Gamma–Ray Bursts, Massive Cores and Particle Physics

Remo Ruffini

Dipartimento di Fisica – Università di Roma “La Sapienza”ICRANet – Pescara

ICRANet – Nice Sofia Antipolis

Taipei, May 28th 2008

Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner:

the fissionof Uranium

Heisenberg – Euler – Schwinger

Ec = m2c3/(e) Z

c ~ 1

V.S. Popov

V.S. Popov, Yad. Fiz. 12 (1970) 429 [Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 12 (1971) 235].V.S. Popov, Zhetf Pis. Red. 11 (1970) 254 [JETP Lett. 11 (1970) 162].V.S. Popov, Zh. Eksp. Theor Fiz. 59 (1970) 965 [Sov. Phys. JEPT 32 (1971) 526].V.S. Popov, Zh. Eksp. Theor Fiz. 60 (1971) 1228 [Sov. Phys. JEPT 33 (1971) 665].Y.B. Zel'dovich, V.S. Popov, Sov. Phys. USPEKHI 14 (1972) 673.M.S. Marinov, V.S. Popov, Pis'ma v ZhETF 17 (1973) 511 [JETP Lett. 17, (1973) 368 ].S.S. Gershtein, V.S. Popov, Lett. Nuovo Cim. 6, (1973).V.S. Popov, ZhETF 18 (1973) 53 [ZhETF 65 (1973) 35].V.S. Popov, Yad. Fiz. 64, (2001) 421 [Phys. Atomic Nuclei, 64 (2001) 367].V.S. Popov, Yad. Fiz. 14 (1971) 458 [Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 14 (1972) 257].A.B. Migdal, A.M. Peremolov, V.S. Popov, Yad. Fis. 14 (1971) 874 [Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 14 (1972) 488].A.M. Peremolov, V.S. Popov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 61 (1971) 1743 [Sov. Phys. JETP 34 (1972) 928].

Zc > 173

W. Greiner

B. Müller, W. Greiner, Z. Naturforsch 31a (1976) 1.J.S. Greening, W. Greiner, Physics Today, August 1992.J. Reinhardt, W. Greiner, Rep. Prog. Phys. 40 (1977) 219.B. Müller, J. Rafelski, W. Greiner, Z. Phys. 257 (1972) 62;B. Müller, J. Rafelski, W. Greiner, Z. Phys. 257 (1972) 183.J. Rafelski, B. Müller, W. Greiner, Phys. Lett. B47 (1973) 5.K. Rumrich, G. Soff, W. Greiner, Phys. Rev A47 (1993) 215.J. Rafelski, B. Müller, W. Greiner, Z. Phys. A285 (1978) 49.G. Soff, B. Müller, W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40 (1978) 540.J. Reinhardt, B. Müller, W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. A24 (1981) 103.B. Müller, R. Kent-Smith, W.~ reiner, Phys. Lett. B49 (1974) 219.B. Müller, J. Reinhardt, W. Greiner, G. Soff, Z. Phys. A311 (1983) 151.J. Reinhardt, U. Müller, B. Müller, W. Greiner, Z. Phys. A303 (1981) 173.P. Gärtner, J. Reinhardt, B. Müller, W. Greiner, Phys. Lett. B95 (1980) 181.G. Soff, P. Schlüter, B. Müller, W. Greiner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48 (1982) 1465.W. Greiner, J. Reinhardt, “Quantum Electrodynamics”, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1992.O. Graf, J. Reinhardt, B. Müller, W. Greiner, G. Soff, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1981) 2831.W. Greiner, J. Reinhardt, in Quantum Aspects of Beam Physics, P. Chen Ed., World Scientific 1998.K. Rumrich, K. Momberger, G. Soff, W. Greiner, N. Grün, W. Scheid, Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (1991) 2613. T. de Reus, U. Müller, J. Reinhardt, P. Schlüter, K.H. Wietschorke, B. Müller, W. Greiner, G. Soff, in Proc. of NASI Conference, Lahnstein/Rhein, W. Greiner Ed., Plenum, New York, 1981.

