Gandhi in India

Spinning Wheel was the symbol of Gandhi’s approach towards development—Small is Beautiful Movement—national self-sufficiency

Gandhi’s Approach to DevelopmentVery critical of industrial capitalism and believed India shouldn’t follow path of European development based on exploitationAlso critical of materialism Wanted to employ former artisans and provide farmers with a living wageWanted national self-sufficiency

The British Back Down1931 - released Gandhi from jail & negotiated with him as an equal.1935 – Gov’t of India Act—India gained a great deal of autonomy and ended dual system of 1919, but still not full independence1942- called on British to “Quit India” – civil disorder campaign – arrested & jailed.

The Muslim LeagueLed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)Feared Hindu domination of an independent India ruled by Congress Party.Made Muslim separation from Hindu majority a nationalist issue.In 1940 Jinnah told a Muslim League conference that Britain should give Indian Hindus & Muslims separate homelands – Gandhi appalled “victory of hate over love”

Independence But PartitionBritain agreed to speedy independence in 1945, but murderous clashes between Hindus and Muslims in 1946 led to a delay.

In the end...India’s last Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten (1900-1979) proposed partition. Both sides agreed.

One fifth of humanity gained independence on August 14th 1947.

The Tragedy of Partition

Massacres and mass expulsions.100,000 slaughtered & five million refugees Gandhi said “What is there to celebrate? I see nothing but rivers of death.”Gandhi was gunned down in January 1948 by a Hindu fanatic, while announcing a fast to protest Hindu persecution of Muslims.

Refugees

Nehru’s Family RulesJawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister 1964 Nehru diesCongress Party left with no strong leader1966 Indira Gandhi becomes Prime Minister (Nehru’s daughter)

1980 re-elected (after a short period out of office)Increased food/grain productionFaced a threat from Sikh extremists agitating for an independent state1984 500 were killed in a violent demonstrations2 months later her Sikh bodyguards shot her

1984-89 Rajiv Gandhi leader / charged with corruption

PM of India today is Narendra Modi

Modern IndiaLargest democracy in the worldGreen Revolution increased food production Democracy, & Economic Modernization (til the early 1990s followed socialism)In 1991 b/c of regulations of the IMF India was forced to move toward a more free market economy.High tech innovations increased productivity, esp. in computer software and hardware, machine tools, nuclear power, and customer service.

Challenges for IndiaKashmir= years of conflict that continues todayConflict with a Sikh separatist group led to assassination of Indira GandhiSocial and cultural issues= continuous challenges with progress

Caste systemContinued povertyBig gap between rich and poorWomen’s rights

Kashmir

Border both India & PakistanHindu leader with large Muslim populations1947-Pakistan invaded leading Kashmir to align with India

fighting cont.’d until 1949. Cease fire lead to 1/3 control by Pakistan 2/3 by India.

1962- China seized part of Kashmir1972- Indian and Pakistani forces fought againToday: tensions continue and flare up intermittently

OutlineGMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956)Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957)Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5)Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

Civil War (1946 – 1949)

GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)

Jian Jieshi (President)

CCP: Chinese Communist PartyMao Zedong

“War of Liberation”

Mao Zedong

A revolution to remove “3 big mountains”

imperialismfeudalismbureaucrat-capitalism

A “United Front” of …workerspeasantspetty bourgeoisie and national bourgeoisie

People’s Republic of China1949-10-01, PRC, BeijingChairman: Mao Zedong5-Star Red Flag

Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

Economic Reconstruction 1950sSoviet Union model and assistanceland reform (eliminate landlord class)

Land redistributed and peasant cooperatives createdThen all land was seized by state and collectivized

Five-Year Plan implemented—industries nationalized, focus on heavy industryFirst National People’s Congress (1954)

PRC ConstitutionZhou Enlai

PremierForeign Minister

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)

abandoned the Soviet model of economic developmentMao unhappy with the degree of inequality in Chinese societyAll-around development was stressed—attention given to both heavy industry and agriculturemass mobilizationDecentralization was emphasized—stronger gov’ts on the local levelpeople’s communes

The Great Leap Forward

Communes

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)

unrealistic output targetsindustryagricultural and human disaster

Growing Division (1962-1965)Mao Zedong vs. Deng Xiaopingcharismatic leadership vs. bureaucracyMao allowed Deng to implement market-oriented policies that revived the economy, but Mao still unhappy with China’s progress towards true egalitarianism

Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

commitment to revolution and “class struggle”power struggle to succeed Mao

Phase I: Red Guards (1966-69)

The Red Guards

Purge of party cadresPurge of intellectuals

The “Gang of Four”

power struggle between

the radical “Gang of Four”, led by Jiang Qing, Mao’s wifethe “moderates”, led by Premier Zhou Enlai

the fate of Deng Xiaoping

Diplomatic Breakthrough

1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)

Diplomatic Breakthrough

1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

Mao and Zhou Died in 1976

Turning point in China’s postwar era“Gang of Four” were arrestedEnd of the Cultural Revolution

Reforms and Opening up

The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978

Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancyeconomic modernization became focus

China since 1978

Mao dies in 1976 and Deng Xiaoping comes to power and remains till 1997. Deng institutes the Four Modernizations, which focuses on improving agriculture, industry, science and technology as well as defense.SEZs establishedIncredible Success!! 2010-China became the 2nd largest economy in the world.

Tiananmen Square, 1989Tiananmen Square, 1989

More democracy!

Tiananmen Square, 1989Tiananmen Square, 1989

Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University

Tiananmen Square, 1989Tiananmen Square, 1989

The Government Clamps Down

Tiananmen Square, 1989Tiananmen Square, 1989

The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

Tiananmen square massacre

Review of China’s Population

Over 1.3 billion people (1/5 of the world’s population)56 recognized ethnic groups. The Han are the largest (92%)Large population can be attributed to Mao

Population in China

Efforts were made to limit the population

Only 2 children per family lawOne Child Policy

Policies did not work that well

Rural families did not complyMales regarded more highly than females