Gas Turbine Developments Needed to Aid Wind Power Integration

Dr. Warren KatzensteinOctober 21, 2010

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3

Technologies to Pair with Wind

• Hydropower• Storage / Flywheels• Natural Gas Turbines• Demand Response• Oil• Coal• Nuclear

Gas Turbines Near Ideal Technology

• Ramp rates are able to handle most wind events– LM6000 can reportedly ramp to full power in 2

minutes from a cold start

• Adequate capacity• Easily sited• Low capital cost

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Clean Air Interstate Rule

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GE LM6000 - Regression Analysis

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Power (MW)

Ra

mp

Rat

e (M

W/M

in)

LM6000 NOx Emissions as a Function of Power Level and Ramp Rate

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

NO

x Em

itted (lbs/min)

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CO2 Emissions vs Power for LM6000

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

Power (MW)

CO

2 E

mitt

ed (

Met

ric T

ons

/ M

in)

(idle)

10

Operating Limit Constraint

Operating Limit Constraint

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CO2 Emissions vs Power for SW 501FD

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Siemens-Westinghouse 501FD Regression Analysis

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 2000

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

Power (MW)

NO

x E

mitt

ed (lb

/min

)

GE Document GER-3568G

Emissions Factors

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

Penetration Factor

Bas

eloa

d S

yste

mC

O2 E

mis

sion

Fac

tor

(ton

nes/

MW

h)

Expected Emission Factor

Predicted Emission Factor

(a) LM6000LM6000Steam,no SCR

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.90

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Penetration Factor

Bas

eloa

d S

yste

mN

Ox E

mis

sion

Fac

tor

(kg/

MW

h)

Expected Emission Factor

Predicted Emission Factor

(b) LM6000

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 10

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

Penetration Factor

Bas

eloa

d S

yste

mC

O2 E

mis

sion

Fac

tor

(ton

nes/

MW

h)

Expected Emission Factor

Predicted Emission Factor

(c) 501FD

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.90

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

Penetration Factor

Bas

eloa

d S

yste

mN

Ox E

mis

sion

Fac

tor

(kg/

MW

h)

Expected Emission Factor

Predicted Emission Factor

(d) 501FD

501FDDLN,SCR

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First Steps

• Analyze the problem– Characterize emission profiles of more generators– Characterize the emission profiles of more

technologies– Develop methods to measure changes in power

plant emissions due to increased wind energy penetration

– Determine scenarios where natural gas generators approach their emission limitations

Possible Solutions

• Utilize transition firing modes more• Redesign turbine combustion cans• Encourage development of gas turbines near

wind plants far from load– Minimize adverse health affects from NOx

emissions

• Modify market policies

NOx Firing Modes

Dry Low NOx System

Market Redesign

• Recover increased operation and maintenance costs

• Replace lost revenue streams• Relax or modify emission restrictions for

natural gas plants compensating for wind power

• Modify constrained economic dispatch to account for emissions