gaseous and particulate emissions from diesel generators

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Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators Dongzi Zhu Dongzi Zhu Desert Research Institute Desert Research Institute

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Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators. Dongzi Zhu Desert Research Institute. Dirty Diesel engine. Non-road Diesel engine (contrary to Onroad) DPM higher than onroad diesel engines (HDDTs) contributes 44% DPM, 12% of NOx from all mobile sources nationwide (EPA) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel

Generators

Dongzi ZhuDongzi Zhu

Desert Research InstituteDesert Research Institute

Page 2: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Dirty Diesel engine Non-road Diesel engine (contrary to Onroad)DPM higher than onroad diesel engines (HDDTs)contributes 44% DPM, 12% of NOx from all mobile sources nationwide (EPA)exempt from fuel formulation (e.g. sulfur content) requirement, exhaust gas aftertreatment Non-road Diesel Mobile/stationary sources:construction, agriculture, locomotives, and marine vessels back-up generators, pumps, etc.

NAAQS Criteria pollutants: PM(2.5,10), NOx, SO2, CO, O3,Pb

Diesel generators large emitter of PM most < 1m, toxic air pollutantsNOx, precursor of O3

Hydrocarbon(HC), PAH carcinogens, precursor of SOA, O3

CO, SO2

Page 3: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Nationwide, 626,000 installed units of

diesel BUGs in 1996, estimated 1.7% annual

increase rate (740,941 units 2006)

11,000 diesel BUGs in California in

2000

Evidence indicates human health

hazards with exposure of diesel exhaust.

BUGs are close to school, hospitals,

municipal buildings, where human exposure

is high.

EPA regulated emission factors: NOx,

PM, CO, NMHC (and fuel sulfur content)

Tier 1 (1996-2000) (EPA,1994)

Tier 2 (2001-2006)

Tire 3 (2006-2008) (EPA,1998)

Tire 4 (2008-2015): PM, NOx reduced by

90% (EPA, 2004)

EPA AP 42 diesel generator (<440KW)

Emission Factors: NOx, PM,CO,CO2 THC,

(1996)

Population density and diesel BUGs location in L.A. region Population/mile2

0–20002000–60006000–10000> 10000

Page 4: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Tested 13 diesel

generators (10KW-100KW)

at Camp Pendleton, CA,

using DRI’s In-Plume

Emissions Testing System

Fuel analysis showed the

jerrycan fuel had different

properties than the fuels in

the generator tanks. 60KW

and 100KW tanks has JP-8

fuel.

Communications indicated

that the base was

temporarily unable to

obtain JP-8 fuel for the

generators and that were

using California #2 Diesel

to refuel the generators

when needed.

Page 5: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

In-Plume Emissions Testing System (IPETS) diagram

PTFE/Quartz FiltersQuartz/K

2CO

3Filters

Quartz/Citric Acid FiltersNuclepore

Filters

TSI 40241 MassFlow Meters

TSI 40241 MassFlow Meters

Comtrol

8 port

RS232 to Ethernet

Gast PumpGast Pump Gast PumpGast Pump Gast PumpGast Pump

PM

2.5

Filter Module

INLET FROM SOURCE

TSI DustTrak PM10

Grimm 1.108 Coarse

Grimm 1.108 Fine

TSI ELPI

MIDAC FTIR

VacuumPump

VacuumPump

Gast PumpGast Pump

Q = 10 lpm

Q = 2.5 lpm

Q = 2.5 lpm

Q = 1.7 lpm

Comtrol 8 port RS232 to Ethernet

TSI 40241 MassFlow Meters

Field Computer

DAQ

EthernetHub

Q = 50 lpm

Comtrol

8 port

RS232 to Ethernet

TSI DustTrak PM2.5

Q = 1.7 lpm

Bendex

240

Cyclones

Mixing Plenum

Bendex

240

Cyclones

Mixing Plenum

Real Time PM Module Gas and DAQModule

Li-Cor CO2

Q = 1.0 lpm

Q = 113 L/m

LEGEND_____ Air Stream- - - -Data Stream

Li-Cor CO2

INLET FOR AMBIENT CO 2

Q = 1.0 lpm

PhotoAcoustic BCQ = 1.0 lpm

Page 6: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectrometer

• Beer-Lambert law: exponential attenuation 1/0 transmission spectrum T, fraction of radiation

reaching detector on y-axis with wavenumbers (equivalent to freq.) (1/cm) on the x-axis

log10(1/T) = A absorbance is absorption coefficient• C is concentration• L is the distance that the radiation travel through

the sample i 1=0 exp(-l)

lCA iii =

Source

radiation

Detector

Page 7: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Transmission spectrum and absorbance spectrum

The (sample) region to represent a NO2 concentration of 39 ppm. This is consistent with the reference spectrum concentration of 30 ppm.

