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    Saplings of Livelihood-A success story in Commercial Nursery

    Availability of quality planting material is highly essential for successful commercial vegetable

    cultivation. Farmers generally prepare small nurseries in their backyard solely for personal usage.

    However in the event of pest and disease incidence, natural calamity or field mortality of plants in

    early stages, the farmer does not have sufficient time to raise new nursery. To address this issue

    farmer-groups in Self Help Groups (SHGs) were provided with polyhouses/nethouses for production of

    quality planting material on commercial basis in protected conditions. They were provided with the

    structure, with accessories and initial consumables, and were trained in field about advanced nursery

    management technologies like soil solarisation, grafting, sowing, fertilisation, raised beds, pest and

    disease management activities, etc.

    In Purunia village of Patna block of Keonjhar district, the Self Help Group, named Maa Basant

    Kuanri Krushak Sangha initiated a commercial nursery for vegetable crops like tomato, brinjal, chilli,

    cabbage, cauliflower, drumstick and fruit crops like papaya. They were trained and guided regularly by

    the project personnel. The group is not only able to cater its own needs of quality planting material,

    but also caters to the need of the nearby villages. They have earned a additional income of Rs 15700/-

    . With increasing income season by season, the group is confident of setting an example of success in

    the region.

    Boost the productivity and yield of cucurbitaceous crops by

    foliar application of boron

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    Boron deficiency is being increasingly reported in different crops and soils across the country limiting

    the crop performance. Foliar application of boron is also known to enhance the vine growth, number of

    fruits, fruit size and yield of many cucurbitaceous crops. Earlier, in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) a

    significance response to 3 foliar sprays of 25ppm of boric acid was observed under Ranchi (Jharkhand)

    conditions. The fruit number increased from 10.5/vine to 12.2 in the vines that received foliar

    application of boric acid. The fruit weight also increased from 368g to 412g. This led to an increased

    fruit yield of 62.5 tonnes/ha by boron application compared to 48.6 in control that did not receive

    any foliar sprays of boric acid. This technology was tested under Bangalore conditions on ash gourd

    (2008), pumpkin (2009) and bitter gourd (2010) by Shri Umesh of Gopalpur, Hessaraghatta. In

    addition to boric acid, urea was dissolved in the spray solution at 0.5% to enhance absorption of

    applied boron.This progressive farmer obtained 28-36% increased production at an expense of Rs.

    50/ha on boric acid and urea in each crop. Presently, Shri Bhadradev Kumar of Muthkur also adopted

    foliar application of 25 ppm boric acid along with 1% urea as the adjuvant, applied 3 times from 8-leaf

    stage (25 days after planting to flowering (45 days). He obtained an average an average increase of

    2.9 fruits/vine from 1.8 and of 5.8kg/fruit from 3.9kg in ash gourd (photograph 1) Against an

    estimated yield of 56 t/ha (23 under control), Shri Kumar achieved 49 tonnes/ha production by

    adopting this technology. In Arka Baharl bottle gourd grown at IIHR farm, the number of fruits

    increased from 2.14 to 3.00/vine. The weight of the fruit increased to 950 as against 880g leading to

    an increase of 50% of bottle gourd fruits.

    This substantial increase in production is attributed to an increased fruit set caused by improved

    health of the pollen. A favorable boron status of the cucurbit vine caused (i) proper growth of pollen

    tube after fertilization leading to an enhanced of fertilization of eggs in the ovary leading ultimately to

    enhanced the fruit set in each vine; and (ii) substantial growth or enlargement of the fruit since every

    fertilized egg in the ovary releases growth hormones responsible for fruit enlargement leading to a

    significant increase if its weight. Owing to these twin factors, the farmer reaped a bountiful

    harvest. Besides boric acid (17% B), borax (11% B) or Solubor (20% B) can also be used to prepare

    the spray solution for this purpose. Adding urea as an adjuvant at 1% concentration to the spray

    solution improves the absorption of boron by leaves. This technology is highly cost-effective and can

    be adopted in all cucurbitaceous crops in areas known to be endemic for boron deficiency.

    Dr.S.C.KOTUR

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    Indian Institute of HorticulturalResearch, Bangalore-560 089

    Shri Badradev Mumar of Muthkur, North Bangalore reaped a bountiful harvest of ash gourd (left) by

    adopting foliar application of boron

    In Arka Bahar bottle gourd grown at IIHR, Hessaraghatta the fruit yield increased by 50% due to

    foliar spray of boric acid (25ppm) with urea (0.5%) compared to the unsprayed control.

