Ganoderma (and rust)Dr Morag GlenDr Anthony FrancisAssoc. Prof. Caroline Mohammed

Overview

Ganoderma• What makes Ganodermas of

interest? • What defines Ganoderma as

a genus?• Taxonomy (briefly)• Australian records of

Ganoderma spp.• Ganodermas and

– root rot– butt rot– trunk rot

• Case studies involving some Australasian species.– Ganoderma australe– G. steyaertanum– G. philippii

Myrtaceae rust• Why rust?• Rust life-cycles • Puccinia psidii in

America• Myrtaceae rusts in

Australia• Hosts and impacts

Photos: Dr Anthony Francis

Overview

Ganoderma• What makes Ganodermas

of interest? • What defines Ganoderma

as a genus?• Taxonomy (briefly)• Australian records of

Ganoderma spp.• Ganodermas and

– root rot– butt rot– trunk rot

• Case studies involving some Australasian species.– Ganoderma australe– G. steyaertanum– G. philippii

Myrtaceae rust• Why rust?• Rust life-cycles • Puccinia psidii in

America• Myrtaceae rusts in

Australia• Hosts and impacts

Photo: CSIRO

Why Ganodermas?

• Medicinal qualities• Aesthetic values• Taxonomy• Wood decay• Root rot

Why Ganoderma?

•Root rot – some species are highly pathogenic and have a broad host range.

•Butt rot – may also be the final stage of root rot

•Trunk decay – many species are regarded as secondary invaders of wounded or stressed trees, but may contribute to the death of old or stressed trees

What defines Ganoderma?

• Ganoderma is a lignicolous basidiomycete with tough, leathery, perennial, sporocarps

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L. &

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son,

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Syn.

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• Basidia and spores are produced in pores

• It is separated from other polypores on the basis of its double spore walls

Photos: Dr Anthony Francis

Taxonomy (brief)

• Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Agaricomycetes, Polyporales, Ganodermataceae

• Ganoderma is a large genus - over 300 species have been described

• Many names are synonyms

• Several species are species complexes – e.g. G. australe

• Many names have been misapplied – e.g. G. lucidum

Taxonomy (brief)

• Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences has been helpful in resolving some of the taxonomic issues

• Plenty more to do

G. australe

G. australe

57

66

57

5 steps

IMI 108700

E7095R*E7092E7095B*E7094R*

FRIM 95 G. subresinosumJMM ASP.1 Amauroderma rudeE7366E7070E7113E7079

G. philippii

A. rugosum

73

97

68

99100

57

75

E7108E7425E7376E7096R*FRIM 589E7098

HMAS 60537 G. sp.

RSH 0626 G. sp.60

59

ATCC 52411 G. sp.

T210T211

80 DAR 73780 G. steyaertanum

G. aff. steyaertanum

UWA8 G. steyaertanumC17274 G. sp.

100 RSH 1111 G. sp.RSH 0814 G. fornicatum

C16722 G. sp.RSH O705

ACCC 5.151G. incrassatum72

97

98 E7101A100 E7101C

E7101B

84 CBS 351.74 G. adspersumCBS 222.48 G. lobatum

E3795UWA 92

UWA 108

100

90

RYV 33217 G. lucidum

74

RSH RS G. sp.CBS 194.76 G. resinaceum

73

CCRC 37081DFP8401

G. weberianum

ATCC52419 G. subamboinense

98

Ganoderma spp. in Australia

• Currently accepted names of published records (ICAF http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/dbpages/cat/index.php/fungicatalogue )

• 21 species recorded in Australia

• Recent taxonomic studies of Australian species– Smith BJ, Sivasithamparam K (2000) Internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequence of five species of Ganoderma from Australia. Mycological Research 104, 943-951.– Smith BJ, Sivasithamparam K (2003) Morphological studies of Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae) from the Australasian and Pacific regions. Australian Systematic Botany 16, 487-503.G. amboinense

G. annulareG. applanatum*G. australe*G. chalceum*G. chilenseG. colossum

G. cupreumG. gibbosumG. incrassatum*G. japonicumG. lucidum*G. mastoporumG. miniatocinctum

G. ochrolaccatum*G. orbiforme*G. resinaceumG. steyaertanum*G. weberianum*G. williamsianum

Ganoderma spp. in Australia

• Specimens in herbaria (as recorded in the APPD)

– Ganoderma applanatum (125 records)– G. australe (35 records)– G. boninense (=G. orbiforme) (1 record)– G. chalceum (22 records)– G. incrassatum (3 records)– G. lucidum (55 records)– G. ochrolaccatum (1 record)– G. steyaertanum (2 records)– G. weberianum (1 record)– G. williamsianum (4 records)

Ganoderma spp. in Australia

• Ganoderma applanatum (125 records)• G. australe (35 records)• Moncalvo and Buchanan studied the G.

applanatum/G. australe species complex using ITS sequence data and vegetative compatibility tests.

