garb (2004) construction of inevitability is

8/6/2019 Garb (2004) Construction of Inevitability Is

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180

k

-

INTRODUCTION

verview

his essay discusses the creation f f key dimension in furthering a major infrastructure project, the rans-IsraelHighway. I illustrate some of the rhetorical and political moves that helped .

While important in itself as an elucidation of an infrastructure project , f x pj x. - f pq f pj. pfi

p p f pj k p; pp , f p p,a roadespecially something as massive as a proposed 300 kilometer high-

f pp . , , z p f p-. f f f pj pp; , x f pp ff.

p f . -f f p p: fi f pj pp, ( pj) pj pp, , . f k f - f -, p f k

-f p p, f xp x pj. k fi p f f -k

ffi p k pp, p ftransforming concept into reality. Stemming from their confidence, know-


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Constructing the Trans-Israel Highway's Inevitability 181

, f q , pp f p, f pp, ( f ff) p p- pp, p kp p.

But I want to focus here on some more subtle kinds of inevitability cre-. k p ff f p pj- f , q, p f . fi p f p-f--. p f -p p pj p , k p, p, f

p p f p : pp pj. f f.

1. p pf p fi p p- pp pj . , p p k p p pp p f (f f) f.

2. pj f f - p. p- k pj , pp, , pz j, , ff pp f f f pp.

3. A concerted effort to limit debate to issues internal to the project itself. pj pp , , , ., x f

f, pkpp f, pjxp q f x f.

4. Attempts to bring the projects future into the present and pastthese, p , p f pjp pp x. p, f x-ple, through presenting the project under deliberation, where possible, p f; p ; ,

f f pj fip. pfi f materially blurred the contingency of project approval and preempted.


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182 israel studie s, volume 9, number 2

he rans-srael ighway

f pj-, p 300 k, f f f ( . 1). f (p ), k f k . j x j - f : , , ( p f - -p q ), ,

p, 444, 2- , .

fi f pj f ffi f p f -, f pp ( ) , f f f kp f - , p f p . pj , p -

( J p , p ,

pp, p f p qp-ment movement between Israels northern and southern fronts during ).

pp pj k, k f -, p p p-

. K pj f -z , sprawling development to those areas east of the el-Aviv region, that p ffi p, p, f ffi f f p p p p p.

Te central and most traffi cked section of the Highwayabout 86 km p f p p

$1.2 (, p, f) , p -f- p p p f 30, f f .


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. 1: - p p f pj.: p fl p pp z

, k p pj pp.


5/37

184 israel studies, volume 9, number 2

p f pj, pp f f f pj. , 10 , 94 , f k , p .

pj, Wk p f f , f - p, ., p, pp , p, pp, ,and accompanied the project through the tender competition process. z, f p-

, , f ffl , f f- -, . ( pp ., .); & ., ., fp.

INEVITABILITY THROUGH PROBLEM DEFINITIONCHANNELING DISCONTENT INTO YOUR SOLUTION

Any large project benefits from being cast as an intuitive, inescapable -f p. f - ,pj pp f f p p p f ffi p ( f ) f .

f f f p

p . 2. f standard items in the conceptual tool kit of a classical (though increasingly) p f p k. f p-fi x. f pj f p p .

W f pfi f f pproject, a few words are needed about the taken-for-granted paradigms thatk p f . p p pp fi k f

-p pp f pj--. f f - - f f p. : - p p p ,


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. - p-p k () focus. A derived demand is one in which the need for a factor in production f f fi p f p p. , f () , fi p, f: .., p .

, - pp q f pp f, p- f pp, f p . W pp ? W pp ?

. 2: pj : f f

Problems getting to

certain places (work,

school, friends, shops) at

certain times

Cars stuck in traffic

congestion (=demand

exceeds capacity)

National lag in

road

infrastructure

Need for a massive

addition of road

capacity: the Trans-

Israel Highway

Israel has more

cars per km of

road than

normal

countries

Shortfall in highway

capacity

Travel is difficult

Access

Mobility

Congestion

Highway

capacity

Accelerated

completion of

Trans-Israel

Problem

defined as:

Solid box = local reframin

Dashed box = reframin common in disci line


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patterns and arrangements of needs and opportunities that give riseto mobility. A mobility-centered framing, however, places the derived f f . f, k p. pfi, f () kp , , p f-, q p. p --; , xp p.

