gasi guide

8/12/2019 Gasi Guide

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Dso wst Rsr sit

Opeaed fo e

US Deartmet er

Hndbook of BiomssDownd Gsi

Engin Sysms

This handbook has been prepared by the Solar Energy Research Institute under the USDeparment of Energy It is intended as a guidet the design, testing operation, and manufacture of small-scale [less than kW hpJ] gasiers A great deal of he information will be usel for all leves of biomassgsicaion

The handbook is meant to be a practical guide to gasier systems, and a minimumamont of space is devoted to questions of more heoretcal interest.

e apologize in advance for mixing English and Scientifiue Inteationale (SI) units.henever possible we have used SI units, with the coresponding English units fol

lwing in parentheses. Unfortunately, many of the figures use English units and itould have been too dicult to convert al of these gures to both unts We have suppied a conversion chart in he Appendix to make hese conversions easier for therader

Bill Nostrand, one of our very helpl reviewers, died in May Bill was numbr one in the ranks of those who became interested in gasification because of its potentia for supplying clean renewabe energy We all wil miss him. The improvement ofgsication systems will be noticeably slowed by his death.

e dedicate this book to the Bill Nostrands of this word who will bring gasier systemst the level of safety cleanliness, and reliability required to realie their ful potentia.

Thanks, Bill.

T_ B. Reed and A DasGoden, Colorado

A odu of heSar echca rmat rramSar er esearch sttte ole oulead, Golden, oloado 803393


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Wh le system

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7

. 24

Contents

0 ntouon an Gue o e Lteaue an Reea 11.1 Re f Gascatn n Bass nvesn 1

1.2Bass Energy Ptental . . . .

2

1.3Gude t Gascatn Leature

3

1.3.1blgrahes . . . . . 313.2 Bks . . . . . . . . . 31.3.3 Gascan Prceedngs 31.3.4 ecal natn 41.3. Prduce Gas Research 41.3.6 Prducer Gas R&D Fundng 41.3.7 Federal Eergency Manageen Agency FEMA Gase Wrk 40 oy Cuent Deeopmen, an Futue Deton 62.1 Hsrca Develen . . . . . . . 6

2.1.1Eay Develent f Gascan

6

2.1.2 Vehcle Gasfers . . . . 62.2 urren Develen Actvtes 72.3 Fuure Develen Dectns 730 Gae Fuel 93.1 nrductn . . . . . 93.2 Bass Fue Anayss 93.2.1 Pxate and late Anayss 93.2.2 Physca Tests . . . . . .12

3.3Othe Fue Paaeers

.123.3.1Pacle Se and Shae

. 123.3.2 harca and har Pertes 133.3.3 Bass Ash ntent and Effecs .13.3.4 Bass Msure ntent and Eects .16.3.3. Bass Heang Value 1616

. 1.1.134 Benecatn f Bass Fues . .3.4.1 Densng Bass Fuels3.4.2 Dyng Bass Fues3. Bass Fuel Essns

40 npe o Gaaton .214.1

ntducn

. . . . . . .214.2 Bass Thera nversn Prcesses .2142 .1 nducn . . . . . . 21.214.2.2 Bass Pyrlyss4.2.3 ustn f Bass. . . . . . .. . . . 4.2.4 hesy Bass Gascan42 Therdynacs f Gasfcan . . 2

Cones iii

. 24


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43 Idect ad Drect Gascato Pocesses 54.3.1 Idect Poltc Gascato . 543. Dect Gascato 5

44 Pcples o Opeato o Dect Gases . 744.1 Iodcto . . . . . . . 744 Opeato o the Updra Gase 7

443 Opeato o the Dowda Gase 444 Factos Cotollg Stabt o Gase Opeato

4.5 Chacoal Gascato .

4.6 Sa 9

0 afer Degn . 30

5.1 Itrodcto 30

5. Basc Gase Tpes . 30

5.3 Chacoal Gases . 31

5.4 Chacoal vess Boass Fels 31

55 The Cossdrat Gase . 3

56 The Upda Gase . . 3

57 The Ibet Dowdat Gase 3571 Iodcto . 35.7 Descrptio o the Dowda Ibet) Gase . 335.73 Specal Veloct, Heath oad, ad Gase Sg . 355.7.4 Tdow ato . . 365.7.5 Dsadvatages o the Ibet Desg 36

