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Overview:Overview: BackgroundBackground DefinitionDefinition Ebenezer HowardEbenezer Howard The Three magnetsThe Three magnets FeaturesFeatures ApplicationsApplications

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The Garden city movementThe Garden city movement

Inspired by the Inspired by the UtopianUtopian novel novel Looking BackwardLooking Backward, Howard published his book , Howard published his book To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real ReformTo-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in in 1898 (which was reissued in 1902 as 1898 (which was reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrowGarden Cities of To-morrow) )

The The garden city movementgarden city movement is a method of is a method of urban planningurban planning that was initiated in 1898 by Sir that was initiated in 1898 by Sir Ebenezer HowardEbenezer Howard in the United Kingdom in the United Kingdom

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Sir Ebenezer HowardSir Ebenezer Howard

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Definition:Definition:

A Garden city is a self sufficient A Garden city is a self sufficient city in which the attractive city in which the attractive

features of both rural life and features of both rural life and city life are combinedcity life are combined

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How the idea came into his minds??How the idea came into his minds??

Being a residence of London he witnessed Being a residence of London he witnessed various evils of an unplanned townvarious evils of an unplanned town

As many farmers became workers in the As many farmers became workers in the factories, they also started living there, next factories, they also started living there, next to the industrial areas, so unsatisfactory to the industrial areas, so unsatisfactory condition developed and the life condition condition developed and the life condition became worsebecame worse

He conceived the idea of He conceived the idea of Garden City Garden City to to reduce and solve the social problem and to reduce and solve the social problem and to reduce the load on the existing cityreduce the load on the existing city

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Howard Definition:Howard Definition:

A garden city is a town designed for A garden city is a town designed for healthy living and industry; of size healthy living and industry; of size that makes possible of full measure that makes possible of full measure

of social life, but not larger; of social life, but not larger; surrounded by a rural belt; the surrounded by a rural belt; the

whole of the land being in public whole of the land being in public ownership or held in trust for ownership or held in trust for

communitycommunity

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Ebenezer Howard mentioned the advantages Ebenezer Howard mentioned the advantages and disadvantages of town life and rural life and disadvantages of town life and rural life on the respective two magnets, namely, town on the respective two magnets, namely, town magnet and country magnetmagnet and country magnet

On the third magnet he wrote the attractive On the third magnet he wrote the attractive features of town life and country life and features of town life and country life and posed the problem, where will the people go?posed the problem, where will the people go?

These attractive features were natural These attractive features were natural beauty, bright homes and gardens, low rents, beauty, bright homes and gardens, low rents, no slums, no smoke and social opportunityno slums, no smoke and social opportunity

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Open spaces and gardens around all houses and Open spaces and gardens around all houses and factory buildingsfactory buildings

Population neither too small nor too large Population neither too small nor too large Howard's limit b/w 30000 to 40000Howard's limit b/w 30000 to 40000

City is owned by all citizens on co-operative basisCity is owned by all citizens on co-operative basis Independent and have its own civic life and afford Independent and have its own civic life and afford

all daily needsall daily needs Self sufficient unit having its own industriesSelf sufficient unit having its own industries Surrounded by green beltSurrounded by green belt

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Principles of zoning strictly appliedPrinciples of zoning strictly applied

Surplus fund used for the development Surplus fund used for the development of the community itselfof the community itself

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Garden city NYGarden city NY

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The Garden City consists for different zones, The Garden City consists for different zones, street types and green.street types and green.

The core is in the centre contains a central park, The core is in the centre contains a central park, surrounded by a commercial, cultural and surrounded by a commercial, cultural and administrative zone.administrative zone.

Here, the idea of the shopping mall came up, as Here, the idea of the shopping mall came up, as Howard wanted to develop a " Crystal palace" Howard wanted to develop a " Crystal palace" where goods such as handicraft produced by the where goods such as handicraft produced by the inhabitants could be sold protected from weather.inhabitants could be sold protected from weather.

During the weekends the core was supposed to be During the weekends the core was supposed to be the cultural and recreational centre.the cultural and recreational centre.

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A wide (Grand Avenue) and some smaller ring roads are A wide (Grand Avenue) and some smaller ring roads are arranged circular around the centre, and together with arranged circular around the centre, and together with the radial roads, they form the wards - living areathe radial roads, they form the wards - living area

Every family has a house of a minimum size of 6m x Every family has a house of a minimum size of 6m x 30m with a shared or owned garden30m with a shared or owned garden

Social infrastructure (i.e. schools) is located along the Social infrastructure (i.e. schools) is located along the Grand Avenue Grand Avenue

The outer ring is supposed for small scale industries and The outer ring is supposed for small scale industries and manufacturing units to keep the inhabitants away from manufacturing units to keep the inhabitants away from emission and a green belt and a circle railway mark the emission and a green belt and a circle railway mark the border to the countrysideborder to the countryside

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Howard was fortunate enough to apply his theory Howard was fortunate enough to apply his theory in actual practice.in actual practice.

In 1903, the first garden city was planned 48km In 1903, the first garden city was planned 48km from London.from London.

The area was 1527 hectares.The area was 1527 hectares. It was steadily grown with great success. It It was steadily grown with great success. It

contains 8500 houses, 95 factories and 33600 contains 8500 houses, 95 factories and 33600 people today.people today.

So the idea get success and another garden city So the idea get success and another garden city was developed Welwyn.was developed Welwyn.

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Letch worth Garden City Letch worth Garden City The First Garden City in the World The First Garden City in the World

Letch worth Garden City played an Letch worth Garden City played an important role in the development of important role in the development of modern urban planning theory and modern urban planning theory and

practice throughout the 20th centurypractice throughout the 20th century

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Letchworth Garden CityLetchworth Garden City, commonly known as , commonly known as LetchworthLetchworth, is a town in , is a town in HertfordshireHertfordshire, , EnglandEngland

Founded in 1903Founded in 1903 Its development inspired another garden Its development inspired another garden

city welwyn, and other small townscity welwyn, and other small towns Barry Barkers and Rymoned Unwin were Barry Barkers and Rymoned Unwin were

architectsarchitects 16km square area for buiding16km square area for buiding Natural beauty was mantainedNatural beauty was mantained 1905 & 1908 1905 & 1908 Cheap Cottage Exhibition Cheap Cottage Exhibition was was

heled to build inexpensive housing.heled to build inexpensive housing.

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Letchworth …todayLetchworth …today

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S.noS.no featurefeature Garden citiesGarden cities Satellite townsSatellite towns

11 DependenceDependence Self-sufficient unitSelf-sufficient unit Depend on the Depend on the parent cityparent city

22 GardensGardens Around all houses and Around all houses and factoriesfactories

Not compulsoryNot compulsory

33 Green beltGreen belt Surrounded by green Surrounded by green beltbelt

Situated outside Situated outside green belt of green belt of the parent citythe parent city

44 IndustriesIndustries PermittedPermitted Not permittedNot permitted

55 Rapid transit Rapid transit arrangementarrangement

Not necessaryNot necessary Necessary in Necessary in the form of the form of local trains and local trains and busesbuses

66 zoningzoning EssentialEssential May or may not May or may not havehave

A comparisonA comparison