- f kp f . q ff q: p , f

? , f f p p : f p p f

(- ) p .

, fi f 2 pthat have been common in much of the transport planning/engineer- fi f , q pp f pproject, although other interesting transformations were. For example,

f f p pp p f p p f f .

f p pp f - fpj pp. p 3, f xp,

widely used by the rans-Israel Company in their brochures, presentations

K (p) , f - , p k f f. also picked up by newspapers and the annual report of the influential Bankf p. , f k p pf .

p, 3 p k f f ; , f f . ff f f , pfi-

cally an argument for the rans-Israel Highway. Te Cross-Israel Highwayp ffi , f xp, xp :


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W . . . ( f p k

f ). W , f f , 80 p k f ,

59, Jp 52, 30, 27. f

dramatically expand the existing road network, vehicle congestion will reach

x f [ , p

1].

Tough extensive work is currently underway on roads throughout

, k x -

, . . . f , f k

of road construction is needed to maintain the current density . . . Te Cross

p.

, - x ( p k) (, pp, f words for density and crowding are the same), and Israels highways .

W f f , , fl, p,

. 3: p f p ( f )

Vehicles per km of total road network

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Israel

Germ

anyJa

panSp

ain

Mexico

Portu

gal

Belgi

um USA

Austria

Arge

ntina


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fl. p p , , , 40 p k f . k f , p p z f fl. , - f pj, pj , 4. p 350 fl z 2020. f , p

p f 3, q x -f 2020! ., , . , ppp

being used. Te Highway Company graph draws on statistics for the entire k f . k , -

, , small neighborhood and rural roads. In many countries, the latter categoryf k f , p x . .., f xp, 60

percent of this entire road network is report as being paved, and in Canada 40 p, p 100 p f . ppp- f p k f f p f fi f /

4. j p - p

Forecasts used in Trans-Israel modeling

0%

50%

100%

150%

200%

250%

300%

350%

400%

1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Fleet size

Annual kilometrage

Motorization rate


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, p. f p

fi p k.

p x f ( - ), , f k f , /, / .., . p,using this indicator of road crowding, Israel is significantly better off than , (

pp ). f f f f-p pp.

p f x f :pj pp p fi p pj . j - pp f j .

p . f xp f ffi j

p k fi. k x-p, pp k xp f f. , f k. xp, 6 p f

5: p ( f ),

Vehicles per km of motorways/highways/main roads, and

regional/secondary roads

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Netherlands Britain Japan

German

y

Belgium Israe

lItaly

Denmark USA Au

stria Spain


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period as the road statistics used by the Highway Company and shows that

k f p f .Similarly, the following graphs on Figure 7 are derived from compara-

f . ( p - p pp f , f - p.)

p 7 p p, , p f . (: q f f

Israel being the bottom, in black, and consistently the lowest for all indica-.) p pp- pp f - p.Interestingly, this report also goes on to show that, while the level of Israels p p f listed European countries, its investment in rail was about one seventh (and f , x p p ). f . pp

p x f p (f ) - j f .

. 6: p p

% of passenger kilometers on rail

(1993)

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

Austria

Netherlan

dsFran

ce

Germ

any

Denm

ark Italy

Spain

Portu

gal

Swed

enBritain

Finla

nd

Norw

ayIsr

ael


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q p f ( pp z ff p f ,

f k . , .) p p p f jdismissed. But the point here is not to engage in a transport debateespe- -- - - . , ff f f f fimechanism of boosting project inevitability: the framing of transport p p k f pj pp pp ff.

f f pp f , face of conflicting evidence. Tus, the critical analysis above was published p f 1997, p p

. 7: p (1993).

Rail indicators

(Units normalized to Israel as 1)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Km of track per 1000 km2

Km of track per million

inhabitants

% passenger-km done on rail

Rail travel as % of public

transport travel

annual per capita kilometers on

rail

Million passenger km per km

rail track

Switzerland

Holland

Belgium

Spain

France

Denmark

Israel


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, f , . x , -, pp ff f p ( -), f 1997 f f f pp.