5 The Sated Dowda Gase 3 5.1 Iodco . . 35 Descpo o the Sated Dowdat ase 3

5.3 Uasweed Qestos Abot the State Dowda Gase 405.4 Modelg the Stated Dowda Gase 4

5.9 TarCackg Gases . 4591 Itrodco 459 Cobsto o Tas 435.93 Theal Ta Cackg 455.9.4 Cataltc Ta Cackg . 46

510 Sa . . 46

60 afer Faraton and anufature 4

6.1 Itodcto . . . . . . . 4

6. Materals o Coscto 46.3 Methods o Cosrcto . 4

6.4 Sg ad Lag ot the Ppes 49

6.5 Isets ad Cotols 496.51 Tepeate 496.5 Pesse 496.53 Gas Me 496.54 Atoatc Cotos 49

Hadk f Bimass Dwdraf Gasir Engin Sysmsi


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. 74

7 Gas Tesg .51

7.1 Inductn . . . . . . . . . . .517. as-Qualty Masuns and quints 51

7 3 Dscitn Pduc as and Cntainants 517.31 Th as Analyss 517.3 Pacuas .51

7.33 Tas . . . . . 55

74 as Saing . . . 557.4.1 Sal Pts 557.4. Iskintic Salng 56

7.5 Physcal as-Csitn Tsng . 5775.1 Raw as . . 5775. Cland as .61

76 Cca as Csn 61761 as Sals Cica Analyss 6176 Mthds Analyss . 67.63 Wa Va Analyss . . . . . 65

7.7 Analyss s Data . . . . . . . . . . . .667.71 Mass Balancs and ngy Balancs . 667.7 Flw at Chaactizan . 67

78 PaiclSz Masunt . . . . . 6778.1 yca PaclSiz Dstbutns . 6778. Siv Analyss . . . . . 67783 Micscc Sz Analyss . 677.84 Adynaic Siz Analyss . 677.85 aic Analysis Sz Disbun . 6978.6 Physica Siz Analyss . 70

80 Ga Ceaning an Contioning . 718.1 Intducn . . . . . . 71

8. Pw Ty as Canu . 7

8.3 as Clanu als . . . . . . 74831 as Cntanant Chaacscs . 7483 cal Dy as . 748.33 as Clanu als . . 748.34 Clanu Dsgn Tag

8.4 Casscatn Paicls . . . 74

8.5 Paicl Mvnt and Catu Mchanss . 74

8.6 Dy Cllcs . . . . . . 7586.1 aviy Sttlng Cabs . 7586 Cycn Saats . 7586.3 Baghus Fit . 808.6.4 ctsac Cttl Pctats . 83

8.7 Wt Scubbs . . . . . . . . . . . . 848.7.1 Pncls W Scubbs 848.7 Scubb qunt . 86873 Auxiay qunt 88

Ce


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Dsposal o aptrd ontanans . 9..1 harAs . 9. Tar . 9..3 ondnsa . 9

90 Gaer yem . 93

91 T opl Gasr Sys . 93

9. Storng, Fdng, and Sang Solds . 939..1 aractrstcs of Solds . 939. Storag . 939.3 Fdng Sods . 949..4 Salng Sold Flows . . 94

9.3 Fans, lowrs, Ecors, and oprssors . 959.31 portanc of Gas-Movng Syst Dsgn . 959.3 Fans . 959.3.3 lowrs . 969.3.4 Ectors . 969.3.5 Trocargrs and Sprchargrs . 97

94 Flars and ProdctGas rnrs . 99.4.1 Fars . 99.4. rs . . . . 9

00 Inrumenaon and Conro . 99

101 T Nd for nsntaon and ontrol . 99

10. Gasr nsrnts . . 9910..1 Prssur Masrn . . . 9910.. Gas Flow Masrnt 10010..3 Sold Flow Masrn 10310..4 Tprat Masrnts 103

10.3 ontros . 10310.3.1 Ful-Lvl ontrols 10310.3. Prssur ontrols . . 10310.3.3 Tpratr ontrols 104

10.4 optr Daa Loggng and ontro 104

10 Engne Adapaon and Opeaon 105

11.1 ntroducton . 105

11. Producr Gas for Transporaton 105

11.3 Prodcr Gas for Elcrc Powr and rrgaon 105

11.4 Gasr Typs Sal or ShaftPowr Gnraon 10511.5 Szng th Gas Prodcr to t Engn . 105

11.6 Engn Slcton . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10611.6. arg-Vc Engns Trck Engns p o 50 kW 10611.6. Sal Engns 10611.6.3 NaturalGas Engns 10611.6.4 Dsl Engns 106