    Improved Production Technology in Tomato crop

    Tomato is an important commercial vegetable crop for farmers. Tomato farmers are facing various

    problems due to outbreak of pest and diseases related to climate change, labor shortage and

    borewells going dry etc. In the last few years, late blight has emerged as a devastating disease for

    tomato farmers in Kharif and late Kharif season. Cost of inputs has gone up and labor availability has

    become a major problem. Farmers are increasingly finding it difficult to cope with the rise in input

    costs and other biotic and abiotic problems facing them.

    So to mitigate these problems, IIHR, Bangalore initiated technology demonstration on plastic

    mulching, drip irrigation& fertigation in tomato crop. The technology involves

    i. split application of nutrients along with irrigation water at low concentration which increasesthe efficacy of fertigation through decreased quantity of applied fertilizers, because fertilizers

    are applied directly to the root zone

    ii. improved timing of fertilization , due to more frequent application which makes it possible tomatch plant requirement at various crop growth stages

    iii. improved distribution of fertilizers with minimum loss through leaching beyond the root zone orlosses through run-off.

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    This technology was taken up in Agrahara village of Dasanapura Hobli in Bangalore North Taluk of

    Bangalore urban district and was successfully demonstrated. The practice of mulching aids in moisture

    conservation, weed suppression and maintenance of soil structure. Mulches also improve the use

    efficiency of applied fertilizer and use of reflective mulches to minimize the incidences of pests and

    virus diseases. Farmers were very enthusiastic seeing the results of plastic mulching and drip

    irrigation. Farmers from the village are of the opinion that by following these two technologies, they

    can reduce the wastage of water & fertilizers. The new technologies have reduced the water

    requirement by 50-70% and also reduced the cost on fertilizers. The incidence of pest and diseases

    has come down. The number of seedlings required for planting per acre also has come down by 25 %.

    The fruits obtained were of better quality and colour, which fetched more prices in the market. A filed

    day on Improved production technology in tomato crop was organised under the project National

    Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture on 22nd October, 2011. Seventy farmers from in and round

    the villages attended the Field Day. The Director, IIHR, along with a team of scientists from the

    Divisions of Entomology & Nematology; Vegetable Crops, Plant Pathology and Entomology &

    Nematology attended the programme.

    Kitchen Garden

    Vegetables occupy an important place in our daily life particularly for vegetarians. Vegetables

    are the only source to increase not only the nutritive values of foods but also its palatability. For

    a balanced diet, an adult should have an intake of 85 g of fruits and 300 g of vegetables per day

    as per the dietary recommendation of nutrition specialists. But the present level of production of

    vegetables in our country can permit a per capita consumption of only 120 g of vegetables per

    day.

    Kitchen Garden

    Considering the above facts, we should plan to produce our own vegetable requirements in our

    backyards using the available fresh water as well as the kitchen and bathroom wastewater. This

    will not only facilitate prevention of stagnation unused water which will be hazardous to our

    health through environmental pollution, but can be useful for successful production of our own

    requirement of vegetables Cultivation in a small area facilitates the methods of controlling pests

    and diseases through the removal of affected parts and non-use of chemicals. This is a safe

    practice, which does not cause toxic residues of pesticides in the vegetables produced.

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    Kitchen Garden Site Selection

    There will be limited choice for the selection of sites for kitchen gardens. The final choice is

    usually the backyard of the house. This is convenient as the members of the family can give a

    constant care to the vegetables during leisure and the wastewater from the bathrooms and kitchencan easily be diverted to the vegetable beds. The size of a kitchen garden depends upon the

    availability of land and number of persons for whom vegetables are to be provided. There is no

    restriction in the shape of the kitchen garden but wherever possible rectangular garden is

    preferred to a square one. With succession cropping and intercropping, five cents of land would

    be adequate to supply vegetables for an average family of four to five persons.

    Land preparation

    Firstly a through spade digging is made to a depth of 30-40 cm. Stones, bushes and perennialweeds are removed. 100 kg of well decomposed farmyard manure or vermicompost is applied

    and mixed with the soil. Ridges and furrows are formed at a spacing of 45 cm or 60 cm as per the

    requirement. Flat beds can also be formed instead of ridges and furrows.