"Currently, Israels interurban road network is extremely retarded in itsextent, and the density on the roads is intolerable. While other countries inp , , 40 p k f , 90! , p f f , z f pp, !

Only the rans-Israel Highway can significantly ease this terrible den-

/ ( f 7 p !), ffi p ."

INEVITABILITY THROUGH THE PAST RERITINGONES HISTORY AS NATURAL UNFOLDING

project f p f f . -f pp f -- p.

p f , f f ,, xp , p. f p p f . , f p,

pj - p. , , , pz ff. j p from a time prior to the projects overwhelming colonization of the space of. f p pp f pj f p j p- pj .

f f k z f pj pp p

and sociologically-minded historians of science and technology. Tisapproach, sometimes termed science studies, examines, among other, p p fi pp p


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. x p f k, k k f pp p : ( p-p); W ; . p p p f - pp- p pj .

constructionist heuristic( pp) approach to examining a scientific claim or technology that attempts to see f f z( p, z, k f.) ( f f fi k-

edge to treat claims by disputants in a scientific controversy symmetrically: p p f, , f f). ff - f -fi k f . f f / k /p f f /p, miss much of the sociological dimension of the story. From this perspective, p f f / -

f . , , pp k . f, f - ( p ) f ( ppaccidental) reasons for why things turned out as they dideven if truth didhave something to do with it. Given the constant evolution of knowledge,an historical account based on current understandings also runs the risk of : f , k p-

p fi ! Whig history f p f pp f p-. W p p f ff. , f (f f, , .) p p p p. , , f p f . , p-sibilities that existed in each moment become subdued; social and personal

, , f f of how truth prevailedmore or less inevitablyover error (or more effec-tive technologies over inferior ones). Tus, history becomes the celebratory f f p f ff,


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. f , f p f fi p x(p x) z, x f .

Useful things happen when we examine the past with a lens that resists W . W p k k f , ppf pp p;, p , k f f fpropositions and technologies. Tis is where the third conceptthe notionfclosure . pp, f ( f) f

pj / fi p, , , , (pp, , , qp) z pj f f pp . k pj f :the cost of overturning it is more than any of the objectors can muster. Te

pj ( ) p f p f p, k, -

pj x. f , f f , p .

p, z f pj . k f ftypical story of the rans-Israel Highways emergence, as told by the Com-p f p f.

6 -

fi pp f p p 1976 p f f , 3:

p , fi , [] ,

f . . . -

.

3, , p f

f p , pp

f f , q

pp f f . . .In the years 198892, as a consequence of a combination of circumstances

. . . pj, fk

. f

Housing through the agency of the Public Works Department conducted an


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evaluation of the need for investment in roads in the central region, in which

, , f p

f 6 . , -

, ffi f p p,

x f p, , [p].

1990 fi f f

[ pp f . . .] 31. p -

, f , p f p,

one of the areas demanding accelerated advancement was the realm of infra-

. f p : pf f

infrastructure . . .; the creation of conditions for realizing the policy of popu-

p p f f. . . A positive A priority coeffi cient[i.e.] high priority[for] development

f f , p p

. . . . pj f p

f 6 - K

. . .

From here the distance was short to the projects approval by the Govern-

ment of Israel. . . During the same year the Government of Israel determined

pj p, p fk [] p f

pj p: - p.

31 fk x f 6 . . .

. . . z f, 300 k x.

( p) f . ,

p p f (p p project was tendered and a winning company chosen), goes something like 8.

k f , f - , , k , pp pf pj f (p) q f - pp. p f f : (1) p p k x f f (pp f pp),

(2) k p f pj , ff f.

Lets begin with the founding milestone in this sequence, the National 3 ( p f ) p 1986. 6 (later evolved into the rans-Israel) was first included in this plan as a pencil


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. 8: f pp f -

National Outline Plan 3

Investment plan for central

region (PWD)

Feasibility study (PWD)


Creation of Cross-Israel

Highway Company

Approval by National Council

for Planning and Construction

Feasibility study (MATAT)

Government approval (NOP3)

Approval of project by

government

High Court reaffirms project

a ainst a eals

2020 plan includes project



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p f 1:100,000 p f -f-. p ( ) , , , , x p f p ; f p pj.

k f , f p f Wkp 1990, k p - f pj. p , , 6: 75k f , f $100150 (200300 k 1989 ).

