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Gambling and gambling regulation in Norway Ingeborg Rossow Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo Presentation at International Conference on Gambling in the Czech Republic and its New Regulatory Framework Prague, October 9, 2014

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Gambling and gambling regulation in Norway

Ingeborg Rossow Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo

Presentation at

International Conference on Gambling in the Czech Republic and its New Regulatory Framework

Prague, October 9, 2014

Slot machine gambling: liberalized policy in the 1990s

More actors allowed No restrictions on amount of winnings Co-occurred with technical advances and change from coin input to bank note acceptors

Led to an increase in: Number of slot machines and gross turnover

Further increase in slot machine gambling in Norway

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

All other games Slot machines

Gross turnover in billion NOK per year

Slot machines important in problem gambling

• «Slot machines – the crack cocaine of gambling addiction»

• Most frequent in adult problem gamblers – Population survey (Lund & Nordlund, 2003)

• Most frequent in teenage problem gamblers – School survey (Rossow & Hansen, 2003)

• Most often reported as main problem in help line callers – Norwegian help line statistics, 2006/2007

Regulations of slot machine gambling

• 2006: Bank note acceptors prohibited July 1st

• 2007: Slot machines removed July 1st

Monopoly established

• 2009: New and fewer slot machines introduced

Changes in gross turnover

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2000 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008

All other games Slot machines

Bank note acceptor prohibited from July 1st Slot machines removed from July 1st

Changes in gross turnover

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2000 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

All other games Slot machines

Bank note acceptor prohibited Slot machines removed New slot machines

Changes in help line calls

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1st half 2006 2nd half 2006 1st half 2007 2nd half 2007

All other games Slot machines

Bank note acceptor prohibited Slot machines removed

Changes in help line calls

0100200300400500600700800900

1st half2006

2ndhalf

2006

1st half2007

2ndhalf

2007

Half2008

Half2009

Half2010

Half2011

All other games Slot machines

Bank note acceptor prohibited Slot machines removed New slot machines

Changes in problem gambling prevalence – adult population NODS

0

2

4

6

8

10

2002 2007 2008

At risk Problem

Bank note acceptor prohibited

Slot machines removed

Lund & Nordlund, 2003; Øren & Bakken, 2007; Bakken & Weggersberg, 2008

Changes in problem gambling prevalence – adult population CPGI

0

2

4

6

8

10

2002 2007 2008 2010

At risk Problem

Bank note acceptor prohibited

Slot machines removed

Kavli & Berntsen, 2005; Kavli, 2007; Kavli & Torvik, 2008; Pran & Ukkelberg, 2010

New slot machines

Changes in problem gambling prevalence – youth population SOGS-RA

0

2

4

6

8

10

2004 2005 2006

At risk Problem

Bank note acceptor prohibited

Hansen & Rossow, 2010

Changes in problem gambling prevalence – youth population: SOGS-RA & self-perceived

0

2

4

6

8

10

2006 2008

At risk Problem

Slot machines removed

Rossow, Hansen & Storvoll, 2013

0

2

4

6

8

10

2006 2008

Self-perceived problem

Summary of findings • Prohibition of note acceptors

– Reduced gross turnover on slot machines and in total – Reduced help line calls from slot machine gamblers and in total – Reduced problem gambling among youth – No change in problem gambling among adults

• Removal of slot machines – Reduced gross turnover in total – Reduced help line calls from slot machine gamblers and in total – Mixed findings re problem gambling among youth – Reduced problem gambling among adults

• Introduction new slot machines – Increased gross turnover on slot machines and in total, not to pre-

intervention level – Increased help line calls from slot machine gamblers and in total, not to

pre-intervention level – Increased prevalence of gambling problems among adults, not to pre-

intervention level

Changes attributable to interventions?

• Theoretical plausible explanations – Standard economic theory of availability and demand – Total consumption model predicting problem rates

• Methodological limitations and concerns imply

cautiousness in inferring intervention effects – Increased unregistered gambling abroad? – Diminishing interest/need for help line after introduction? – Changes in other gambling (e.g. on internet) may have affected

changes in problem gambling – Low prevalence figures for problem gambling sensitive to

random variation – Large decrease in response rates in adult population surveys