Zc > 173

Thermonuclear energy of the Sun

J. Perrin & A. Eddington (1920)

G. Gamow & F. Houtermans (1928)

R. Atkinson & F. Houtermans (1929)

H. Bethe (1939)

Pulsars and Neutron stars rotational energy

Chinese, Japanese, Korean astronomers(1054 A.D.)

R. Oppenheimer & R. Volkoff (1939)

J. Bell & T. Hewish (1967)

A. Finzi & R. Wolf (1968)

Introducing the “Black Hole”

Gravitational accretion energy vs. nuclear binding energy

Nuclear Binding Energy per Nucleon

FUSION FISSION

The “Uhuru” satellite

Accretion Energy.The identification of the

first black hole:Cygnus X-1

• = 1037 erg/s = 104 L

= 0.01(dm/dt)accc2

• Absence of pulsation due to the uniqueness of Kerr-Newman metric

• M > 3.2 M

Leach & Ruffini, 1973

Varenna, 1975

Giacconi, Sweden (2002)

The Kerr metric

The “Blackholic” energy:E2 = (Mirc2 + Q2/2)2 + (Lc/)2 + p2

Christodoulou, Ruffini, 1971

Up to 29% rotational energy.

Up to 50% electromagnetic energy.

Zel’dovich and Pontecorvo

The H-Bomb

+ -

cm e

;32

e

cmE c

;1 3 7~~2e

cZ c

scm

te

1 82 1 0~~

He isenb erg , Eu ler, 1935, S c hwinge r, 1951

+ -

cm e

;32

e

cmE c

;1 3 7~~2e

cZ c

scm

te

1 82 1 0~~

He isenb erg , Eu ler, 1935, S c hwinge r, 1951

141

1644

2

2248

2

4

2

4

2

22

222

2

22222422

cLQc

G

Mc

G

Mc

LrS

cLQcMcME

i rh o r i z o n

i r

i n i t i a lee x t r a c t a b l EE %29

i n i t i a lee x t r a c t a b l EE %50

C hris to d o ulo u, R uffin i, 197 1

141

1644

2

2248

2

4

2

4

2

22

222

2

22222422

cLQc

G

Mc

G

Mc

LrS

cLQcMcME

i rh o r i z o n

i r

i n i t i a lee x t r a c t a b l EE %29

i n i t i a lee x t r a c t a b l EE %50

C hris to d o ulo u, R uffin i, 197 1

D a m o u r & R u ff in i 1 9 7 4

• In a K e rr-N e w mann blac k ho le vac uum po la riza tion proc e ss oc c urs if3 .2M S u n M B H 7 .2 ·106 M S u n

• Maxim um e ne rgy e x trac table 1 .8 ·10 5 4 (M B H /M S u n ) e rgs

• “… natura lly le ads to a most s im ple mo de l fo r the e xpla nation o f the re c e ntly d isc ove re d -rays bursts”

D a m o u r & R u ff in i 1 9 7 4

• In a K e rr-N e w mann blac k ho le vac uum po la riza tion proc e ss oc c urs if3 .2M S u n M B H 7 .2 ·106 M S u n

• Maxim um e ne rgy e x trac table 1 .8 ·10 5 4 (M B H /M S u n ) e rgs

• “… natura lly le ads to a most s im ple mo de l fo r the e xpla nation o f the re c e ntly d isc ove re d -rays bursts”

The blackholic energy and the Quantum

Short and Long

GRBs seconds

10

3 c

ou

nts

/s

seconds seconds

seconds seconds seconds

seconds seconds seconds

seconds seconds seconds

10

3 c

ou

nts

/s1

03 c

ou

nts

/s1

03 c

ou

nts

/s

10

3 c

ou

nts

/s1

03 c

ou

nts

/s1

03 c

ou

nts

/s1

03 c

ou

nts

/s

10

3 c

ou

nts

/s1

03 c

ou

nts

/s1

03 c

ou

nts

/s1

03 c

ou

nts

/s

The Long Story of the Cosmic Gamma Ray

Bursts.E = 1054 ergs!