6 pp recommended f p, , , p f f - p , - p- . 6 f -, , p rejected (pp. 5354); , 6 , f , fi -p .

- p f p . xp, p development of the public transport systemcommuter rail and lightrail (p. 12), whereas the feasibility study commissioned by the Cross-Israel p pj p p expected to undergo significant changes before the year 2010 at least, with 30 f p.

Tus, while the 300 km $1.5 billion project now called the rans-Israel

- f , p .

, f J1991 W f , f p, p p. f p j f (.., pzp , , , .),

p p f j. ,

f xp, k 6 p 2020, f pj 20 k p 20 k/ (4 k/ f f 6). p,


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p p pf , pf ffi p p ( xp) 1992, p, . substantially different results, and, after the Cross-Israel Highway wasf 1993, f f pj, p f

. p q k, W f

provided an important basis for the Highways inclusion in the next 31 (31

31) f 1991. W p p k f f f , pj f, , of this documents central stated national and regional goals. NOP31s stra- p pp f p p, p - p ( seen as subject to tremendous development pressures and the conversion of p ).

Te document urged that this suburbanization be stemmed throughencouraging self-contained, medium-density settlements that would reduce - p -port. In order to break out of the vicious circle it saw emergingin which z f p p, f 31 p p f f p f 1975 f p , ffi f fi p . p

xp p p and immediate investment in public transport, even if this initially harmed f p . f p pgoals, AMA31 made a number of specific suggestions, such as the creationf , xp f , f f p-j p f pp .

In a canonical narrative, a projects inclusion in a planning milestone is

naturally read as demonstrating its compatibility with, vindication by, and . f , f - 31. ffi 31 p f


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p p pp with the Highways anticipated impacts. Perhaps such compatibility might p f f , f p - . suggest that these projects were ever thought of as bundled in any way. And p -p p fif, f , - p f f 31 .

( p ) f -ing overwhelming economic benefit of the project to the Israeli economy is

x . , was conceptually and technically flawed. It used strikingly generousparameters (for example, a highly irregular discount rate that inflated proj-ect value by 50 billion shekel), and used modeling and assessment methods f pj f p ( ffi , , - p f pj).

f f pj f f J pp f

f (). j f pp f - p k, f f -cation of the project by the supreme legal authority. In fact, the High Court

f p f f f p p () f pj. ffi pj fx q, , ,

f f . - jfi p f -mental assessment procedures and law, experts pointed out that this lack ofp p f p , .. p. , p, ffi f pj.

x k pj 2020strategic planning document for Israel and National Outline Plan 35(35). , f p x, p

q. , p 1996 p p, p f 2020 p f - p , p f f. , p f


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q p p ( pp ), f p f p f p, pf . W p , 2020 p,

would encourage California-style low-density bedroom communities along p, p p, p -p, -. , , f pp . , . , f 35

pj p - pj, f p , p f p.

In short, while formally more or less correct, the Chief Engineers nar- p f pj p. f--f, f f, f f-sighted vision to its well-evaluated and integrated realization. However,

f, - 1. the passage of time is progressively making almost everybody outsid- , , flx f

p- p . , pz, -

f pj ( 1:100,000 p) pk p

p: , pp, k f pj. ( - f p f f -, pp f . p Jz , pp W k, p p W k.)

, p, f -

ffi p f fz -z k f- p. ( p ffi k f jp p Wk p; f-


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f-ff p f; f p p pj) k pj p f Wk p ( p f f - ), f f f p p . p, p, p

-p ff, pj f.

Despite studies commissioned by the rans-Israel Highway Com-p public sectorfi f , p- -p-f () fi p f pj. fi

1. ff p pj

Effect The canonical originstory portrays:

Whereas in fact:

Project plan-directed the project as havingoriginated as a consideredresponse to perceivedplanning needs.

it grew rather haphazardly through mutation andadaptation of a variety of existing elements andmotivations, many of which were unconsidered oreven quirky in rational planning terms. Thedeclared purpose of the project shifts over time.