• 96 isolates were separated into 8 clades, corresponding to VC groups and geographical origin.

• Cryptic speciation explains the taxonomic difficulties in resolving this species complex

• Moncalvo and Buchanan (2008, Mycological Research 112: 425-436)

Launceston City Council

• Street trees and trees in City Park• Fungi were isolated from some of the wood samples.• DNA extracted directly from wood (including 5 yo samples).• PCR, cloning and sequencing of DNA from wood

Launceston City Council

• Fraxinus excelsior, Dry Street Ganoderma australe detected in DNA from wood samples.

• Ulmus x hollandica, Clarence Street Ganoderma australe isolated.

• Fagus sylvatica, City Park Ganoderma australe and Sistotrema brinkmannii isolated.

• Quercus robur, City Park Ganoderma australe isolated.• Fraxinus excelsior, City Park Ganoderma australe

isolated. • Acacia melanoxylon (stump), Cataract Gorge Ganoderma

australe isolated. • Other fungi detected included Coniophora olivaceae and

Armillaria luteobubalina

Ganoderma spp. in Australia

• Ganoderma boninense = G. orbiforme

• 1 record – Qld

• A major pathogen of coconuts and oil palms in SE Asia

• Also found on ornamental palms in the NT

Photo: http://www.ipni.net/

Ganoderma spp. in Australia

• Ganoderma lucidum (55 records)• G. steyaertanum (3 records)• Recorded from Qld, WA, NT• Found on many plant families in Australia, including

– Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Araucariaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Mimosaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae, Sterculiaceae

• This species (G. steyaertanum) can cause root rot in Australia and Indonesia

• Recently found affecting sandalwood in WA• Causes ‘white root rot’ in Acacia mangium in Java

• Ganoderma steyaertanum at Wonogiri in Java• Somatic incompatibility tests

– within-tree comparison found that multiple genotypes of Ganoderma spp. were present within the root system of a single A. mangium tree

– Some of these genotypes were identical to isolates recovered from the fruitbody growing on the trunk of the tree.

– The presence of more than one genotype of the same fungus within a single tree indicates multiple infection events in the same tree.

Ganoderma spp. in Australasia

Ganoderma spp. in Australasia

• Ganoderma philippii• Aggressive root rot pathogen• Hosts include:

– Annatto– Cloves– Cocoa– Coffee– Guarana– Orange– Rubber– Tea

– Acacia mangium

Ganoderma spp. in Australasia

• ACIAR funded a study to:– Confirm the identity of the main root rot pathogen– Study the mode of spread– Develop early detection methods– Develop risk predictions

Riau 2 sites in PT RAPP Logas South and Langgam compartments

South Sumatra 2 sites in PT MHP Deras and Selibing compartments

1 site in East Kalimantan in a PT SRH Sebulu compartment

Ganoderma spp. in Australasia

• Monitoring plots – 10 x 10 trees– Each site visited every 6 months– Crown health scored– Roots excavated, scored for presence/absence of root

rot and isolations made

0

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Prognosis for infected trees

Alive Green 1

Alive Green 2

Alive Green 3

Alive Green 4

Alive Green 5

Alive fallen Green 5

Alive Green-yellow 1

Alive Green-yellow 2

Alive Green-yellow 3

Alive Green-yellow 4

Alive Green-yellow 5

Alive Yellow 2

Alive Yellow 5

Almost dead Yellow 1

Alive fallen Yellow 1

Count of SURVEYS IDHealthCROWN DENSITY

The largest proportion of living trees with root rot have full green crowns

Prognosis for infected sites

The number of trees with root rot on all our sites is increasing

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Months since monitoring began

Nu

mb

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Langgam

Logas South

Sebulu

Selibing

Prognosis for infected sites

This increase is even more evident if we consider the age of the compartments

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Months since establishment

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Deras

Langgam

Logas South

Sebulu

Selibing

Predicting loss

The probability of having root rot generally increases with the number of dead neighbours (DNI)

Percentage of trees in each DNI class with root rot at establishment and c.a. 6 months for all sites

0.0%

10.0%

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

DNI class

Per

cen

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e o

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R

Establishment

6 months

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Alive Green

Alive Green-yellow

Alive Yellow

Almost dead

Alive fallen Green

Alive fallen Green-yellowDead

Dead fallen

Missing

Predicting loss

Regional differences in diversity and abundance of root rot

0

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SUBAN LEM DER SEB BENG LS BAS LANG

TR

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Count of Tree

Region Site Plot / Transect plot or transect

Root Rot

Pathology - identification

• Identification of Ganoderma philippii as the main causal agent of red root rot of Acacia mangium in Indonesia

Pathology - identification

• DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Ganoderma species.