11. ognraton . . . . . 106

Hadk f Bimass Dwndraf Gasifir g Sysmsi


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118 Sprk-gto Ege Covero1181 Ege Stem118.2 G Mier118.3 ower Tme Lg118 Ege Stup1185 Igto Tmg1186 Sprk lug

119 Two-Cce Ege Covero1110 Dee Ege Covero .

11101 Dee Operio w roducer G11102 Strtg Dee Egie . . 11103 Throttg t r Lod . . .

1111 ceg ower om roducerGFueed Ege11111 Mechm of ower Lo1111.2 Ege Behg . .

1113 Efcec d ower Lo11.11 Blower d Superchrer11115 Othe Method for Icreg roducer G oer

1112 Ege Le d Ege We11121 Ege Lfe Epectc . . 1112.2 Scg Ite Vve 1112.3 Ol Thceg d Cotmo1112 /Ol Accumulto11125 Egie Corroo11126 Ege Wrrt

1113 Eut Emo

111 Other Devce for roducerG ower Geero1111 G Ture . . .

1112 Fuel Cel . . .11.13 EterlCombuo Devce

0 aey an Enronmenta Coneraton

121 roducto .

122 Toc Hrd 122.1 Cro Moode12.22 Ceoote

12 3 Fre Hzd

12. Evromet Hrd

30 Deon ang .

13 1 Itoducto

132 Logtic Aemet3.21 Ger Applcto1322 Eqpmet Seecto Fcor13.23 Feedtoc Suppl132 Regulo . . . . . 13.25 Lbor Need . . 13.26 Fl Logc Coderto

107 107 10. 108 109 110. 110

110 111 111 112 113

113 113 113 11 11 115

115 115 116 116. 116 116 11

11

117 117

117 118

. 119

. 119

119 119 121

122

123

12

12

12 12. 12. 12 12 12 12

Cns


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133 Eooms 11331 Costs 133 Caulatg Eeg Costs 15333 Equpmet Cost 16334 Coeso Ee ad Fue Cosumpto 17133 he Cost of Opeatg abo 171336 Mateae Costs 17

134 Cost Beefts 11341 alue of Powe Podued 1134 Cogeerato Possbltes 19

3. Fag 19131 Goemet ubsdes the Fom of Ta Ietes 1913 Faal sttutos 19

136 Othe Cosdeatos 9

Reference 131

Aendx 139

iii adbk f Bimass Dwraf Gasifir Engin Sysms


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Chapte Introducton and

Guide to the Lterature and Research

Rol of Gasificaon in BiomassCovrson

Ths handbook epans how bomass can be convertedto a gas n a downdra gase and gves detais ordesnng, tesng, operang, and manuacunggasiers nd gasie systems prmary o shat powergeneraton up to 200 kW. s nended to help convertgasication om a pracical a no a ed o enginered desgn. Ahough the handboo ocses ondowdra gascaon as the ony mehod suiable osma-scale powe sysems, it aso gives etensvedea on bomass els gas estng and cleanup n

suenaton and saety consderatons ha wil be ouse o a those who wo wh gasers a whaeverscal.

The combustion o bomass n wood stoves and industi boles has nceased damacly in someaea ad orest agrcal, ad paper wastes reben used eensvely or els by some ndustes.Hoeve, moe etensve bomass use sil was or heapplcaton o mpoved converson mehods, such asgascaton, tha match bomass enegy o processescurnty rerng ud and gaseous els. Eampeso s uch processes ncude glass me and brcmanuacte power generaton and ransporaton.

Boass like coa is a solid e d thus is inherently less convenen to use han he gaseos or del o which we have become accstomed An overve o varos pocesses now n se or der evaluaton or converng bomass o more convenonalenery orms such as gas or luid els is shown nFig. -1 eed 1978 The gre shows how slght sconeted to bomass hrough ether adonal actves e.g. agcltue ad slvcltue o new nnovive echnues (e.g. as energy plantations,copcng, ad algaeculue now beng developed.

Bioass resoces al into wo categoies: wet or wetabl bomass molasses staches and manres anddy biomass woody and agricla maerals andresiues Biologc processes reuire we biomassand perae at or near oom emperae. These processes show on the lower e sde o Fig 1-1, ncudeerenaion o poduce acohols and digestion opoce mehae.

