcoilean fulfilcoileanta complete, perfect
coilleag cockle; sand-dunecoimeas comparisoncoimhleanta compos-mentiscoimiseancoimpiutaircoingeiscoinnlearco-ionannco-ionannachdcir-breith
cir-bhtaidhCoiria Koreacoiridh currycoitheanalco-l-breithco-labhairtcola-deug/ceala-deugcolaistecolanncoliniach colonialcoloinidh
coltachcoltascoluadarcomadaidh comedycomaig comiccomanncomas abilitycomataidh committeecombaistcomhaois person of same agecomharracmhdhailcmhlacmhlancmhnardcmhradhcmhragcmhstricmh-thrth twilightcom-pirtcom-pirtich
conntraighconsal consulco-oghaco-rdanaichcoparcrnaircorpailearcorporracosgcosgais
costa coastcothromcractecrannchurcrannchur-gill rafflecraiceanncradhcreideamhcriogaid cricketcrioplachCrosd(a)
CrosdaidhCrosdailcriostal crystalcrgcrostacrostachdcruinne(c) (an)
world, universeCruthaighear (An)/Cruthadair
(An) the Creator, GodCuaigear Quakercuango quangocuaraidhcuartaich/cuairtichcbaid/cbainncucair cookercudrom/cuideamcudromachcuibheall/cuibhle ncuibhil v wheel vncuibhleadhcuibhle/cuibheall n
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
29/42
23
cuideachailcuideigincuidhteascuingealachadhcuinn(l)eancuip n, v whipcuir vn curcis-laghacis-uabhaiscuithe cattle fold; pit
cuithe-sneachda snowdriftclaibhculaidh-ghrinculaidh-mhagaidhculaidh-thruaiscultarcultarachcum shapecm keepcumadhcumail
cumantacunntascunntair counter (shop);
bank tellercuram quorumcuota quotacurraicealamcuspaircuspann
Dda to him/itd twodachaighdaddadaidhdibheardibhigdaineamaig ndaineamaigeach adjdaineamait
daineamo
daingeanndaingneachadhdaingnichdaithead dietdam damDmhair (An)danns(a) ndaoimeandaordara/drna
drna/daradathtedeach/deachaidhdeadhan deandelrachdeamhaisdeamocrasaidhdeamocratachdanta/dantedante/dantadearbhte
derrsachdeasbaddeasgdidheildeilignit gelignitedeireadh-seachdaindeit datedeotar jotterdeothaildeugdeugairedha to him/itdh twodhachaighdhaibh(san)dha-rribh/da-rribhdhsandhfhalbhdhi to/for her/itdhibh(se) of/off you pldhinn(e) of/off us
dhom(sa)
dhot(sa)dhith(se) of/off her/itdhse to/for her/itdhithdhiubh(san) of/off themdhldhmhsadhuibhsedhuinn(e) to/for usdhut(sa)
dian intenseDiardaoindiathaddcheallDiciadainddeanDidmhnaichdidseatach digitaldigearDihaoinedilleachdan
DiluainDimirtdneasairdinichean jeansdinn cram, stuffdinneardochuimhnichdiofardoghail/dol avenge; repaydoghaltasdiombuandomhairdon defenddioplmasachdioplmasaidhdoro girodiosgoDisathairnedithisdiraidh jurydleastanas
doca dock, hollow
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
30/42
24
docairdoile/doileag/doilidh dolldoilgheasdolair dollardomhainn deepdomhan worlddrainneachdorasdosgainndotair (Dr for short)
do urdrabastadribheardram/drama dramdrama/dram dramdrma dramadraoidhdranadreasadreuchddrioftair
drithleann sparkledr(i)chddrogadrdhdrudhag/drdhagdrdhag/drudhagdridhteachdubh-fhacal riddle, enigmadubh-ghormDbhlachd (An)ducs duxduineilDn ideanndthchasach
Ee he/iteacarsaicheaconamacheaconamachdeaconamaidh
eaconamairEaconamas Dachaigheacstasaidh ecstasy (the drug)eadar-meadar-amailEadar-lineadar-theangachadhadhar aireadhonadhraig v air
eagalealaealain (not ealan) artealla (as in gabh ealla ri)ealtainneanraichearballerlas/irleasEarra-Ghidhealeas-aonta disagreementeasaontas transgression
easbaigeasbhaidheasbhaidheachasgaidheasganniginneach/igeannachighigheach(d)iginneileagtronaigeacheileamaideileaneilthireacheinnseaneinnseanaireinnseanaireachdireannachirich v rise vn irighiridh will riseirisgeigheisimeil
