RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of Animal Development with the title “Gametogenesis”,

created by :

Name : Yunandar

Reg. Number : 1114040181

Group : I (One)

Class : ICP B Biology 2011

After it’s checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, it has

fulfilled requirement.

Makassar, December 2012

Assistant Coordinator Assistant

Sygit frank sananta SuardiNIM : 081404022 Reg. No.081404086

CHAPTER IINTRODUCTION

A. Background

Do you like to breathe? Well, we do, and we learned a whole lot about

how it works in mammals and in other groups of animals. If you’d like to know

more, take a breather and enter our website. Just sit back, relax, take deep breaths,

and inhale all of our information. Go for it!

When you think of respiration, you usually think of lungs and breathing. Is

there more to respiration than just it? Actually, it included lungs and breathing

plus much more.

To secrete the old ones and entered it the new one, that is the activity

which is done by the respiration system, to entered the oxygen into the lungs, to

transport the oxygen into the body, and secrete the carbon dioxide into the air.

The respiration system is made up of body parts that help take in oxygen

and get rid of carbon dioxide. The respiration system was form not only lungs but

there some of parts like nose, red lane, larynx etc.

Why the oxygen needed by our cells? Oxygen is a gas used by our cells to

help get energy from the foods we eat. Once food and oxygen enter our cells,

chemical change take place. These change use oxygen. At the same time, carbon

dioxide is produced. Carbon dioxide is a waste gas given off by all cells.

In this practicum about the respiration the university students will

learning/studying and know about the respiration because to know about the

structure of respiration system is to important. In this practicum we using the

cockroach (Blatta Orientalis) and locust/grasshopper (Dissosteria Carolina)as a

material for put to the test and give an evidence if the living organism need

oxygen for their live and to give an evidence about the relation of the oxygen that

the use by organism with its the body size and its weigh.

B. Purpose

The purpose of this practicum to study the formation of male and female sex

cells through the observation of histological preparations.

C. Benefit

Based on this practicum the benefit of this practicum is :

1. The university students will to know the process forming cells male and female

through by preparat histology.

2. The university students will able to know the shape and parts of cell male and female through by preparat histology.

CHAPTER IIREVIEW OF LITERATURE

Gametogenesis is the process of diploid and haploid undergo cell division and

differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. Depending on the biological life

cycle of the organism, gametogenesis can occur in meiotic division of diploid

gametocytes into various gametes or haploid gametogen mitotic cells. For example,

plants produce gametes through mitosis in the gametophyte. Gametophyte grow from

haploid spores after meiotic spores (Pahrudin, 2012)

Spermatogenesis takes place in the male gonads (testes), precisely in the

seminiferous tubules. Seminiferous tubules are embedded in connective tissue

containing Leydig cells, blood and nerve uluh cleanin. When stretched, the length of

the seminiferous tubules ranges from 3200 m. approximately 360 m of the

seminiferous tubules can produce 95 million spermatozoa per day. In humans the

development of spermatogonia to mature sperm takes 16 days (Adnan, 2008).

Sperm are formed through a series of cleavage meosis the vas deferens

(spermatic tubule) is very long but arranged in a coil extensive. Tues intertisial spread

in the channel of testicles, continuously Secrete testosterone, the main androgen in

men. Androgens are synthesized and secreted at a high rate after puberty, when the

sexual maturity (Fried, 2005).

According (Teacher team 2012), Spermatogenesis takes place in the testes,

seminiferous tubules precisely at the wall. The process takes place starting from the

edge of the wall to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. The walls of the

seminiferous tubules are composed of two main components namely somatic cells of

Sertoli cells and cells Germa. The rate of progression of cells in the seminiferous

tubules Germa are as follows:

1. Spermatogonia: relatively small size, somewhat oval form, less brightly colored

core, lined located near / attached to the basal membrane.

2. Spermatocytes 1: The largest size, spherical shape, color strong core, lies a short

distance away from the basement membrane.

3. Spermatocytes II: The size is rather small (1 / 2 x spermatocytes 1), spherical

shape, color stronger core, lies the basement membrane further and further away

(near lumen).

4. Spermatids: small size, somewhat oval shape, color strong core, sometimes

piknotis, lies near the lumen.

5. Spermatozoid: Spermatozoa young bergerombolan attached to Sertoli cells,

which the young are in the lumen.