Projectunitary andstable

the project as a consistentstable entity throughout. Inthe limit case, the entireproject was present inpotential in the initialconcept.

it changed form, scope, and intention overtimei.e. to some extent the same name refers toprojects that are substantially different at differentpoints in time.

Project inert;

proponentsinvisible

the project as having been

passively borne forward byan endorsing bureaucracy

by virtue of its self-evidentmerits.

it was forwarded through tremendously active

efforts by interested parties to enlist support, andpush the project through an inert if not resistant

bureaucracy.

Projectintegrated

the project as driven by,and integrated with,national planning

directives.

it is partly at odds with national planningdirectives; integrated with planning directives aspart of a package, other elements of which have

fallen away; over time; national directives arechanged to reflect the existence of the project asaccomplished fact.

Projectoptimal

the project as having beenthe unequivocal bestchoice among alternatives.

it was often not systematically compared withalternatives; at times the project was the second-best option in evaluations, or one which wouldperform well only when bundled with othermeasures, which have since dropped away.

Milestonesas blackboxes

milestones as series ofunequivocal steppingstones directed toward thefinal product.

it is only after the fact that events or invocations ofthe project can be regarded as having adirectionality, or can have their qualification orcontext dropped so as to appear as markingunequivocal endorsement of the project.

Expansionas natural

Overruns and expansionsare invisible or cast as

effortless naturalentailments of the original.

Achieved through forceful a ratcheting-up of theprojects scope.


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the project forever at the mercy of annual budgeting, where it would p f . pj ff f , - p f p f, flppj. k f project considerably. Tis was no longer one road within an overall system, , -,- p pj. W p p f ?

An alternative history would also show the ways in which the Highway k f p ,

f , f pfacticity and proportions that began to shape national planningrather p . pp- f f , ff f 1, pf f ( pp f) .

INEVITABILITY THROUGH LIMITING DISCUSSIONTO THE PROECT BOX

j pp q. f q; q k q. W k f - pp qk p , pp p , kp f q p

p.Once central project debates begin to revolve around internalq W fBeit Nehemya, , (, f p-p f pp, ). , q p (, ), , . f, p -, ffi pj : pp. q pj x, p

large, diffuse, and cumulative as to question the box itself, that are strategic, pj pp.

xp f f f x q pj f.


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pp p p. -f- f p, .

W k , f, p f p p p, f pp p ?

A variety of demand management and public transport measures have f . f ,

? ( , ,

) p ?

Do other transport measures have higher value and urgency? Forxp, p f x -, pp f fradial rush hour commuting. What should the staging of these be withp ?

W k -, , p f pj: -, p , p, p, .?

k f pj pp fl, , -p .

pj p kf , x-q . , f - f f p , f -ments call for a special Regional Structure Plan for the highway corridor, f -

- p f p f p x f pj. , f f f f f reconsideration by the National Council for Planning and Construction of pj, f p f pj p- f p p; pj, to the Knesset by Member of the Knesset (MK) Uzi Landau, and a petitionsigned by a full 59 of Israels 120 Knesset members. My own comprehensive

f pj p , - : W K ?, , p f - p pj.


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q f fi f f pj z finhabitants along the right-of-way from the green non-profit organizations(). W p pp pj pp, z p pj - , p ffi f ff ( p ). pp p f pj , p pp j f pj

z xz . , f ( ) f ,

f p ( p p), p. , p much of the grass roots and NGO activism, which began with an exclusive f pj .

p f pj 1994 1995 ( p pp f f , p f p-cial laws for land appropriation and tolling, the preparation and issuance ofan international tender for the project), the prospect for a general reconsid-

f pj qx, , f p gathering momentum. In a January 1996 letter, a personal friend of Shimon, f , p :

- k, p k

again . . . Leadership is also the strength to stop a mistaken process . . . Tere

are other solutions. Give an opportunity for new and more humane thinking

before an act is finally made that will change this country and its appearancef p .

k f pj , in the NGO community: some felt that fighting for reduced impacts

q f f ; f . W z q ,

pro-forma j f pj,

fi j f .

