galaxies in clusters to z~1
DESCRIPTION
Galaxies in Clusters to z~1. Erica Ellingson, U. Colorado RCS Team: H Yee (U. Toronto), M. Gladders (U. Chicago) D. Gilbank (U. Waterloo), Y.S. Loh (UCLA), I-Hui Tornado Li (Swinburne) H. Hoekstra (Leiden),), T. Webb (McGill) Rebin Yan (Toronto), K. Blindert (MPIA Heidelberg) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Galaxies in Clusters to z~1Erica Ellingson, U. Colorado
RCS Team: H Yee (U. Toronto), M. Gladders (U. Chicago)
D. Gilbank (U. Waterloo), Y.S. Loh (UCLA), I-Hui Tornado Li (Swinburne)
H. Hoekstra (Leiden),), T. Webb (McGill)Rebin Yan (Toronto), K. Blindert (MPIA Heidelberg)
A. Hicks (Michigan State), M. Bautz (MIT),F. Barrientos (U. Catholica, Chile)
![Page 2: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Evolution of Galaxies in Clusters
Key issues:
Formation of the z=0 red sequence (cluster-field differential)Morphology-density/radius relationsButcher-Oemler effect (clusters at higher-z have more star formation)
Unique environmental mechanismsRelation to hierarchical structure formation
Challenge: finding homogeneous samples of clusters to high redshift
![Page 3: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
RCS SurveysRCS-1 is a 90 square degrees wide field 2-
filter imaging survey at CFHT and CTIO(Gladders & Yee 2005, Gladders et al.
2006)
Complete to R=24.8, z’=23.6
Searches for overdensities in the color-magnitude diagram along the red sequence of cluster
galaxies. Filters are chosen to isolatered galaxies at 0.2 < z < 1.0
Large sample of uniformly selected clusters at high redshift
,
Z=0.87
![Page 4: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sample detailsThis analysis:~1000 clusters 0.4 < z < 0.9Original R and z’ survey data
Photometric cluster redshifts to about 10% (Blindert et al., 2007, Gilbank et al. 2007)
Richnesses = excess < 0.5Mpc in red sequenceBgcred > 300 Mpc1.77
>~ 300 km s-1
R200 estimated from Bgc-Mass calibrations(e.g., Yee & Ellingson 1993, Blindert et al., 2007, Hicks et al. 2008)
Bgc > 800
Bgc > 500
Bgc > 300
![Page 5: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Composite C-M Diagrams
Stacked regions scaled by r200 around each cluster
Statistical background correction
minus
Equals ->
R-z’
z’ mag
![Page 6: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Rectified C-M relation relative to m*(z) on red sequence and R-z’ color of m*
(effectively passively evolving) m < m*+1.5
Additional k-correction for non-red sequence galaxies as a
function of observed color
Final distribution is close to stellar-mass limited
Z=0.87 within 0.5R200M*
![Page 7: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Bimodality in galaxy colors • Bimodality is seen at all redshifts (see also Gerke et al. 2007)• Red sequence fit as double-gaussian on the red side and mirrored • Profile is due to both observational error in colors and cluster
redshift uncertainties
z=0.7 z=0.87
![Page 8: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Butcher-Oemler effect ~ Red fraction (z) Butcher-Oemler effect:
more blue galaxies (fewer red ones) at higher redshift
(e.g., Butcher & Oemler 1978, many others since!)
Clusters are bluer at larger radii- infalling galaxies?
(e.g. Biviano et al. 2002)
Change is faster at larger radii- changing infall rates
(e.g., Ellingson et al. 2001, Poggianti et al. 2006)
Loh, et al. 2008
![Page 9: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cluster selection and contamination
Clusters are selected by presence of red sequence brighter than ~m*+0.5. Should not necessarily bias properties of blue galaxies
Complete to Bgc=500, blue fraction < 0.8 at z< 1 (Gladders, 2002)Possibly missed some poor, blue clusters z > 0.8
Probable contamination ~10% from spectroscopy and X-ray observations of RCS clusters (Blindert et al. 2007, Gilbank et al., 2007, Hicks et al. 2007), simulations (Cohen et al. 2007)
Primary challenge-- uncertainties in mass estimates/R200. These plus centroiding errors will flatten radial distributions.