eisimeileacheisimpleirististeachditsealesaneucoireucoracheudeugmhais
Ffa chomhairfa chisfacs faxfactaraidhfdfa-dheidh finallyfaicfaiceall/faicill
faiceallach/faicilleachfaicist(e)/faictefaicte/faicist(e)faidhle n filefaidhl(ig) vfaighfaighnichfaileasfaillich/fairtlichfillig/filnich failfailmean knee-capfinnefirefisgtefallainfallasfamhair/fuamhairefa-nearfaobharfaothachadh/faochadhfaochadh/faothachadh
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
31/42
25
faoileagFaoilleach (Am)far-ainmfaramfaramachfarchluaisfarsaingfa sgaoilfastaidhfastaidhear
fathannfeabhasfeadhainnfeallsanachdfearfearailfear-ceirdfeareiginfear-labhairtfear-laghafear na cathrach
feart virtue; heedfeasgar Dimirtfeasgar na Sbaidfathfileadh kiltfist feast, banquetfeuch tryfeur grassfeurachfeusagfeusganfhathastfhuairfhuaradh/fhuaras was foundfhuaras/fhuaradh was foundfiacailfiach worthfiar squintfideiseach fidgetyfidheallfighte
filltefilmfonfor truefreanachadh justifyingfireannfireannachfr-eun eaglefrinn truthfrinneach truthful
fitheachfodha under him/itfdhpafoghain sufficefoghlamfghnan thistlefidhpefoighidinnfoighidneachfoillseachadhfoirfeach church elder
foirm formfollaiseachfon chuthachfosgladh openingfraighig/praighig fryFraingis French languageFrangach French personfreastalfreumhfrids fridgefuaigheil v sew vn fuaighealfuaigheal n sewingfuaimfuamhaire/famhairfuasgladh loosening, solvingfuathasach very, terriblyfdar/pdarfuidheall remainderfuiling v suffer vn fulangfulang(as) n sufferingfurasta
furm stool
GGidhealGidhealachGidhealtachdGidhliggailleanngaileis braces
gaineamhgainmheachgirnealaireachdGallGalltagamhlasgnraichgaoisidgaothgar v warm oneself vn garadhgrlach nyaff
grradhgastagadhgealgeallgearain v complain vn gearangearan complaintgearastangerdGearran (An)gearran geldinggerr-chunntasgeimhleaggeoimeatraidh geometryge-t/ged-thgeurgeurchuiseachgheat yachtghrilach (a)/ghrirach (a)ghrirach (a)/ghrilach (a)Giblean (An)
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
32/42
26
gidheadhGilleasbaiggiorna-giirne helter-skeltergiuthasglacteglaine adj cleanerglainne glassgleusgleustagloidhc
gnomhachasgn surlygoil boilgoilfgoilfearGoillgrafgringrineilgrinichgrinne a single grain
grmarGramasdalgramataigeachgrn graingrndagreanngrata grate (fireplace)grimgreusaichegu lergun fhiostagun do rinn/gun rinngun robh
Hhaidhp hypehaidridean hydrogenhamahangarheileacoptarHiort
hocaidh hockeyhro-gheallaidhh-bhitheil stramash
Iiac yakIapaniaranniar-cheumnaicheiar-cheann-suidhe
iarnaigiar-oghaiarrtasiathadhidrisgeach fidgetyleimeachdimlichmpirempireachdInbhir Aora
Inbhir Nisne fingernailinneal-ciilinneal-figheinneal-measgachaidhInnse Gallinntinnocshlaintiga yogaiogart yogurtioma(dh)ioma-dhathachiomadh duineiomadh-fhillteioma-ghaothiomchaidhiom-fhillteomhariomnaidhiomrallionad-filte
ionad-fiosrachaidhionad-slinteionad-sprs(a)ionanniongantachiongantasiongnadhionmhainnionnsaichionnsaichte
ionnsaighionnsramaidionnsramaideachIorc Yorkiorghailosal/sealIsraelach/Iosaraileachiosgaidiriosalirioslachdisbean
Iseabailsleis mathaidis toigh le/is toil leiubailidh jubileeIuchar (An t-)IgoslibhiaIupatar
LLacasdallachdannlagchuiseachlaimriglaisteLatha/L Luainlmh-an-uachda(i)rlmhchairlampalrach-lnlraidh
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
33/42
27
lrna-mhireachlastaiglatha/lLatha/L na Sbaidlatheiginlabag/lebagleabaidhleabhar-latha/leabhar-lleabharlannleaghte
