GAS PIPELINE HYDRAULICHeru Cahyono

November 26th, 2012

INTRODUCTIONProfileNAMEHERU CAHYONO

BACKGROUND:CHEMICAL ENGINEER

WORKING EXPERIENCE IN PGN:

2005 - 2007 JUNIOR ENGINEER ON SOUTH SUMATRA - WEST JAVA PROJECTLabuhan Maringgai – Muara Bekasi (Offshore Section, 32” OD – 162 km)Muara Bekasi – Rawa Maju (Onshore Section, 32” OD – 32 km)

2008 COST ESTIMATOR

2009 - 2010 STRATEGIC PLANNER

2011 - 2012 PROCESS ENGINEER

Course AgendaGAS PIPELINE HYDRAULIC

IntroductionPre Test & Brief view of oil & gas industry

Flow Equation

Break – Refreshment

Gas properties & Equation 0f State

Break – Refreshment

08:00am

09:00am

11:45am

09:45am

10:00am

1:00pm Software – Pipeline StudioPreparation & Introduction

Hydrocarbon : an organic compound made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms

Petroleum : a natural yellow-to-black flammable liquid hydrocarbon found beneath the earth’s surface

INTRODUCTIONWhat is Hydrocarbon?

Saudi Arabia has the most oil

Russia has the most natural gas

USA has the most coal

Indonesia?

INTRODUCTIONDistribution of Fossil Fuel Reserves

INTRODUCTIONProjected World Energy Supply & Demand

INTRODUCTIONOil & Gas Business View

INTRODUCTIONSubsurface View - Onshore

INTRODUCTIONSubsurface View - Offshore

Artist’s rendition of offshore petroleumreservoir (Graphics by John Perez Graphics& Design, LLC)

INTRODUCTIONPetroleum traps – Gas cap

INTRODUCTION4 Sections in Oil & Gas IndustrySection IReservoir Area – End of drilling hole

Section IIEnd of drilling hole –Well head

Section IIIWell head –Surface facilities

Section IVRefinery - Customer

INTRODUCTIONReservoir Fluids

INTRODUCTIONProduct of Oil & Gas

INTRODUCTIONTypical Crude Oil Processing

INTRODUCTIONBlock Diagram of Major Gas Producing Unit

INTRODUCTIONProduct of Gas

INTRODUCTIONGas Transportation ModeEconomically preferred options for monetizing stranded natural gas (Wood et al., 2008)

INTRODUCTIONWhy should we learn?

• Planning Stage?• Design Stage?• Engineering Stage?• Operation Stage?• Maintenance Stage?• Commercial Stage?

Gas Hydraulic

INTRODUCTIONGas Hydraulic

Planning, Design, & Engineering Stage

- Calculate pipe sizing

- Calculate equipment sizing

Operation & Maintenance

- Start up- Shut down- Calculate

product quality & quantity

Commercial

- Additional gas supply decision

- Additional customer/demand decision

INTRODUCTIONGas HydraulicCONSERVATION OF MASSThe difference of the mass going in and going out leads to more mass staying in the fixed volume and thus to an increase in the densityor:What goes in must come out or is being stored

CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUMThe difference of the momentum going in and going out can only change due to external forces, that is pushing (pressure), friction or elevation changesCompare to billiard balls:It moves with constant velocity unless accelerated due to being pushed, decelerated due to friction or due to moving uphill or downhill

GAS PROPERTIESMolecular WeightSpecific GravityGas compressibilityDew point (P&T)Bubble point (P&T)Critical constantDensityAccentric factorHeating value

Ideal GasVan Der WaalsRedlick KwongSRKPeng RobinsonBenedict-Webb-Rubbin

EQUATION OF STATE

INTRODUCTIONGas HydraulicFLOW EQUATIONGeneral Colebrook-WhiteAGAWeymouthPanhandle APanhandle BOliphant

FLOW EQUATIONSummary

FLOW EQUATIONColebrook-WhiteThe Colebrook-White equation, sometimes referred to simply as the Colebrookequation, is a relationship between the friction factor and the Reynolds number,pipe roughness, and inside diameter of pipe.