An example of a transmission spectrum CO2 2500 ppm

% radiation reaching detector

Wavenumber (1/cm)

Absorbance

Sample

Reference

Wavenumber (1/cm)

Page 8: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

H2O and CO2 FTIR Spectra

Li-Cor LI-840 CO2/H2O Gas Analyzer

Page 9: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Fuel-based Emission Factors (g pollutant/kg fuel)

)(2_

_

_

_

_

_

2

2

2

COc

HCc

HC

COc

COc

COCO

COc

Pc

fuelp

CMFCMFCMF

CMFEF

ρρ

ρρρρ

++=

y = 0.0049x + 0.7483

R2 = 0.9559

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

CO+CO2 (ppm)

NO (ppm)

Page 10: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Particle measurement

Dustrak: optical measurement intensity of light scattered from aerosols, aerosol concentration < 2.5 m, or 10 m

ELPI

Electrical Low Pressure Impactor

measure of the number concentration of the particles and their aerodynamic size between 7 nm and 10 m.

GRIMM aerosol spectrometer measures light intensity scattered from the aerosol, the size of the particles, number concentration of the aerosol.

Photoacoustic Instrument

measures the magnitude of the shock wave when a laser beam heats up a light absorbing particle, correlated with aerosol black carbon mass

Filter: Gravimetric & Chemical analysis

Page 11: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Table 1. In-Plume Sampling Test Matrix in Camp Pendleton, CA from Nov 14 to 16, 2005.

Generator Test date Generator ModelHours used Engine year

Engine Model

Rated power (KW)

1 11/14/05Fremont MEP803A 2618 1999 ONAN CORP 10

2 11/14/05 Libby MEP803A 3103 1995 ONAN CORP 10

3 11/14/05 Libby MEP803A 2154 1994 ONAN CORP 10

4a 11/15/05 Libby MEP805A 1943 1995John Deer 4039TF002 30

5 11/15/05 Libby MEP805A 3374 1995John Deer 4039TF002 30

6 11/15/05 Libby MEP805A 1641 1995John Deer 4039TF003 30

7 11/15/05MCIIOFNW8

MEP805B 636 2002John Deer 4045TF151 30

8 11/15/05MCIIOFNW8

MEP805B 85 2002John Deer 4045TF151 30

9 11/15/05MCIIOFNW8

MEP806B 1017 2002John Deer 6068TF151 60

10 11/15/05MCIIOFNW8

MEP806B 1084 2001John Deer 6068TF151 60

11 11/15/05 Libby MEP806A 947 1995John Deer

1876F 60

12 11/15/05MCIIOFNW8

MEP806B 366 2001John Deer 6068TF151 60

13 11/16/05 Libby MEP007B 1874 n/a n/a 100

14b 11/16/05MCIIOFNW8

MEP805B 29 2002John Deer 4045TF151 30

a. Unit tested five distinct loads only

b. Unit tested cold start only.

Page 12: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

• Time series of background corrected CO2, CO, Ethylene, and NO from Camp Pendleton 2005/11/15.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00

Page 13: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Results 1): Gaseous Emission Factors

• EFs of CO, Ethylene, and NO2 all decrease with

increasing engine load• cold start emissions are higher than the hot

stabilized, except NO

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10 25 50 75 100 Cold Start (0%load)

Pollutant EF (g/kg fuel)

10 kW30 kW60 kW100 kW

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

10 25 50 75 100 Cold Start (0%load)

Pollutant EF (g/kg fuel)

10 kW30 kW60 kW100 kW

0

5

10

15

20

25

10 25 50 75 100 Cold Start (0%load)

Pollutant EF (g/kg fuel)

10 kW30 kW60 kW100 kW

CO

Ethylene

NO

Page 14: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Continued: Gaseous Emission factors

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

10 25 50 75 100 Cold Start (0%load)

Pollutant EF (g/kg fuel)

10 kW30 kW60 kW100 kW

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

10 25 50 75 100 Cold Start (0%load)

Pollutant EF (g/kg fuel)

10 kW30 kW60 kW100 kW

-0.05

-0.04

-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

10 25 50 75 100 Cold Start (0%load)

Pollutant EF (g/kg fuel)

10 kW30 kW60 kW100 kW

NO2

Propane

+Hexane

NH3

• HC EFs generally small (< 20 g/kg fuel) and increase moderately with engine load, NH3 below detection limits.