W pj x , f , x j . x p - p pfi j


26/37


and then assembling and comparing a range of options for meeting them . p p pp, k f pj, pp j f pj. W , f, xp p pj f ffi f p ffi . j pp k: pfi? ? f x pj ? f f p ( pp , f )? , pj pp

f k p ff pf , j . W fi f , pp p f pj x p, p p . pp kp q .

- pp p ff qsuch inevitability-undermining big questions fairly early on. Because the

project did not emerge from an overall consideration of transport/develop- , p p f f- f. f 1991 Wkp (Z), p f , 1995 - p, - f f pj , f pj. , f pp j pj f pfi

pp, p f f . f f f k

f x p f Member of Knesset, Ariel Weinstein, recorded in the protocol of the Knes-set Finance Committee discussion of the Highway on August 8, 1994, priorto the approval of the rans-Israel Highway Law. After repeated unsuccess-f p x f the proposed Highway, this Knesset member made clear the unsatisfactory

f pp f pj.

k p f

. xp .

pp , f ,


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p k ,

k . pp. W

. W : f .

f

p .

k f , q f ,

k f , j,

j f . , ,

pj . f ,

fi, p . . . .

f f .

, ff . p f 5 ,

. f k . k

f , f p ,

p .

k p f pp f 5 10 ,

k f ,

p f .

pj pp p k -f--x q-ries that threaten to undermine project inevitability by shifting the groundf f? x -Israel controversy, I found repeated patterns of dismissal of these questions. 2 z x.

f f (

), k, f xp, -f p f -ister of Construction and Housing to a letter from the CEO and the f f f f (), , p x - . p

J 1996 f:

pp , f

pz p f x f

- . pfl p, , , -

k f pp

pj.


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, pj p p xp f f p ( f 2). , f

f f f k p, f f ., p. 13 f 1993, f pj q f pj, f:

2: f -f--x

METHOD OF DISMISSAL The project box is

all that is relevantbecause. . .

Items outside the

box are . . .

People who talk about

the items outside are.. .

HISTORY The project has already

been approved, and isnow simply beingexecuted.

Closed issues;

history.

Out of touch. Living in the

past.

LEGITIMATEREJECTION

Other options wererejected after carefulconsideration.

Infeasible. Dismissedfor good reason.

(1) unaware of evaluationsalready done;

(2) fantasizing about thepotential of dismissedalternatives;

(3) have exotic orunreasonable priorities.

DISCIPLINARY

NARROWING

This is an X issue,

and all well-trainedprofessional Xologistssay that this is therange of choices.(Those who dont arentprofessionals).

Ignorant questions

raised by outsiders ormarginalprofessionals.

If not professionals:

Ignorant lay-people;

If professional non-Xologists: Trying totransfer their expertstanding into a realm theyknow nothing about;

If Xologists: Marginal

Xologists.

REASONEDREJECTIONAND ITSVARIANTS

THE PROJECTASBENCHMARK

All other projects areconsidered as singlereplacements of thisproject (rather than aselements of a packagethat best meet our most

pressing needs).

Inferior substitutes;sensitivity tests onlyshow the robustnessof the chosen project.

Caught up in an unrealisticsense of the potential ofalternatives, which cannever replace the projectsfunctions.

INCREMENTALISTPRAGMATISM

It is fruitless andwasteful to study themany and hugelyuncertain potentialalternatives. We needstudy only the choicesnecessary to decide on

the next reasonableincremental step.

Irrelevant. (1) Hold some outmodedvision of the possibility ofcomprehensive planning.

(2) Using a call forcomprehensive analysis tohold up the project.

MINDING OUR OWN BUSINESS Subsidiary issues notthe responsibility of

project planners.

Are/should beaddressed in another

forum.

Unreasonably trying tomake this project

responsible for realms thatare not its responsibility.


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p p , 3, 31,

[ W]. no place

jfi, , k f p.

[p ]

p .Tis is employed bluntly in a 1993 reply regarding the rans-Israel Highwayf . pj J f 1993 fi, p fi p p f 6 pf

p, p . W f pj , a range of out of the box comparative evaluations, systemic analyses, andp k f pj f . p p p, f f:

f k k f f

1.7.93, f p f - - p.