AGA

WEYMOUTH

FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasISOTHERMAL/GENERAL

PANHANDLE B

OLIPHANT

PANHANDLE A

FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasPREDICTING PRESSURE DROP ALONG PIPELINE

FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasCALCULATING FLOW RATE

FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasCALCULATING PIPELINE DIAMETER

FLOW EQUATIONComparisson

FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasCASE STUDY

PA= .....?

20 km 60 km 20 km 50 km

FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasCASE STUDY

PB= .....? if Q Q

Temperature Profile?

FLOW EQUATIONSingle Phase GasTEMPERATURE VARIATION IN A GAS PIPELINE

Which one?

How to find out gas properties such as: - Gas specific gravity - Gas compressibility- Gas density- etc

FLOW EquationProblem

Critical Temperature = Critical Pressure =

Reduced Temperature = Reduced Pressure =

Molecular weight = Specific Gravity =

GAS PROPERTIESMixture Properties

Reynold Number

GAS PROPERTIESMixture Properties

INTRODUCTIONCompressibility using Standing-Katz MethodExample:

Gas at 1000 Psig & 100oF

Find:- MW - G - z

Ideal GasOnly valid for gas at low pressure conditions (±60 psig)

GAS PROPERTIESEquation of State

Van der WaalsAdd correction on:

- Gas volume specific- Molecular interaction

Redlich-KwongAdd correction on VdW equation

a & b value

Peng RobinsonAdd correction on:- “a” as temperature function- Accentric factor (molecul shape)

GAS PROPERTIESEquation of State

R= 0.008314 MPa m3/kmol K

BWR (Benedict – Webb – Rubbin) For specific system with very high precission level (±0,01%):- CH4

- CO2 This equation provide 8 parameters (6 new additional parameters):A0, B0, C0, a, , , c, d, b

GAS PROPERTIESEquation of State

GAS PROPERTIESPhysical Constant

Example:

Gas at 1000 Psig & 100oF

Find z using Peng Robinson Method

GAS PROPERTIESPhysical Constant Example:

Find heating value of the following mixture:

Find the revenue for 100 MMscfd natural gas at USD10/MMBtu.

GAS PROPERTIESGas VelocityThe velocity of gas flow in a pipeline represents the speed at which the gas molecules move from one point to another. Unlike a liquid pipeline, due to compressibility, the gas velocity depends upon the pressure and, hence, will vary along the pipeline even if the pipe diameter is constant.

Where will the highest velocity be?

GAS PROPERTIESMax Gas VelocityHow high can the gas velocity be in a pipeline? As the velocity increases, vibration and noise are evident.

GAS PROPERTIESCase Study of Gas Velocity

GAS PROPERTIESGas Phase Determination Equilibrium ratio

GPSA Chapther 26

GAS PROPERTIESPhase Diagram

GAS PROPERTIESCase Study using NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)Determine the phase condition of stream having the following compositionAt 7.2oC and 2620 kPaCompone

ntMole Fraction

N2 0.0016

C1 0.1930

C2 0.1363

C3 0.2515

nC4 0.2742

nC5 0.0910

nC6 0.0524

GAS PROPERTIESCase Study using NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology)Determine the phase condition of stream having the following compositionAt 200oF and 200 psiaCompone

ntMole Fraction

C3 0.25

nC4 0.4

nC5 0.35

GAS PROPERTIESCase StudyDetermine compressibility of gas having the following composition at 135oF and 2021 Psi- NIST- Peng Robinson EquationCompone

ntMole Fraction

N2 0.0046

CO2 0.003

H2S 0.1438

C1 0.8414

C2 0.0059

C3 0.0008

iC4 0.0003

nC5 0.0002

ENDTHANK YOU