Themal processes uncon best ung bomasseedtocks wth ess thn 50% moste conen and esho on he ight sde o Fg. 11 The smpes

thema process is ombuon, which yeds only heat.Pyolyi uses hea o beak down biomass and yedschcoal, woodoils, tars, nd gases.

Gaiation po conver bomass no combsble gases tha dealy contan al the enegy ognay present in the bomass practce, gascaon canconvet 60% o 90% o the energy n the bomass ntoenergy n the gas. Gascaion pocesses ca be ethedit usng or oygen to geneae hea hrogh eothemc eactions o indit (rnsering heat o hereactor om the oside. The gas can be burned topoduce ndustal or esdenial heat to n engineso mechanca or electca power oo make synheicuels.

In one sense biomass gascaion s aleady a wellproven echnoogy. Approimaely one mlliondownda gasiies wee used o operate cs cks,boats, rans and elecrc generators n Europe duingWorld War I (Eglo 194 and the hisoy o hs epeence s outned n Chapter 2. However the war'send saw hs emergency measue abandoned asnepensive gasolne became avalabe (eed 1985b.

Developmen o biomass gasiicaon was dsupted n1946 as he wa ended and inepensive (15/gagasolne became avalabe. The magnide o damagenlcted on gase technology by hs disuption anbe seen by the act that i s dicul or even he advanced" echology o the 1980s o acheve on testswha was roune operaton n he 1940s The designreseach, and maacuing eams o that decade haveal dsbanded. We have om the past only that smallracton o nowedge that has been publshedwhereas the arge buk o rshand eperence inopeation desgn has been lost nd ogoen.

Gasication was rediscoveed in an era o uelshorages and higher o pces, and there e gaserengne projecs unde way n moe ha 20 cotres

o producng process heat and elecca and mechnica powe Kjelstom 1983, 985 In ts rebrth,however, the estng techology has uncovered maorpoblems n connecton wih elent and gas ceanupand he el suppy which were ess impoan duinghe emegency o World Wa II Today these poblemsmst be soved bomass gasication s to eemerge aa ue sorce. Apparently, it is going o ae a ew yearso he technology o he 1980s to be eectivey appledo he accomplshments o the 1940s. paceage advances in maeas and cono systems are avlabe or

rdun ad Gde he Lerare and esearh


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unli L L as s JI I Ai LO;atu xyg I I

ue n tody' oce degn o contnodeeoent effot nd ey oen ecnge odenbe u to ncoroe tterdy cec ndcec engneerng ecque to bud cen, conenent, nd ebe yte. A ecent woo onowenegy gcon bte reerc nddeeoen need Eeng 198)

Te cceered ue of gfcon tecnooge uttey deend uon ter bty o coee wtfo e wc n un deend on now ctorbo reource, econoc d oc condton.At reent 1988, gcton nd ote enteenergy rocee e beng deeoed owy teUnted Stte becue of reey enf ueof ow-cot geo d qud fo e Howeer,otc cnge coud dy nd dtcy tert ton wtneed durng te OPEC o cre

o e eene e US . Ofce of ecnoogy Aeen OA) ecenty ued eo cng o nton cbty o eergency eentton oge OTA 1984

Bomass r Pottial

o enewbe fe ue 2% % of

U.S enegy need d een ge ercentge noe oe contre OTA 98; DOE 1982. OTArojec t bo cod y o 7% o 2% (61 d* nnuy OTA 198 o ource c toe own n Tbe 1- Reed 198 f cn be debe n conenent or nd f coneon euent ccebe. Te oent o bo for wode equy ge (oenegy 1985

*1 quad 105 Btu

Cao oxie Wate an

AgclePouct faming exisg)

AqacuueEegy faming (potentia)

Siliclte Agiclue

am a Muncipa Resues

Siliculte nusy

Bomss for rgyoest oucts

ying a esfcaoMaceaio

Boovrson prosss (w)

ementaoxaction igesion an istilat ionCemicas Methane(ubbe) Ehano

(esns)

cae e)

(sugas)

Thm onvrson prosss dry)

iqeactionPyolysisasiication Combustio

Oil gas eaO gascacoa systems

ees Me- Bu gas methano ammoia'