What are short-GRBs?

What are long-GRBs?

GRB 030329

What are GRB afterglows?

GRB 030329

GRB 980425

- “Relative Space Time Transformations” (RSTT) paradigm(Ruffini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Xue, ApJ, 555, L107, 2001)

- “Interpretation of the Burst Structure” (IBS) paradigm(Ruffini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Xue, ApJ, 555, L113, 2001)

- “GRB-supernova Time Sequence” (GSTS) paradigm(Ruffini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Xue, ApJ, 555, L117, 2001)

Ruffini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Xue, Int. Journ. Mod. Phys. D, 12, 173, (2003)

Summary of our Model (tested on GRB

991216)

Edya = 4.8x1053 erg B = 3.0x10-3

Inte

nsi

ty

Arrival time at the detector (seconds)

BATSEobservations

R-XTE and Chandra Observations

Proper-GRB

Afterglow

Our GRB – SN connection

Black hole formation.

Dyadosphere

GRB Supernova

Two different systems

Inducedgravitational

collapse

Della Valle, Mazzali, Nomoto

NSSN

Induced gravitational collapse (2006)

C/O

NSFe

NSSN BHSN PEM Pulse

GRB 050315

GRB 050315: BAT + XRT Light curve

AfterglowP-GRB

(not shown)

“Prompt Emission”(afterglow peak)

Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

GRB 050315: BAT Light curve (15-25 keV)

Afterglow

Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

GRB 050315: BAT Light curve (25-50 keV)

Afterglow

Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

GRB050315: BAT Light curve (50-100 keV)

Afterglow

Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

GRB 050315: BAT Light curve (15-350 keV)

Afterglow

P-GRB

Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

GRB 050315: Instantaneous spectra

Ruffini, Bernardini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Guida, Xue, ApJ, 645, L109, (2006)

The duration of long GRBs

• The Kouveliotou – Tavani classification of short and long bursts.

• The Amati relation.

• The Ghirlanda relation.

Lowering the threshold, we need to reconsider:

What are short-GRBs?

What are long-GRBs?

GRB 030329

What are GRB afterglows?

GRB 030329

GRB 980425

Short-GRBs are P-GRBs!

Long-GRBs are not bursts: they are E-APEs!

GRB afterglows are the fading part of E-APEs!

Nuclear density core N ~ (mplanck

/mn)3

Ruffini, Rotondo, Xue, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, in press (2007)

Solution of the Thomas – Fermi Equation

Electron penetration in the nuclear core

Critical electric field near the core surface

The Dyadosphere+Q -Q

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

+

e+e- plasma

r = rds

– r+

Preparata, Ruffini, Xue, A&A, 338, L87, (1998)Ruffini, Bianco, Chardonnet, Fraschetti, Vitagliano, Xue, “Cosmology and Gravitation”, AIP, (2003)

Concentrations of pairs and photons with Concentrations of pairs and photons with and and without inverse triple collisions inverse triple collisions

Ruffini, Aksenov, Vereshchagin, submitted (2007)

Pair creation Pair creation feedbackfeedback

Initial conditions:

n0 = 0 = p0 = 0,

E0 = 10 Ec (left column),

E0 = 0.15 Ec (right column).

Plots:

Elecric field strength E(t),

e+ number density n(t),

e+ velocity v(t),

e+ Lorentz factor (t).

D

Ruffini, Vereshchagin, Xue, submitted (2007)

TheDyado-torus

C. Cherubini,A. Geralico,J. Rueda,R. Ruffini (2007)

Rick Hanni

Discussion Unruh - Wheeler

Bini - Geralico - Ruffini

The electric Meissner effect