Another example shows the compressed nuances of two other methodsf f -f-x q ( 2): p k pj k. xp p ff - f J pp p f

f, p xp f:

p [ f f]

[f ]

alternatives (public transport, demand management, etc.) because it defined

p f p .

ffi

highway, because in the opinion of all professionals, these are supplementary

and not substitute measures. Te petition [to the High Court of Justice] rep-

, p, z p p, , pp -

f p , k p

pf fi.


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f argument. One is the narrowing of expertise to close the project box. If theproject is declared as a highway project, then the only people really compe- x p pf, , f, , - xp. , xp p,p , p f k ( f ), p . xp p-p pj, xp.

f k pj f f f-

, f k k j. , f , f k,and thus in good faith patronizingly designated as supplementary and not . , , substitute for a major inter-urban highway corridor. But, then neither could f f f f. ppp k f pjf fi p , f

pj .f k f f -f--x q

above go hand-in-hand with an invitation to join the box: we will be happy k , ff,

j q f f.For example, the Ministry of ransport offi cial cited above, after

, : ,, p - p -

ff p p .Similarly, a year later, in April of 1994, a Ministry of Energy and Infrastruc- ffi , p p -, q ff f . f pjalternatives and the full planning context had not been considered properly p pj, ffi , p , dangers in halting a well-developed project at this stage would be excessive. k f p:

pp p . . . f f, p x-

j pj

f , k p f


31/37


p p p , , x

f . -

() p f f f

6, f p, p

fi j x

pp .

, ffi -f--x q x , --x pj p-ments, when in fact SPNIs suggestions were full-blown rejection, tactically f f p .

p xp f p x- pj f k.

INEVITABILITY THROUGHBRINGING THE FUTURE FORARD

A final mechanism for constructing the inevitability of a project is through

blurring the boundaries between past, present, and futurein favor of thef. p pj - p f. p f , ff, f .

fi . - pp pj p p p p f - . p- pp f -

, p p . f, - p, f p, p p f . W p f p f - k- - f f p p . - pp- . f , .

, p p , pj p -. p -p f project is approved. But as a pending project becomes enmeshed with other


32/37


p, f , , -, k . , pp.

A second episode is more mundane. In 1997, the Cross-Israel Highwayp p f subscription newspaper: Map of Israels Roads for the Driver and raveler:Put in your car, and have a pleasant journey. Te map included the rans- , k x f k Kiryat-Gat (approx. Haifa to Beer-Sheva), whereas the route of its northernand southern portions and of some incomplete lateral connecting roads wask p p. 1997, f f

(1998), 18 f fi (1999), 3 f fi f 18 k p f ( 2002). , pj f .

, f j f - J, - : x fPhase 1. Tis sign (a frequent target of spray-painting environmental activ-

), k k f - pj k x , , , - . - f f ff f , ff f p xp p fi project whose construction had already begun. In other words, referring toa point of future interface with your project as the first stage of the project - f .

W p p f 1997, p elevated to be the dedication of the rans-Israel Highways first interchange( , f f, k p fi), fi f - ffi p .

CONCLUSION

f f k pf pj , f f - . f p p f p ;


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pj p; f pj f; k p f p , pj pp p pj p f.

f p p, q - pj. , p-p, f pf p f p pj, p - f p pp. pj. , p xp f p f 3 ( ),

p f f f pj . f as vigorous public relations and confident planning rather than malevolentp.

At the same time, by assuming rather than justifying a projects, z xp - , , pp, p p -

k. pj pp , k .

k , p - p- pj . ff f pj, p

f pj p x; , f , p q f .

otes

* f pp f k-

f p - , ppp f , . f f , pp k f : f ( p f - );


34/37


Davis Fellowship rust; Te Department of Geography at the Hebrew Universityf J; . f pof Science, echnology, and Medicine at Te Hebrew University of Jerusalem. All

f .1. , K z , f

- , p f - p . p f . f - f f - -pj pp pf : - (K , p ); 6 (

k f - - f 4, f 2), zkRabin Highway (the Company approached Rabins widow for permission to f ).

2. p k p p f .

3. p k p f pj, p f pj f. f , p f f

, , f p f - (. 6) p f , p 1998 [].