Cemicas aseous fuels qi els Soi es ectcity eat

Fig 11 Biomass rg paths (Sore: ee 1978)

Hadb f Bima Dwndraf Gaif Engin Sym2


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0.33

1.63

65

14.44

Tabe 11 . Smmay f the Aa Eergy 1000 wier d woker the ed. UotteyPtetia f Existg Sces f ie bibiorphe o dfeetied er

Bimass i the Uted States c coe the ede o ie preo of eeo ded th doe ot exi for icto WeRsuc D TsYa Quasahope th w hep the rede to p thi

Cro esdue . 4.15 tei o pepectieAm maures 6used ml esdues . 0.41 3 Boo

Lo resdues 1.4

Mc sod wastes Sta oet .

here w e de o reerch d coeciztio dieced owrd co d bo fctio betwee 0 d 10 Howee chep d peti d oi preeted he coeci deeopet othe techooy except i e of eerecy The

ot

De n ne ue bark w p m

e: Ree 98 . 39reder i reered epeciy to ber of exceethtorc boo Mode Gas Producers Rbh1 e cco of expeiece wth pdrf dBio i reewbe eey or with y po

e ee The bio feedock i oe owcobypodct o rice o ictre it i ow i hd coet, d t doe ot icree he ee ocrbo dioxide i the tophere d the beqereehoe efec proded th coptio doe o

co fe Geneator Gas Ge 10 d i eqe, Wood Gas Geneator for Vehices yd 17)ie he ede copete coee o pect ofdowd ier di Word Wr II Gas Producersand Bast Faces Gz 0) ook he therodyic d kiec of co d wood icexceed prodctio. Cre t be ke to e

e th bio e fe i o eewbe b tio. The rtice by Schpfe d Tober, Theoeicd Prcic Sdie of Opetio of Motoc oLoderi 7 Reed 17). Tody, y cotre

c Ch, Koe, rz, d Soh Ac) hectie eorettio po tht re hep o

Wood G Schpe 17) the be prcc dcietic dcio of ie to ppe di

cee he o word oret re. Wth cotieddiiece the popec o k bio y

tht perod.

eewbe w ediy poe

Gid o Gasificaion irar

3 Bogrape

The ber of book tice, d epo o boiicto eiy exceed 0,000 Reed b) thy ipott tdie codcted before 10 Oec iy becoe dicoed whe try to d theeie wok. Fottey, ch o hi ery wor hbee coected oe o t h bee rized, do of t h bee epited We oe here oeie of th body o owede order to hep heeder oce reqired ei. I ee he oreece wo e ti ibe

Two jo coectio of the ode ppe he beede the pt decde The US. tio Acdeyof Sece pbhed bbiorphy o t exteie

coctio o ey pper i Poducer Gas AnotherFuel for Motor ansport AS 1 The Ueityof Cfo t Di cqed exteie coecoof pper whie pepi State of te Art for Sma GasProcer Engine Systems Kpp 14. Mo of heepp re o i the poeio o A Kpp GATEi Gery d o e o e SERI A ery ecepbctio o Idi State of Art Report on BomassGascation Prkh 1) cot oe h 100btct o tice o cto we eet o it ibiity d excee t o oe th

A ore eer rey of bio ther coeriow pbhed di 17-0 i the SERI theeoe Svey of Biomass Gasicaton Reed 11hi wok beqey w pbihed coercy Prncpes of Biomass Gasification Reed 1) Thewo Produce Gas Another Fe for Motor Tansport

AS ) coti excee htoic perpectie we projectio of co deeopet Aoet wok Sma-Scae Gas Producer EngneSystems i be he Uied Ste d GeyKpp 14) I dditio o othe coideo, thwo cot -deph eet of the e o foed ic ede.

Fy ee pte op he pbhed orrepbhed ier p or ifie book dpphet TIPI 6 So 174 Moher 1ikhoe 1 yrd 17)

33 Gaaon Proeeng

Cre ictio wok eey repoted t coeece d the pper the pbihed proceedi The U S. Depre o Eey DOE) P 1Eeri 1) the U.S Depet of AiceUSDA, the oe Podct Reerch Socey FPRS1], he U.S Eiroet Protectio AecyEPA], d the Itite of G Techooy IGT he hd cot teet i rio o offico d he pooed coferece deiwth h ed. Thee pbictio coi y