Page 15: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Particle measurement Instrument Intercomparison: DustTrak PM2.5 and PM10

• the engine exhaust is composed of small particles less than 2.5 m and well-mixed

PM10 = 1.08 PM 2.5 + 7.3

R2 = 0.994

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

DustTrak PM 10 (ug/m3)

DustTrak PM

2.5

(ug/m

3)

Page 16: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

DustTrak vs GRIMM

Grimm = 0.65 DT - 143

R2 = 0.94

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

DustTrak PM 2.5 (g/m3 )

Grimm PM

2.5

(/g m

3)

Mass of particles measured by GRIMM less sensitive to changes in the size distribution, the Grimm

calculates PM2.5 mass based on an integrated measure of the particle size distribution.

Page 17: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

DustTrak vs Photoacoustic

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

DustTrak PM 2.5 (g/m3 )

(Photo Acoustic BC

/g m

3)

. The relative fraction of black carbon to total aerosol mass can change as a function of engine, operating load, and air fuel mixture, weak correlation is expected.

Page 18: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

ELPI0.263 (5 stages) vs DustTrak PM2.5

ELPI PM 0.263 = 1.36 DT PM 2.5

R2 = 0.739

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

DustTrak PM 2.5 (g/m3 )

ELPI PM

0.263

(/g m

3)

DustTrak laser light wavelength of 780 nm, less sensitive to particles < 300 nm. These two measuring independent portions of particle size distribution

Moderate correlation indicates larger particles (300 nm to 1000 nm) measured by the DustTrak are generally coincident with the smaller nano particles measured by the ELPI.

Page 19: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

. Composite size distribution of engine exhaust PM measured by ELPI and GRIMM

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

0.01 0.1 1 10

Dp (m)

/ (dM d log D

p) (/g m

3)

ELPIGRIMM

size distributions overlap indicating that both measurements are physically consistent

ELPI is known to have a large bias for particles greater than 500 nm when sampling high

concentration (>1 mg/m3). For PM EF calculation, ELPI PM less than 0.263 is added to DustTrak PM2.5 mass

Page 20: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Time series of real time PM instrument measurements from Camp Pendleton Generator

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00

20051115 Time

Concentration (

/g m

3 )

DT PM2.5Grimm PM>0.3 um

EC by PAELPI PM 0.263

Match test: concentration peaks shows well synchronized,

No need to subtract background since source is 2 orders higher.

Page 21: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

PM fuel based emission factors for 10 kW, 30 kW generators

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

10 25 50 75 100 ColdStart (0%

load)

PM EF (g/kg fuel)

10 kW - FZ30644

10 kW - RZCO2061

10 kW - RZCO2845

PM EF

Load (%)

Engine Rating (kW)Serial No

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

10 25 50 75 100 ColdStart (0%

load)

PM Emission Factor (g/kg fuel)

30 kW - HX32455

30 kW - HX33185

30 kW - HX33189

30 kW - RZH00999

30 kW - RZH01023

30 kW - RZH01043

PM EF

Load (%)

Engine Rating (kW)

Serial NoEFs for the 10 kW generators were highest at the 100% load.

Page 22: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

10 25 50 75 100 ColdStart (0%

load)

PM Emission Factor (g/kg fuel)

60 kW - HX62178

60 kW - HX62182

60 kW - HX62471

60 kW - RZJ02059

PM EF

Load (%)

Engine Rating (kW)Serial No

100 kW - RZ02630

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

10 25 50 75 100 ColdStart (0%

load)

PM Emission Factor (g/kg fuel)

100 kW - RZ02630

PM EF

Load (%)

Engine Rating (kW)Serial No

PM fuel based emission factors for 60 kW, 100 kW generators

All but the 100 kW generator showed an increase in PM EF as load increased to 75%

100 kW unit had the highest emissions and showed a steady decrease in EF as increased load

Page 23: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Average PM EFs based on generator rated load.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

10 25 50 75 100 ColdStart (0%

load)

PM EF (g/kg fuel)

10 kW

30 kW

60 kW

100 kW

PM EF

Load (%)

Engine Rating (kW)

No substantial increases in emissions were seen for the cold start tests.

Page 24: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Average black carbon EFs based on generator rated load

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

10 25 50 75 100 ColdStart (0%

load)

PM EF (g/kg fuel)

10 kW

30 kW

60 kW

100 kW

Black Carbon EF

Load (%)

Engine Rating (kW)

BC EF Patterns are consistent with the total PM EFs. BC emissions were highest for the 10 kW generators operating at 100% load. The 100 kW generator had constant BC emissions for 10%-75% loads, but

increased by a factor of 3 at the 100% load.