Mature sperm consists of three parts, namely the head, middle and tail

(flagelata). Sperm head contains the nucleus. The end of the head contains the

acrosome that produce enzymes that works to penetrate the layers - a layer of the egg

at fertilization. The middle of the sperm contains mitochondria that produce ATP as

an energy source for sperm motility. Sperm tail serves as a tool motion (Scanlon,

2003).

Spermatogenesis is controlled by sex steroid hormones, namely tostesteron.

Tostesteron synthesized by cells intertisial testis or Leydig cells. Leydig cells of the

testis exists between the seminiferous tubules. Tostesteron diffuses into the

seminiferous tubules, it stimulates spermatogenesis. production of testosterone by

Leydig cells regulated by gonadotropin hormones, namely Luiteinizing hormone

(LH) are often called Inteticial Cell Simulating Hormone (ICSH) (Adnan, 2008).

Oogenesis is the process of formation of ova or egg cells that occur in the ovaries

by follicular cells. The process that occurs in oogenesis are as follows. Oogenesis

primordial cells or ova which are diploid (2n) mitosis divide many times and became

the primary oocyte (2n). Primary oocyte meiosis I will do and will be a secondary

oocyte and a haploid (n) then a polar body or secondary polosit cells (n). While the

primary polosit cell divides into two cells polosit secondary (n). (Anonymous, 2012)

Oogenesis different from spermatogenesis in three important ways. First, during

meiosis division oogenesis, cytokinesis is not equal (unequal), with nearly all of the

cytoplasm monopolized by one daughter cell, the secondary oocyte. Large cells can

continue to develop into ova; another product miosis, that is smaller cells called polar

bodies (polar body) will degenerate. This is different from spermatogenesis, when the

four products meiosis I and II develop into mature sperm. Second, while the origin of

the sperm cells continue to divide through mitosis evolve throughout the life of men,

this does not apply to oogenesis in females. At birth, the ovaries already contain all

the cells that will develop into eggs. Third, oogenesis has a period of "rest" long, in

contrast to spermatogenesis that produce mature sperm from precursor cells in an

order that does not stop (Campbell, 2004).

According (Sherwood, 2001), oogenesis is the process of ripening ova in the

ovary. Unlike spermatogenesis can produce millions of sperm at the same time,

oogenesis is only able to produce a mature ovum at a time. Let's look at the process

further:

1. Oogonia which are precursors of the ovum is enclosed in follicles in the ovaries.

2. Oogonia transformed into primary oocytes, which have 46 chromosomes.

Primary oocytes do meiosis, producing two daughter cells are not the same size.

3. Larger daughter cells are haploid secondary oocyte that is. Its size can reach

thousands of times larger than the others because it contains more cytoplasm of

the primary oocyte.

4. Smaller daughter cells called polar bodies first and then split again.

5. Secondary oocyte follicles left ovary into the fallopian tubes. If the secondary

oocyte fertilized, it will undergo the second meiotic division. as well as the first

polar body divides into two second polar bodies eventually degenerate. However,

if fertilization does not occur, menstruation will occur quickly and oogenesis

cycle repeated.

6. During the second meiotic division, a secondary oocyte is haploid with 23

chromosomes and then called ootid. When the core nucleus of the sperm and

ovum ready to merge into one, as it also ootid then reaches its final development

into a mature ovum.

7. The two haploid cells (sperm and ovum) unite to form a zygote cell is dipoid

(2n).

According (Teacher team, 2012), oogenesis take place in the ovaries, especially

in the cortex, and continued in the oviduct in the event of penetration spermatozoid.

In oogenesis, Germa cell develops in the egg follicles, with levels as follows:

1. Primordial follicle: a primary follicles contained before it was born, consisting of

an oocyte I is coated by a layer of follicle cells shaped flat.

2. Growing follicles, consisting of:

a. Primary follicle consists: of a I oocytes coated with a layer of follicle cells

(granulose cells) cube-shaped. Between the oocyte and granulose cells

separated by the zona pellucida.

b. Secondary follicles: oocyte consists of an I which is coated by several layers

of granulose cells.

3. Tertiary follicles: the volume of the stratum granulosum that line I grow large

oocyte / lot. There are some gaps (antrum) between granulose cells. Connective

tissue stroma contained outside the stratum granulose theca arrange themselves

to form the internal and external.

4. Mature follicles (follicles Graaf) measure at large, antral cavity into a large,

fluid-filled follicles. Oocytes surrounded by granulose cells called karona radiate,

connected by edges granulose cells by a stalk connecting the so-called cumulus

ooforus.