4. zz f f p pone that is mobility-based, see Philip Goodwin, Solving Congestion (when , p, , , fi q), f fp f p , , 1997. / pfi, J

k , : f - f . ransport Policy, 9, 2002,17988.

5. k f p , p:Number of Vehicles for Paved Kilometer, 1991, occupying the bottom thirdf fi p f - p - : 6. f , fi ( ) k f f . , World Road Statistics 19891993, 1994 , 1,

k f 31, 4, 31.6. Q f f ( ),

- : . 6, p


35/37


- p, -. f f K [Vaadat Hakesafim]. f z z k p 356 f 8

1994 f [].7. - p, ., ffi

, Final Report, 1995. ( f f f , p 1995 f / f /- p fp p-qf f f pj.) fi f p . f , 4.1 p. 86 f p.

8. p f fi,

f k.

9. , World Road Statistics, 19891993, 1994 -. 1 k f 31.

10. f 4 () 1 ( k) fi , World Road Statistics 19891993, f k k p f .

11. k , p f ffi p p xp, ravel and ransport

[nua Vetahbura], J 1997 [].12. Data derived from Shuki Cohen, Te Level of Development of Rail

W p x f p -p . (, p , 1998)[]. k f K p fp, ransport Statistics Great Britain (, , 1995).

13. k , Te rans-Israel Highway: Do We Know Enough to Proceed,Wk p 5, f , p 1997.

14. Building on a Kuhnian understanding of scientific development, this

pp p k f , , k, f fi k, f () pp f W jk .

15. f k f fi, , f xp, , Science in Action (, , 1987); ,Aramisor the Love of Technology (Cambridge, MA, 1996); Wiebe Bijker, Tomas P., (), Te Social Construction of echnological Systems:New Directions in the Sociology and History of echnology(Cambridge, MA, 1986);W jk J (), p echnology/Building Society(-

, , 1992).16. Tis principle was first formulated by the strong program in the sociology

f fi k. k , Knowledge and Social


36/37


Imagery(London, 1976); Barry Barnes, Scientific Knowledge and Sociological Teory(, 1974); , Interests and the Growth of Knowledge (,1977); k, Science and the Sociology of Knowledge(, 1979).

17. , pp q by the stronger forms of a constructionist approach, which questionrather thanj k f f .

18. - , p f p f f pj f - p f - - , J1998 []. pp f p p: , f xp, f pp f 6, 1/1/96 ( 37381) [].

19. f k f pj,f pp f p, p 2 - f / f /- , ., p-qfdocuments, Vol. 1 Pre-qualification Information and Questionnaire, November1995.

20. 1996 f. f, k .

21. , f : - k f 2010, p f

p f f : Wk , p 1990, p 129, 5051 [].

22. q f f f - p f , . 2, ffi , 1.5, p. 10. 8, .

23. p p- f , p f j, , , fl pj ffi -, f .

24. 31 ( 31), . 4 (xp ), 1992, p. 54 [].

25. Ibid., pp. 54, 27, 43, 223, p 14.26. Ibid., p. 173.27. Ibid., p. 172, p. 54.28. , Te rans-Israel Highway: Do We Know Enough to Proceed?29. j 28/7/96, pp z 94/2920

f J [].30. f f p p

f - , xp f f. x f f , f J (Z), 2920/94. f , -, f p :


37/37


p f - z, (), Cause Lawyeringand the State in a Global Era (xf, 2001).

31. , k , Z, ransport in Israeli Cities atthe Start of the wenty-First Century: rends and Degrees of Freedom which appearsin the Israel 2020: Master Plan for Israel in the wenty-First Century, 1996. , p 18, 489 [].

32. , f f z, .2003.

33. Personal letter dated 11 January 1996. Copy in possession of author[].

34. p f p

the Highway see Mical Meizlishs 2003 report Te Battle Against the rans-Israel, f J f [].

35. f K, . W, f K pp f - (8 1994). 356 [].

36. f 7 J 1996, f f 7210, p p f [].

37. 1 August 1993, reference w6175. Copy in possession of the author[].

38. estimony of Prof. Ilan Salomon in the expert opinions submitted onf f f J [].

39. f , 10 p 1994, f 494, [].

garb (2004) construction of inevitability is

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