I rd d Gid h Li nd sh


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aties f iteest ad e peedigs e spmay yes f eseah The Eei Pwe eseahIstute EPI has mmissied w stdies teuse f pdue gas (Mille 98; Shede 1985veet iteest i gasiiati ha teded t us ge-sale systems

imass gasifiati is peeived by the feig aid

ageies f te develped uties (suh as he SAgey teatial evelpme [S AIJ as ama pteial eegy sue f my pats f thedevepig wld The eije Isitute f Swede hasgaied tw iteaial feees thesed ageies ad pubished thee vlumes eetstdies f gasifiati eevat t the pblems devepig ies (Kellsm 198, 1985

Sth Aia is uiquey situated elative pdegas eseh bease it is highly deveped tehialy ad pdes muh f is fue by gasifaiHweve it als has a ative ppuati 20 miliwhse eeds math thse f ess develped utesA maj wd eee i timbe ilizai i May1985 iuded weeklg sessis bth wdgasiati ad haal maufatue (NT 1985

he Eupea Emi Cmmiy (EEC has shwa geat dea f iteest i bimass eegy i al fmsad has bee vey ative i gasifiai duig the lastve yeas (CEC 1980 1982; idgwate 984; ieegy 1985 The EEC has used the highteh aspetsf gasiati (suh as xyge gasifiati but hasals ded wk i smalsae gasiies as pa itspeeived espsibiliy wad assiated" develpig uties (eeakes ad va Swaaij 1982; Ca

1985; idgwae 1984; NT 1985; Mauug adeeakes 1985

1 34 Commercal Informaton

Ae sue gasie ifmati is pvided bympaies develpig mmeil gasifie systemsThese gps wite advesg bhes as fe asthey wite sieif ais, ad it is smeimesdifut seprate aual m pjeed pefmaeThei publiatis shuld be ead itialy bu usualytai impta i ptimisi imai

1 3 Producer Ga Reearch

Mh eseah it ai gasiati is beig duteda vaius uivesiies aud the wld Hweve itis diiult t ae his wk if it is uig eihe ufded a smal sale The wk f ss ad hisstdes a he ivesity f Caifia at avis deseves speial meti beause i has spaed a deadead iudes bh expeimeta ad eeia studies(ss 1979 ete ivesity i e Netheads hashad a lage pgam i gasiai f may yeas(eeveld 980ab; Aase 1985; uekes 1985 Theivesity lida a aiesvile has a vey atve

eseah gup i pdue gas IT 198 I additi,exele gasiati wk is peedig i CaadaEupe ail, the Philippies New Zeaad, adthe pas the wd pimily at the uivesiylevel

36 Producer Ga R&D Fndng

S A has had a stg iteest i pdue gas tehlgy beause it es a meas eduig he depedey f devepig ais impted ues adhas sppted a umbe f pjets ad e wldThe Pdue as udtable f Stkhlm, Swede,is a vesight gizati suppted by vais iteaial devepmet ageies pmte ifmati exhage gasiiai, t ad beweedevepig uties It has spsed tw ma iteata feees Kelstm 198 1985

A mdeate eve fdig (2 mii t $5 mil

li/y has bee maitaied sie 95 by OE fadvaed ep gasia d pyysis pesses Ms he wk is amed a lage idstipesses ad is suppted gvemet labatiesidustial ms d ivesities Pgess i thesepgams is epted at the meeigs f OEs Thehemial Cvesi Cas PNL 1986 aswel as at the meetigs OE eey spsed ameetg t examie he pteial ad pblems lweegy gasiat Eastelig 1985 bu is uetyusig diet liquefai wd The saus may he gvemet eseah d devepmepets ad mmeial gasies pes was sm

maized iSueyofiomass Gascation

eed 1981EPI (Shede 985 has evaaed he ptetial fgasies makig eletiity The est Sevie fthe SA hlds aua meeigs at whih gasifies edisssed (PS 198

epts gvemet pgams are maiaied by theOfe f Sietii ad Teia Ifmati OSTIwhee they a be btaied i eie mifihe pited pies They ae smetimes diiult t baiafe the igial supply f eps is exhausted Cpies these eps e als availabe i PO depsitylibaies Thee ae at least w suh ibaiese

pbi ad e uivesiyi eah sae

1 37 Feeral Emergency anagementAgency (FEA) Gafer Wor

The dwd gasifie eahed is highes develpmet dig e emegey f Wd Wa EMA hasake iees i sml-sale gasiies bease heyuld ti dig a peid beakdw i ilsuppy due t atmi attak he dispti vetial fuels

Hand f Bimass Dwdraf Gasii Eg Sysms


13/148

Wt t i md, FEMA corted i m deipto of gifie otuo dH Foe o e Bom Eeg Foudo o opetio (Foe 198 Te gie pedd pototpe gie t oud be mde i e e d te m o te proe of begedi vibe p d to rite m pbied FEMA.