    Sowing and planting

    Direct sown crops like bhendi, cluster beans and cowpea can be sown on one side of the

    ridges at a spacing of 30 cm. Amaranthus (meant for whole plant pull out and clipping)

    can be sown after mixing 1 part of seeds with 20 parts of fine sand by broadcasting in the

    plots. Small onion, mint and coriander can be planted/sown along the bunds of plots.

    Seeds of transplanted crops like tomato, brinjal and chilli can be sown in nursery beds

    or pots one month in advance by drawing lines. After sowing and covering with top soil

    and then dusting with 250 grams neem cake so as to save the seeds from ants. About 30

    days after sowing for tomato and 40-45 days for brinjal and chilli and big onion the

    seedlings are removed from nursery and transplanted along one side of the ridges at

    spacing of 30-45 cm for tomato, brinjal and chilli and 10 cm on both the sides of the

    ridges for big onion. The plants should be irrigated immediately after planting and again

    on 3rd

    day. The seedlings can be watered once in two days in the earlier stages and then

    once in 4 days later.

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    The main objective of a kitchen garden is the maximum output and a continuous supply

    of vegetables for the table throughout the year. By following certain procedures, this

    objective can easily be achieved.

    The perennial plants should be located on one side of the garden, usually on the rear endof the garden so that they may not shade other crops, compete for nutrition with the other

    vegetable crops.

    The adjacent to the foot path all around the garden and the central foot path may be

    utilised for growing different short duration green vegetables like Coriander, spinach,

    fenugreek, Alternanthera, Mint and

    A cropping pattern, which may prove helpful for kitchen garden under Indian conditions

    (excepting hill stations) is suggested below.

    Plot No Name of the vegetable Season

    01. Tomato and onion

    Radish

    Beans

    Bhendi ( okra)

    June - Sep.

    Oct.-Nov.

    Dec.-Feb.

    Mar.-May

    02 Brinjal

    Beans

    Tomato

    Amaranthus

    June - Sep.

    Oct.-Nov

    June - Sep.

    May

    03. Chilli and Radish

    Cowpea

    Onion (bellary)

    Jun-Sep.

    Dec.-Feb.

    Mar.-May

    04. Bhendi and Radish

    CabbageCluster beans

    Jun.-Aug.

    Sep.-Dec.Jan.-Mar.

    05. Bellary Onion

    Beet root

    Tomato

    Onion

    June-Aug.

    Sep.-Nov.

    Dec.-Mar.

    Apr.-May

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    06. Cluster beans

    Brinjal and beet root

    Jun.-Sep.

    Oct.-Jan.

    07. Bellary onion

    Carrot

    Pumpkin (small)

    Jul.-Aug.

    Sep.-Dec.

    Jan.-May

    08. Lab lab (bush type)

    Onion

    Bhendi

    Coriander

    Jun.-Aug.

    Sep.-Dec.

    Jun.-Mar

    Apr.-May

    Perennial plot

    Drumstick, Banana, Papaya, Tapioca, Curry leaf and Agathi.

    It may be observed from the above crop arrangements that throughout the year some crop

    is grown in each plot without break (Succession cropping) and where ever possible two

    crops (one long duration and the other a short duration one) are grown together in the

    same plot (companion cropping).

    Economic benefits of gardening

    Gardeners feed their families first and then sell, barter or give away surplus garden

    foods. In certain contexts, however, income generation may become the primary

    objective of the home garden. In any case, it is counterproductive to impose the nutrition

    objective to the exclusion of the income generation objective, since in most contexts they

    are linked and compatible.

    The potential economic benefits of home gardening, include the following:

    gardening gives dual benefits of food and income generation;

    gardens provide fodder for household animals and supplies for other household needs

    (handicrafts, fuel wood, furniture, baskets, etc.);

    marketing of garden produce and animals is often the only source of independent

    income for women.

    http://www.indg.in/agriculture/on-and-off-farm-enterprises/agri-onnoff-mushroom

    http://www.indg.in/agriculture/on-and-off-farm-enterprises/agri-onnoff-mushroomhttp://www.indg.in/agriculture/on-and-off-farm-enterprises/agri-onnoff-mushroomhttp://www.indg.in/agriculture/on-and-off-farm-enterprises/agri-onnoff-mushroom