leagteleannleasbach lesbianleathannleig mu sgaoillineleis-sanleiteachas biaslebag/labaglenteleman moth
lemhann lionlerl(e)san window panelethbhreacleth-bhreithlethcharlethcheannleth-cheudlethchiallachleth-chuairtletheachlethoireach isolatedleth-uairl surface filmlide(adh)lilidhliodraiglomhteliostalobhtelocair
Loch Baghasdaillogaidhloibh(t) rottenloidhneloidseadhloidsearloidsig logicloidsigeach logicalloiliopoploisgte
lomluathaireach high-spirited,mischievous
luathslbachlbteluchdluchd-ciilluchd-ealainluchd-obrachluchdte
luchd-turaisLnastal (An)Lunnainnlths
MMac a GhobhainnMacAileinMacAmhlaighMac an AbaMac an t-SaoirMac-a-phMacCoinnich/MacChoinnichMacIlleMhaoilmac-meanmainn/mac-meanmnamac-meanmna/mac-meanmainnmac-samhailmac-tallamadadh-allaidhmadainnmaicreasgop microscope
maids v match vn maidseadhmaids(e) match, gamemaighdeannmaighstirmaighstir-sgoilemileidmairtfheilmaith/math forgivemaitheanas/mathanas
forgiveness
maitheas/mathas goodnessmanaidsearmaoil foreheadmar-aonmar-bhith fault, blamemar eisimpleir (me for short)margaidmrsailmar sin air adhart
(msaa for short)Mrt (Am)
mar-th/mu thrthma-th/ma-tmatamataigmatamataigeachmath/maith forgivemathanas/maitheanas
forgivenessmathas/maitheas goodnessm athairmath dhfhaodtemath s gu bheil emeacanaigmeacanaigeachmeadhanmeadh-bhlthmean/mion smallmaran/manan yawnmaranaich/mananaich
yawningmarrsadhmeas
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
34/42
28
meatameataformeidigeachmeileabhaid velvetminneadairminnirminnireachmirlemerachadhmerachail
merachanmeraichmeudmeudaichmeurmeuran thimblemeur-chlrmialmia(tha)laichmial-chmias basin
miast(r)adh havocm-chilearm-chiatachm-chlim-chofhurtailm-fhallainmi fhin/mi fhnmi fhn/mi fhinmlegram (mg for short)mleliotair (ml for short)mlemeatair (mm for short)mill spoil; showersmilleanmilleanair millionairem-mhodhm-mhodhailminigministearmion/mean smallmion-chnanmions mince
morbhailmorbhaileachm-phroifeiseantamos monthm-rnmiseanaraidhmocheirighmodail modelmodal modulemdam
moileciuilMoire the Virgin Marymo leabhar-samonmharmrmrchuismrchuiseachmr-dhailmorgaids(e)mr-roinn continentmr-shluagh
mr-thr mainlandmosgoto mosquitomu choinneamh/mu choinneimhmu chuairtmu dheidhinnmuicfheilmuileann/muilinnmuilinn/muileannmuilicheann/muinichillmuiltfheilmuilicheann/muinichillmuinighinmuinntirmuncaidhmur(a) unlessmurtmurtaidh sultrymurtairMuslamachmu thrth/mar-th
Nnbaidhna b igenach bindarndarrachNa Hearadhnaidheachdnidhleannaochad
naoi/naodhnaoi air fhichead/naodh air
fhicheadnaoi-deug/naodh-deugnaoidheamh/naodhamhnaoinear/naodhnarneach-ciilneach-ealainneacheiginneach-gairmneach-labhairt
neach-sgrdaidhneach-teagaisgnamhnapaigin, napraig(ear)neas weaselneasgaid a boilnibhidhneo-ar-thaingneochoireachneo-eisimeileach
neo-fhoirmeilneghlanneoichiontachneoichiontachdneo-lochdachneoninghneagnithear will be doneniclasachnobhailnuair
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
35/42
29
Oobair-dachaighobair-ghrisobair-limheobair-lathaban (An t-)Obar Dheathainobraicheanochdadochd-deug
gmhios (An t-)ogsaidean oxygenOidhche ArdaoinOidhche ChallainnOidhche ChiadainOidhche DhmhnaichOidhche HaoineOidhche LuainOidhche MhirtOidhche na SbaidOidhche Shamhna
Oidhche Shathairneoidhirpoifigearoifigeach airmoifigear leasachaidhoifigeiligearoilisginoillteiloilthigh
inseachoirbh(se)irdheircirleachoiseanOllamh (An t-)