Induin and Gud h rar ad sarh


14/148

Capter History, Current

Developmets, and Future Directions

istorical Dvopmnt

1 Eary Deeopment of Gafcaton

fon w doveed ndependenl n boFne nd Englnd n 98, nd b 8 e enolog d been developed o e pon w poble o g mu o ondon w mned go own g" om o (Snger 198; Kupp 1984nufed g oon roed e An o ened Se nd b 19, mo Amern own nde uppled g o e eden o ookng ndgng oug e ol gwork"

n 93, e r nl g ppelne w bl onpo nurl g o enver om e o ed ofTex A ppelne oed e oun, ve lowo nu g dpled mnufured g, nd eone-wdeped nd oon w fogoen Towng onnued o be ued n Engnd unl e 197,b e pn were med foowng e doverof No Se o Tod, ew pn re l operngn e d wod

. Vece Gae

Srng bo e me o Wold Wr , m gewee deveoped ound ol nd bomfeedo o opere vee bo n, nd mlee geneo mb 193 Beween e wowod w, developmen w pued mo bmeu en beegolne w relve nepenve d mple o ue n bom n 1939 eermn blode led ll ol npor o Eroper e of gone reeved op po, nd evln populon d o end fo emeve otrnpor el Approme one mlon gewee ued o opere vee woldwde drng e

w er Te ubequen deveopmen of woodprodue g un emen o mn ngenun e e of dve Exended oun mke nng edng nd nom e ede of bo epome d dffe of ung produe g (Eglo194, 1943 eng 195 NAS 983; Kupp 1984

A e begnng of Word W ee w gre deof nere n l om of eve ue Eglo 9411943 B 943, 9% of e vee n Sweden weepoweed b ge B e end o e w ee weemoe n 7, woodg geneo poweng

r , nd bue n Erope nd probb moren mlon woldwde (Ego1943 However, eempreve nmbe nlded on woodeed vele n e ned Se nd wo n Cnd weeowo gone onnued o be vbe rogoue wr n le wee wren on gfondurng me ee Cpe 1 Some poogp ofgfe fed o vele of e re own nFg 2 o ge were mp beled on" nd

Fg 2-1 Vhicl gasrs bfor 195 Sourc: NAS 1983)

Handk f Bimass Dwndaf Gasiir Engin Sysms6


15/148

regded as on teorar odications for wareconiions. However a few car akers wen so far aso odi the od work for gasfer instaaion. Soonafer he war low-cost gasone ecae availae againand ost users went ack to urnng gasoline ecauseof it convenience.

Crrt vlopmt ActivitisAfer he OPE o eargo of 97 here was renewedneres n al fors of aeatve energ, cuding gasrouced o coal and oass. ost of he earwork suorted the Unied States and foreignenerg estalishents focused on argescae coalfedgasers tha were ntended o roduce snheticnaal gas as a fue. here was te inerestn oassor oass gasicaton PN 196) ecet for grousconeed wh uses n ess deveoed countries NAS19 Kellstro 191 19, 19 and rvatendividuals (Skov 1974 oher 192 I 96.

Recnt there has een increased ineres in ioassas a renewale energ source. In the las few eas anuer of dividuas and grous have uilt versonsof sa downdraf gasiers and have oerated the asdeonstration s. A few of the gasifer-oweredvehices o this eort are shown n Fg. 22 andoda one can otain sho ans for constructinggasers Nunnkhoven 194 other 192 Skov19) Unfortunae, no od of nforaton is avaae to hel either he latterda hoists or heircouterars involved in e reseach to evaluatecrita facors such as gaser oeration gas qualgaseanu sses engine oeraon and engne

wea.Ineest salscale gasfers s strong aong organiaions tha deal wh ess develoed countriessuc as the World ank, the U.S. Agenc for Internatonl Develoen, an the equivaent organaonsn Eroean counres The Producer as Roundtale(of e eijer Instte n Sockho) has ushed anuer of ooks on gasfcaon and dawn ogehertechnical eerse o around the word. additon,this grou has hosted severa conferences on roducergas for ess deveoed coures (Kjellsto 191,199