G. philippii 66

IMI 108700

E7095R*E7092E7095B*E7094R*

FRIM 95 G. subresinosumJMM ASP.1 Amauroderma rudeE7366E7070E7113E7079

G. philippii

A. rugosum

73

97

68

99100

57

75

E7108E7425E7376E7096R*FRIM 589E7098

HMAS 60537 G. sp.

RSH 0626 G. sp.60

59

ATCC 52411 G. sp.

T210T211

80 DAR 73780 G. steyaertanum

G. aff. steyaertanum

UWA8 G. steyaertanumC17274 G. sp.

100 RSH 1111 G. sp.RSH 0814 G. fornicatum

Pathology - identification

• Ganoderma philippii specific PCR for rapid identification of isolates

Which of these three isolates is Ganoderma philippii?Species-specific PCR provides rapid, confident identification.

Feedback to technical staff involved with isolation and maintenance of isolates enhances skills in morphological recognition.

Allowed appropriate selection of isolates for pathogenicity testing and somatic compatibility testing.

Rust

• Puccinia psidii Winter described in 1884– Rust of guava (Psidium spp.)

Photographs: AC Alfenas, UFV

Urediniospores

Teliospore germination, basidiospore development

Urediniospore germination, host penetration, haustorium development

R

Urediniosori

Young leaf/shoot/

fruit/flower bud

Aeciospore

Basidiospore germination, host penetration, haustorium development

Young leaf/shoot/Fruit/flower bud

Aeciospore germination, host penetration, haustorium development

Young leaf/shoot/fruit/flower bud

Teliospores

Urediniospore germination, host

penetration

Rust life-cycle

Hosts of P. psidii

•P. psidii has subsequently been found on a broad range of Myrtaceae species

•Other rust species described from Myrtaceae in South America have been synonymised with P. psidii

•P. psidii was confirmed on Eucalyptus citriodora in Brazil in 1944

Image http://www.westone.wa.gov.au/

Hosts of P. psidii

•P. psidii became an increasing problem in eucalypt plantations in Brazil

CSIROCSIRO

Hosts of P. psidii

– Eucalyptus nitens 70.00– Corymbia gummifera 63.00 – Eucalyptus pilularis 65.99– Eucalyptus regnans 46.25– Eucalyptus robusta 60.88– Eucalyptus saligna 62.63– Eucalyptus cloeziana 40.75 – Eucalyptus deglupta 51.00– Eucalyptus diversicolor 45.75– Eucalyptus dunnii 54.50– Eucalyptus globulus 67.06– Eucalyptus grandis 49.20 – Eucalyptus microcorys 67.50

•Host testing of Australian Myrtaceae species in Brazil•Susceptible species in the eucalypt/melaleuca clades included:

– Melaleuca alternifolia 5.25– Melaleuca cajuputi subsp.

cajuputi 13.25– Melaleuca leucadendra

17.50– Melaleuca nesophila 0.00– Melaleuca quinquenervia

32.88

Zauza et al. 2010. Australasian Plant Pathology. 39: 406-411.

Hosts of P. psidii

– Angophora costata 85.00 – Eucalyptus moluccana subsp.

moluccana 76.38– Corymbia calophylla ‘rosea’ – 100.00 Eucalyptus nitens

70.00– Corymbia citriodora 72.13 – Eucalyptus obliqua 71.88– Eucalyptus paniculata 91.38– Corymbia intermedia 90.00 – Eucalyptus pellita 90.25– Corymbia maculata 76.38 – Corymbia tessellaris 100.00 – Eucalyptus acmenoides 73.00 – Eucalyptus resinifera 95.88– Eucalyptus alba 72.00

– Eucalyptus acmenoides 73.00 – Eucalyptus resinifera 95.88– Eucalyptus alba 72.00 – Eucalyptus amplifolia var.

amplifolia 82.75 – Eucalyptus brassiana 84.82 – Eucalyptus scias subsp. scias

95.50– Eucalyptus camaldulensis var.

obtusa 77.89– Eucalyptus tereticornis 98.75– Eucalyptus urophylla 72.33– Eucalypus camaldulensis var.

simulata 84.75– Eucalypus melanophloia 84.75– Eucalyptus elata 74.00 – Melaleuca ericifolia 100.00– Eucalyptus guilfoylei 82.00

•Resistant species in the eucalypt/melaleuca clades included:

Hosts of P. psidii

•Susceptible species included:– Astartea heteranthera (28) WA 11– Callistemon pachyphyllus (48) Qld 57.75– Kunzea baxteri (80) WA 0– Pericalymma ellipticum (24) – 0– Pilidiostigma glabrum (32) – 62.5– Regelia ciliata (30) WA 14.25– Rhodamnia rubescens (12) – 60.5– Rhodomyrtus psidioides (80) – 15– Syncarpia glomulifera (60) NSW 29.75– Syzygium leumannii (4) – 50

Hosts of P. psidii

•Resistant species included:– Acmena smithii (40) – 97.5– Archirhodomytus beckleri (60) NSW 98.25– Asteromyrtus dulcia (12) – 100– Austromyrtus tenuifolia (24) NSW 100– Decaspermum humile (40) – 87.5– Eugenia reinwardtiana (12) – 82.75– Gossia fragrantissima (8) – 100– Hypocalymma robustum (32) – 88– Lophostemon confertus (22) Qld 100– Pilidiostigma tropicum (80) – 81– Syncarpia hillii (20) Qld 76.75– Syzygium alatoramulum (80) Qld 93.75– Syzygium australe (20) – 100– Syzygium australe (20) NSW 95– Syzygium fibrosum (4) – 75– Syzygium wilsonii subsp. cryptophlebium (4) – 100

Hosts of P. psidii

Rust rating scale – from Zauza et al 2010

Climatic risk modellingBooth and Jovanovic, CSIRO

IN RISK AREAEucalypt forest and woodlandRainforest – 50% World Heritage listedMelaleuca woodland

Melaleuca quinquenervia natural distribution (based on herbarium specimens)

Herbarium records of Melaleuca quinquenervia

Puccinia psidii is contributing to ‘biological control’ of Melaleuca quinquenervia in the Florida Everglades

Global distribution – Puccinia psidii

Hawaii – incursion in Oct 2005

Rust

•In April 2010, rust was found on Agonis flexuosa cv.‘Afterdark’ in NSW

Photo: Dr Angus Carnegie, I&I, NSW

•Though it was determined by authorities to be Uredo rangelii, based on morphological characteristics, DNA sequencing of 3 gene regions has failed to find any characters that support the distinction from P. psidii

•The incursion was deemed ‘not feasible to eradicate’ and has subsequently been found in Queensland, with abundant teliospore production

Rust

•The hosts in Australia now include:•Acmena sp. (lilly pilly)•Agonis flexuosa (willow myrtle) 'Afterdark' , 'Burgundy', 'Jeddas Dream'•Austromyrtus inophloia (see Gossia inophloia)•Backhousia citriodora (lemon-scented myrtle)•Backhousia myrtifolia (grey myrtle)•Callistemon viminalis (weeping bottlebrush)•Callistemon salignus (willow bottlebrush)•Callistemon 'St Mary MacKillop'•Chamelaucium uncinatum (Geraldton wax)•Choricarpia leptopetala (brown myrtle or rusty turpentine)•Eucalyptus agglomerata (blue-leaved stringybark)•Eucalyptus deanei (mountain blue gum or Deane's gum)•Eucalyptus pilularis (blackbutt)•Gossia gonoclada (angle-stemmed myrtle)•Gossia inophloia 'Aurora' and 'Blushing Beauty' (syn. Austromyrtus inophloia)•Lenwebbia prominens (southern velvet myrtle)•Leptospermum rotundifolium (round-leaved tea tree)•Lophomyrtus bullata 'Rainbow's End'

Rust

•The hosts in Australia now include:•Lophomyrtus x ralphii 'Red Dragon', 'Black Stallion', 'Krinkly'•Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)•Melaleuca quinquenervia (broad-leaved paperbark)•Melaleuca linariifolia 'Claret tops'•Metrosideros collina 'Tahiti' and 'Fiji'•Rhodamnia maideniana (smooth scrub turpentine) •Rhodamnia rubescens (scrub turpentine)•Rhodamnia whiteana (white malletwood) •Rhodomyrtus psidioides (native guava) •Syncarpia glomulifera (turpentine)•Syzygium anisatum (aniseed myrtle)•Syzygium apodophyllum (rex satinash)•Syzygium australe 'Meridian Midget'•Syzygium jambos (rose apple)•Syzygium luehmannii (small-leaved lilly pilly, riberry)•Syzygium luehmannii x Syzygium wilsonii 'Cascade' (lilly pilly)•Tristania neriifolia (water gum)•Uromyrtus lamingtonensis •Xanthostemon chrysanthus (golden penda)

And the list is growing…

Photos: Dr Angus Carnegie, I&I, NSW

•Syzygium anisatum

•Syzygium jambos

Rhodamnia rubescens