(An t-Oll for short)onaironarachopairisean operationopara opera
raidicheorainsorainsearran craidran luaidhrdaichrdaigheanrdugh/rdanrdugh cirteos cionn
os osal secretlyos limhos-ndarra(ch)son ozoneostailOstair (An)stair hotelierothaisg plothaisgean/isgean
PPabaigh
paidh piepaidhirpaidse patchpigh paypipear-naidheachdpaireafain paraffinpairilis paralysis, palsypaisgtepistepaistiuraich pasteurisepannal panelparaimeatair parameterparaisiutparilparsailpartaidh/prtaidhprtaidh/partaidhpasganpathadhpeansailpears-eaglais
peilepeinnseanpeirceallpinopincpob-mhrpioramaidpiotsa pizzapitheidplana cnain
plana leasachaidhplastaigplan(a)plastair/plastraig v plasterplastar/pleastar npleidhe playtime, intervalplidhpoballpoblach publicpoblachd republicpoidhleat pilot
poidsearpoidsigpoileaspoileasaidhpoilitigeachpoilitigspoirdse porchpla/pile polepongailpost(a)pstapost-dealain (post-d for short)practaigeachpragmatachpraighig/fraighigpreusantpromh bhailePromh Mhinistearprionnsapalprbhaistproifeasair
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
36/42
30
proifeiseantaproipeilearpriseactproiseactairpronnpronnasg sulphurPrstanachprtacalprothaidprothaideach
prothaidich vprotractairpdar/fdar npurpaidh/purpar purple
Rraidhc rake (person)raighd riderinigrith(e)raon-cluiche
rathad-mr main roadrabhaireachd ramblingreasabaidhridioridiografaidhridiumridiusrisimeidreoth freezereothadhrethta/rethterothte/rothtareubtereudan woodworm, etcriaghailtribh(se)ribheidrinc-deigherinn(e) to usroghachdrionnach
rionnagris(-san)ri taobhro (not roi/roimh)roghainnroilearroiligroinn dealbhachaidhro-innleachdroinn ionmhais
rola/roile rollro-rdhrstarothaig wind uprbarab rhubarbrubharudeiginr(u)idhil vr(u)idhle nrilearrisg v peel
Rmruma rumrm-cadailrm-suidherm-teagaisgrrach/rileachrsg n peel; fleece
Ssabhal plsaibhleansabhs saucesibhear culvertsaidhbhir richsaidhbhreas richessaidhleafnsail plsail(th)ean beamsil heelsaill v salt vn sailleadhsaimeantsirdseantsl brine
salcharsamhailSamhain (An t-)samhlasa, san in thes a, s an and his/her/the/theirs annsaorsainneachd joinerysaorsainneilSasainn/Sasann
Sasannachs dchas eseabra zebraseachainseachdadseachdain plseachdaineanseadh aye, yesseagh senseseaghailseagsaidh sexy
seal a whilesealastair/seileastairseallSealtainnseanail channelseanailearseanchaidhseanchas/seanachasseanfhacalseansa/teans(a)seansailear chancellorseantansseaplain chaplainsearaidh sherrysearmonsearmonaichseasgadseatlaigseic chequeseiche hideseilear
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
37/42
31
seileastair/sealastairseirbheisseirbheiseachsithearsithear-cuibhleseit-phlanseoseclaidsemar-bdhsemar-ionnlaid
semar-leapaseud jewelseun charm, spellseuntaseusans fheudarSgalpachSgalpaighSgarpachsgeidse sketchsgeul
sg v ski vn sgitheadhsgiamhsgiansgileilsgillinnsgiort(a)Sgitheanachsgthssglatsgoilearsgoinneilsgreamhsgreamhailsgreataidhsgreuch screamsgrob-cheangailsgriubhasgriubhaigsgriubhairesguilearaidhs i
siabannsian stormsiad heros iadsimilearsinc sink; zincsinn-seanairsinn-seanmhairsochaintSiog Sikh
siogr cigarsiogarait cigaretteson anythingSona ChinaSonach Chinesesionnsarsiop zipsiopsach gypsysiorafgiraffesiorc sharksiorraidh/siorram
siorram/siorraidhsiostamsitheannsiudsiugaslac slack, weakslaic blowslaighdslaightearslaightearachdsleamhainnsleidssliseagsloc pitsmachdsmaoinich vn smaoineachadhs math(s) math dhfhaodtesmaite/s mathaids mathaid/s maitesmeur berry