Page 25: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

  350KW Generator-MEL (CAT 3406C, 2000) 100KW Generator-IPETS (LIBBY MEP007B, year unknown) AP 42

Load 10% 25% 50% 75% 100% Overall 10% 25% 50% 75% 100% Overall  

EF CO 6.53 4.74 8.00 9.59 7.24 7.24 46.65 23.80 12.74 8.11 6.88 18.00 18.34

EF NO 24.58 31.77 37.58 36.37 30.84 33.90 8.05 12.92 15.49 11.44 12.07 12.79

85.11EF NO2 2.02 1.30 1.47 1.00 1.53 1.36 5.93 4.09 1.42 -0.46 0.16 2.14

EF HC 2.23 1.19 0.63 0.50 0.66 0.93 12.64 -0.25 5.19 30.47 21.70 11.45 6.76

EF Comparison with CE-CERT MEL generator test (1)

Page 26: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

% Load 10 25 50 75 100 Overall 10 25 50 75 100 Overall AP 42THC 33.10 11.74 5.24 3.16 2.08 9.30 5.61 6.80 2.54 12.80 14.54 7.29 6.76CO 35.76 12.78 4.56 2.44 6.28 9.70 32.05 22.84 15.29 10.42 9.04 17.70 18.34

NOx 49.67 32.47 34.59 43.53 54.64 38.70 33.67 28.35 25.81 19.37 16.85 25.30 85.11PM 1.99 1.58 0.99 0.99 1.76 1.31 1.72 2.17 6.48 7.84 4.77 4.96 5.98

THC 30.93 15.62 6.59 4.06 1.90 10.87 12.64 -0.25 5.19 30.47 21.70 11.45CO 32.29 14.31 3.52 5.01 26.42 11.15 46.65 23.80 12.74 8.11 6.88 18.00

NOx 53.74 48.77 47.87 67.74 79.48 55.27 13.99 17.00 16.90 10.98 12.23 14.93PM 2.98 2.30 0.81 0.63 1.49 1.47 26.60 25.13 20.48 9.36 4.94 18.93

THC 26.19 9.26 5.01 3.52 3.03 7.93CO 30.48 8.58 4.15 3.75 5.96 8.10

NOx 151.28 88.51 77.22 73.61 74.06 86.95PM 3.93 1.54 0.81 0.72 0.81 1.32

MEL 125KW John Deer 6076, 1991

IPETS 60KW Average (1995,2001,2001,2002)MEL 60KW John Deer, 2001

MEL 100KW Cummins 6BT, 1990 IPETS 100KW (LIBBY MEP007B, year unknown)

EF Comparison with CE-CERT MEL generator test (2)

Page 27: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

PM emission factors for 13 tested generators

02468

101214161820

1999 Fremont MEP803A1995 Libby MEP803A1994 LIBBY MEP803A1995 LIBBY MEP805A1995 LIBBYMEP805A1995 LIBBY MEP805A

2002 MCIIOFNW8 MEP805B2002 MCIIOFNW8 MEP805B2002 MCIIOFNW8 MEP806B2001 MCIIOFNW8 MEP806B

1995 LIBBYMEP806A

2001 MCIIOFNW8 MEP806Bunknown year LIBBY MEP007B

PM EF (g/kg fuel)

Page 28: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

05

101520

2530

3540

1999 Fremont MEP803A1995 Libby MEP803A1994 LIBBY MEP803A1995 LIBBY MEP805A1995 LIBBYMEP805A1995 LIBBY MEP805A

2002 MCIIOFNW8 MEP805B2002 MCIIOFNW8 MEP805B2002 MCIIOFNW8 MEP806B2001 MCIIOFNW8 MEP806B

1995 LIBBYMEP806A

2001 MCIIOFNW8 MEP806Bunknown year LIBBY MEP007B

NOx EF (g/kg fuel)

NOx emission factors for 13 tested generators

Page 29: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Conclusions

• Gaseous EFs show a strong consistency across engine types. • EFs of CO, Ethylene, and NO2 all decrease with increasing

engine load, cold start emissions of these species higher than the hot stabilized.

• Emissions of NO increase only slightly (<50%) over the operating modes from 10% to 100%. The cold start NO EFs are lower than hot stabilized EFs.

• HC EFs generally small and increase moderately with engine load. Ammonia emissions are low detection limits

• Fleet average of CO EF is 5% lower than AP 42, NOx EF is 74% lower than AP 42 estimates.

Page 30: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Conclusions (2)

• Fleet average PM EF was 4.498 g/kg fuel, 25% less than the AP 42 estimates

• With exception of the 100 kW generator, all engines showed an increase in PM EF as load increased to 75%. The 100 kW unit had the highest PM emissions and showed a steady decrease in EF as load increased. No substantial increases in PM emissions for the cold start tests.

• compared with MEL of CE-CERT for similar engine sizes, while gaseous EF is comparable, the PM EF has a 3 times difference might due to different measurement methodologies.

Page 31: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Acknowledgement

• Hampden Kuhns, Nicholas Nussbaum, Oliver Chang, David Sodeman, Sebastian Uppupalli, Hans Mussmuller, John Watson

• Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program project funding

Page 32: Gaseous and Particulate Emissions from Diesel Generators

Q & A ?