In humans, female fetuses begin producing cells (oogonia) were as birth and

development, will eventually become egg cells (ova) in a woman's ovaries. These

cells initiate meiosis since the embryo, but its development was offended at the

prophase of meiosis I. cells that remain in the "delay" until just before fertilization

and undergo the second meiotic division just after fertilization. In males, meiosis

began only after maturity is reached (Fried, 2006).

CHAPTER IIIPRACTICUM METHOD

A. Place and Date

Day / date : Tuesday, December 04th 2012

Time : 13.00 WITA - 14.40 WITA

Place : Biology Laboratory third floor at FMIPA UNM

B. Tools and Materials

1. Tools

a. Microscope

b. Preparat histology of mice testis Stopwatch

c. Preparat histology of mice ovarium

2. Material

a. Male mice (Mus musculus)

C. Work Procedure

1. Observing the preparations under a microscope using a magnification of weak

and strong magnification.

2. Drawing a seminiferous tubule cells along Germa growing in it and also

describe intertisial cells (cells Leidyg) contained in the space between the

tubules.

3. Observing ovarian preparations under the microscope with a magnification of

weak and strong.

4. Drawing each developing egg follicles in it and mention the parts complete.

CHAPTER IVRESULT

A. Result of Practice

1. Preparat histologis testis mencit (Mus musculus)Tubulus seminiferus

NOTES :

1. Spermatozoa

2. Spermatid

3. Spermatosit primer

dalam profase

4. Sel sertoli

5. Pembelahan

spermatogenesis

1. Spermatogonia

2. Preparat histologis ovarium mencit (Mus musculus)Folikel primordial

NOTES :

1. Sel epitel pipih

2. Inti sel

3. Antrum

4. Oosit primer

Folikel sekunder

NOTES :

1. Teka interna

2. Teka eksterna

3. Antrum

4. Oosit

Folikel tersier

NOTES :

1. Jaringan epitel

2. Sel epitel

3. Inti sel

4. Zona pelusida

5. Antrum

6. Oosit

B. Discussed

In this lab we will observe the formation of gametes that is spermatogenesis in

males with testicular histologist observe preparations and oogenesis in female

animals by observing preparations preserved ovaries.

1. Testis Mice (Spermatogenesis)

Through observations in the lab we have done, with observe under the

microscope with a magnification of 10 x 40 found that within the seminiferous

tubules are Sertoli cells.Through our observations, spermatogenesis begins with

the division of cells in mitotic spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes cells

which then had some more cleavage to produce secondary spermatocytes and

spermatids. This spermatids develop into spermatozoa.

Spermatogenesis is the process of sperm formation takes place in the male

gonads (testes), precisely on the walls of seminiferous tubules. Spermatogenesis

starts with spermatogonia cells actively bermitosis followed by the occurrence of

reduction division (meiosis) to produce spermatids. Spermatids then differentiate

to spermatozoa produced through the process of

spermatogenesis. Spermatogenesis takes place under the influence of

hormones. Among the seminiferous tubules contained intersisial tissue

containing Leydig cells. Leydig cells produce the hormone testosterone under the

control of gonadrotrophin hormone produced by the pituitary gland, which is

LH. Gonadrotrophin other hormones that play a role in spermatogenesis is FSH

which stimulate Sertoli cells to produce ABP. ABP binds testosterone can be a

very important role in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation (Adnan, 2008).

Spermatogenesis takes place in the testes, seminiferous tubules precisely at

the wall. The process takes place starting from the edge of the wall to the lumen

of the seminiferous tubules. The walls of the seminiferous tubules are composed

of two main components namely somatic cells of Sertoli cells and cells Germa.

The rate of progression of cells in the seminiferous tubules Germa are as follows:

a. Spermatogonia: relatively small size, somewhat oval form, less brightly

colored core, lined located near / attached to the basal membrane.

b. Spermatocytes 1: The largest size, spherical shape, color strong core, lies a

short distance away from the basement membrane.

c. Spermatocytes II: The size is rather small (1 / 2 x spermatocytes 1), spherical

shape, color stronger core, lies the basement membrane further and further

away (near lumen).

d. Spermatids: small size, somewhat oval shape, color strong core, sometimes

piknotis, lies near the lumen.

e. Spermatozoid: Spermatozoa young bergerombolan attached to Sertoli cells,

which the young are in the lumen.