smiogaidsmiorsmocadhsmocaig v smokesnaidhm/snaoimsnaigheadairsnaigheadhsnithleansnaoim/snaidhmsnthainn
snapsnomhteso-dhantasoidhnesoidhnigsoifiostaigeachsoircassisealtasoisgeulsoitheamh tamesolas light
slas joysn zonesnraichtespaidsir vSpainn(t)eachSpainn(t)isspanairspealsposrachsplaisspreadh vn spreadhadhspreigspret incitesprochdsprilleachsrac vn sracadhSrid na h-Eaglais(e)srainnsearsrathsreap/streapsreapadair/streapadair
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
38/42
32
sreapadaireachd/streapadaireachd
sreothartsreothartaichsrb spoutsrbagstballstaidhrestairsneachstaitistearachd statistics
staitistigeilstaoig steaksteallsteatasgopsteig v sticksteigeachstiidiostiireadairstiir vn stiireadhstoidhlestiridh
strstrcstranstreap/sreapstreapadair/sreapadairstreapadaireachd/
sreapadaireachdstrstrochstructars/sutha zoosuaicheanta noteworthysuaitheanta awfulsubailte/sbailtesbailte/subailtesubailteachd/sbailteachdsbailteachd/subailteachdsubsadaidhsgh orainseirsuidse switchsigh
suiteas sweet plsuiteis sweetssuirghesith sootSultain (An t-)
Ttacsa helptaghta finetaghte chosentagsaidh taxi
taidhtaidhear/taidhrtaidhltaidhptaidhr/taidheartaightaigh-bdhtaigh-cluichetaigh-cirtetaigh-stataigh-seinnse
tinigtairig/tarrag nailtirnean/tairgean/
tarragan nailstairsgeir/treidhsgeirtaisbeanadhtaisgtetanatancairtaobh-duilleig(e) (td for short)TarasaightarcaistarcaiseachtastanTBhtteacsateampallteanamaintteanasteans(a)/seansa chance
taraintetarainteachdtarmanntern vn ternadhteatha/tt-eiginteicnelachteicnelasteicnigeachtile (ie t eile)
teleasgopteleafnteipteirm termteis-meadhant-laghatelebhiseanteiridh theoryteiridheach theoreticaltethtethachd temperature
thinigtha mi n dchasthatar/thatas/thatharthathar/thathas/thatarthathas/thathar/thatartha toil agamthigthoir fa-nearthugainn/tugainn/tiugainnthuirt, thubhairtt/teathatill vn tilleadhtimchealltiogaid tickettiona tintionsail tinseltoraidh goodbyeTiridheach/TiristeachTiristeach/Tiridheachtr-mrtitheach
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
39/42
33
tiugainn/thugainn/tuggaintobar m gen tobair
f gen tobrachTobar Mhoiretobh(aig) v towtodha hoetofaidhtogsaid/tocasaidtogtetoinisgeil
toirds torchtomto pltomtothantombacat(i)ntonsailtost silencetost(a) toasttostachtrafaigtraidhfeal trifletraidhsagal
traidiseantatrainnsetrlairtrasta adv diagonaltrealaichtreamhlaidh bug, illnesstran(a)tran vn tranadhtran(aig) vtreidhetreidhsgeir/tairsgeirtribinaltrilleachantroblaich tripletriom moodtritheadtrtheamh (an)tsinthach (an)tro (not troimh)troigh foot(measurement)
troilidh trolleytroimh-a-chiletugainn/tiugainn/thugainntruileistruinnseartrustartuairmsetuarastaltughadhtuilleadh
tui(r)neaptuireadh lamenttuirt, tubhairtturadh dry weatherturas
Uuabharuabhasuabhasachuamh
uaireiginulras walrusuamhraidh very, terriblyuanfheilubhaluir-bhiorachughghdarrasuidheam-glanaidhig/igeige/iguile-gu-liruilinn/uileannuill welluimhiruireaduireasbhaidhuirle-thruis chaos, stramashuirsgeulUlapul
nauncailUrnasrlarrnaighurraurrainnUrramach (An t-)
(An t-Urr for short)ruisg
uspag
Xx-ghath
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
40/42
34
NOTES
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
41/42
-
8/7/2019 Gaelic Orthographic Conventions 2005
42/42
Hanover House
24 Douglas Street
Glasgow
G2 7NQ
Customer Contact Centre
Ironmills Road
Dalkeith
Midlothian
EH22 1LEUGHDARRAS
THEISTEANAS