![Page 10: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Colors of blue galaxies (m < m*+1.5)Colors of galaxies span expectations for normal field populationsObserved B/O effect is not driven by excess of blue starbursting galaxies
z=0 colors: 100Myr SSB Irr Sbc Sab widths are projection of z bin
![Page 11: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Colors of cluster galaxiesRed line=Cluster red sequence Blue squares = median color of
the cluster blue cloud
Solid dots- median field galaxy colors for matched redshift and magnitude cuts
(courtesy of Eric Bell)
Blue galaxies in clusters are generally consistent with an infalling coeval field population
Hidden: star formation rates, obscured starbursts, dust….
(e.g. Saintonge 2008, many others)
CWW colors
![Page 12: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cluster infall: an empirical modelClusters built from infall of near-field (R/R200 > 2.5) populations (already quite red at lower z)Cosmological infall rates (e.g., Berrier et al 08)Blue galaxies turn red 1.5 Gyr after infallInfalling galaxies have same extended spatial profile as infalling galaxies in z=0 clusters (Biviano et al. 2002); more experienced
cluster galaxies follow NFW
Z=0.5
Z=0.87
See also Kodama & Bower 2001, Ellingson et al 2001
![Page 13: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Luminosity functions
Green line: Schechter function fit at z=0.4 + passive evolution Gilbank et al. 2008
z=0.4 top left
z=0.9 bottom right
Bgc >500
![Page 14: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
LF-red sequence galaxies
Green model is the same- note gradual increase in fraction of red sequence galaxies
Vertical lines are MV = -23, -21, -20 define “luminous” and “faint”
![Page 15: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Bright/faint ratios on the red sequence
Similar qualitatively and quantitatively to DeLucia et al. 2006 (see also Tanaka et al. 2005, Stott, et al. 2007, Gilbank &Balogh 2008)Build-up of faint red sequence is consistent with downsizing
scenarios
Rich, low-zclusters fromBarkhouse et al.2007, Hansen, et al.2007
![Page 16: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
LF- blue galaxies
There appear to be sufficient blue galaxies of similar or larger luminosity to create the faint red sequence.
![Page 17: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Infalling groupsSample: CNOC, 15 massive
clusters, 0.18 < z < 0.55
4-color photo-z + ~1000 spectroscopic z’s from CFHT
Cluster galaxy maps to 1.5-3 r200
FoF group-finding algorithm,Local density measurements
Red fractions from cuts in C-M diagram (numbers are not
quite the same as earlier plots)
Li, et al. 2008 A2390 at z=0.23 rCL= r/r200
![Page 18: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Local vs. Global EnvironmentInside the virial radius (rcl ~ 1), flat gradients of of red
fraction with local galaxy density indicate that cluster radius determines population
![Page 19: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Infalling Groups• Infalling groups are not greatly affected by cluster infall• Preprocessing, esp. at lower z• Group colors are evolving more quickly than cluster
cores- downsizing again
![Page 20: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SummaryStatistical samples of galaxy clusters from the RCS survey produce bimodal galaxy distributions:Red sequence galaxies…Have colors similar to R/S field galaxiesAppear to evolve passivelyAre an increasing fraction of the cluster populationHave increasing numbers of faint galaxies
Blue galaxies…Have colors similar to blue cloud field galaxiesAre spatially more extended, suggesting recent infalling populationDecrease as the red galaxies increase
Still to come from RCS-1: targeted studies of ~40 cluster “core sample” for IMACS optical spectroscopy, HSTsnapshots, weak lensing, and Spitzer IRAC and MIPS observationsRCS-2: 1000 square degrees, observations 90% complete….
![Page 21: Galaxies in Clusters to z~1](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062410/568160a6550346895dcfc83b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Broad ConclusionsBroad scenario of a cosmologically-driven decline in the infall of star-forming
galaxies into clusters since z~1
infalling galaxies quench their star formation quickly (or even before entereing the cluster), evolve to the (moderately) faint red sequence
Sequence shows downsizing on both galaxy and cluster scales
Mechanisms still be be explained:
Quenching mechanisms: why and where??Morphological and dynamical transformationsRole of starbursts and AGN