Sertoli cells also make the walls of the seminiferous tubules and has a

function Nutritive, protective and regulators. Among the seminiferous tubules

contained connective tissue, the interstitial tissue with cellular components

primarily Leydig cells, Leydig cells to synthesize the role of androgen hormones

such as testosterone (Adnan.2008).

The results of our observations was approximately equal to the theory

advanced by Adnan (2008) which states that cells in mitotic spermatogonia into

primary spermatocytes cells then produce spermatids. Spermatids is then

developed into spermatozoa in which the shaping process under hormonal

control.

2. Ovarium Mice (Oogenesis)

This experiment we observe the preparat histology of mammal ovary

(ovarium mamalia). We can see the process of form egg cells (oogenesis). We

know the theory, oogenesis occurs in ovarium, namely in korteks part and

continue in oviduct if happen penitrasi spermatozoid.

According (Adnan.2008), cell germ grow in egg follicles, with stage namely :

a. Primordial follicle: a primary follicles contained before it was born, consisting

of an oocyte I is coated by a layer of follicle cells shaped flat.

b. Growing follicles, consisting of:

1. Primary follicle consists: of a I oocytes coated with a layer of follicle cells

(granulose cells) cube-shaped. Between the oocyte and granulose cells

separated by the zona pellucida.

2. Secondary follicles: oocyte consists of an I which is coated by several

layers of granulose cells.

3. Tertiary follicles: the volume of the stratum granulosum that line I grow

large oocyte / lot. There are some gaps (antrum) between granulose cells.

Connective tissue stroma contained outside the stratum granulose theca

arrange themselves to form the internal and external.

4. Mature follicles (follicles Graaf) measure at large, antral cavity into a large,

fluid-filled follicles. Oocytes surrounded by granulose cells called karona

radiate, connected by edges granulose cells by a stalk connecting the so-

called cumulus ooforus.

Oocytes II diovulasikan from follicles Graaf in Metaphase stage of meiosis II,

if the penetration occurs in the oviduct, then there is the completion of meiosis II

and II oocyte or ovum develops into a mature ootid.

At first the mitotic proliferation of oogonia experience, then grew into a

primary oocyte, and then entered the stage of maturation (meiosis). The first

division produces one cell miosis secondary spermatocytes, and one cell polosit

or first polar body. At the second meiosis division, the secondary oocyte divides

one cell produces one ootid and first polar body or polosit. Polar bodies often

degenerate before entering meiosis second division.Oogenesia in humans is

theoretically one primary oocyte produces one functional ovum and three polosit

(Adnan, 2008).

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After doing lab work on Gametogenesis, it can be concluded that:

1. Spermatogenesis or male sex cell formation process consists of several stages

that is conversion of spermatogonia into primary spermatocytes, then become

secondary spermatocytes, further into spermatids, and finally into spermatozoa.

This process takes place in the testes precisely on the walls of the seminiferous

tubules.

2. Oogenesis or female sex cell formation process consists of several stages, the

oogonia undergo mitotic proliferation, then grew into a primary oocyte, and then

enter the stage of ripening. The first mitotic division produces a secondary

spermatocyte cells and one cell or bada polar polosit first. Second mitotic

secondary oocyte divides a single cell and single polosit ootid. This process takes

place in the female gonads that is the ovaries.

B. Suggestion

1. Better tools are used constantly updated so that we can perform with good practice.

2. Assistant should always explains things concerning gametogenesis and always assist the practitioner.

3. Friends should be more serious when carrying out practical activities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Adnan. 2008. Perkembangan Hewan. FMIPA UNM: Makassar.

Fried, George, dkk. 2005. Scaum Out Lines Biologi Edisi Kedua. Erlangga: Jakarta.

Tim Pengajar Biologi. 2011. Penuntun Praktikum Perkembangan hewan. Makassar:

FMIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar.

Scanlon & Sanders. 2003. Essential of Anatomy and Physiology. Philadelphia : F. A. Davis

Company.

Sherwood, lauralee. 2001. Fisiologi Hewan. Jakarta : Penerbit Buku Kedokteran

EGC.

Anonyma.2011. Gametogenesis.

http://uchia-abito.blogspot.com/2011/09/gametogenesis.html. Accesed on Tuesday,

21th of December 2011 at 07.00 a.m. in Makassar.

Pahrudin, Muhamad. 2012. gametogenesi. http://google.com/download-presentasi-ppt

(23 Februari 2012)

Campbell, Kecce, Mizchell, 2004. Biologi. Erlangga. Jakarta.