Proucer gas o charcoal has een develoed coerall n the Phliines (Kjellsro 9) whereor han 1000 uns have oerated. Producer gas isgenraed for ndustria heat ore han 0 largeuni oeraig n ral akra 194)

Ftr vlopmt rctios

Predictg he needs and direcion of deveoen inour ode world s ver dangerous ecause we dontkow how future conditons wl change and wha oresonse wl e. Since he rs OPE eargo n 19we have oscilaed eween a concern wh energ sues and usness as nora. herefore we can

redict which direcion we ae lke o go, ut we cana least list the ossle oions ad factors tha aecthe choice.

In noral es deveoen is driven onomionidaion and soe of he econoc factors inluencng use of gasicaion are isted n hater . Inies of mgny o riories chage drastcalland que dfferen deveoents occur.

Sal gasfers were develoed ver radl during themgny of Word Wa II and just as radl dsaeared when qud fels were availae. Transorations a ver hgh rort and he U.S. Deartent of

Defense curren has a rogra o dsseinae nforaion on sal gasfers in case of naiona eergencHowever for econoc reasons, no work on gasersfor vehices is in rogress n the Uned States. Dringthe ate 1970, we iorted ore than 40% of our oilWe reserved uch of our iqud el for transort andhere was no goveent cal to develo gasiers n heUned Sates. (However Sweden-Volvo anufacuredand stored 0,000 uns for eergenc use

In the rivae secor ofhe Unied States during the ast0 ears here has een a corresonding develoentof ioass gasifers for ha appliaion at he scaefound in uer and aer ls. here has een ner

est in ower generation at a sal scale n the UntedSaes stulated aracve ower u ack raes insoe saes under he Puc Utiltes Regulaorolic Ac (PURPA) dscussed in hater 1.

A ver actve area of develoen for sall gasers so generate ower in dvlopng ouni which haveoass resouces and cao easl aord liquid els.The do no have an elecical distriuon grd soower sses of 0 o 1000 kW are ver attractveThus he scae of oeraton has an iorant influenceon what s deveoed in this case

Finall, new develoents n gasers a eend

their use to other new areas One of our auhors Das)has develoed a sal gaser suitale for frng afoudr he oher auhor Reed) s develong sallatch-te gasifers for cookng and lighng acatons in trd word counties.

Hisy Cr Dms and Diris 7


16/148

Fg 22 Vc gasfirs aftr Sorce: NAS 983)

Handboo of Biomass Downdraf Gasifir Engn Sysms8


17/148

e E

i 0,000

(b)

Chapte 3Gasifier Fuels

n deal n he pbcaions o he Amercan Socey Introductionfor esng Maeas ASM shown n abe 3-1. The

Bomass es occr n a mude o physca foms. epmen necessary or pefomng elemenalThe ofenheard manufacers clam ha a partcar anayss s shown n Table 32. he poxmae analygaser can gas "any bomass fel s a nave saemen and each orm can be expeced o have unqeproblems unl proven otherise Ths physcal ds Oxygen pary accons n par for he age nmber of gase Hydoge

Crbodesgns avalable oday. The gasers sed wdely HC

dng World Wr I sed specally prepared 22 cmhardwood bocs. However, sch blocs cold epresen only a ny acon ohe bomass maeas aval-able or gascaon. Some gases creny areundergong desgn evoltons ha wll enable hem ouse a wder ange of els neveheless, e propees

are vey mpoan n deermnng sasfacory opera-ng condons heefoe hese mufeedsockgasfers wl be able o use only a med range obomass wih conoled speccaons and anyone nsallng such a gase shold have ess run on the eo be sed befoe decdng upon a purchase. The abyo sec fel paramees s very mporan, and wedscss hem n ths chaper Fortnaely, a wdevay of ess ae avalabe or bomass and chacoagasfers ha can be usel o hose neresed ngasfcaon.

Gren wood can conan p o % waer by wegh so

! 6; 2 U1

6

2

o

Cao ae o e es

" " s roperes vary wdey wh mosure conen. he

chemcal composon of bomass expressed on a dry C "

(a) ashee bass s more consan han tha of the varouscoals bmnos anhace, gne as shown nFg. 31. Frhermoe more han 8% of he bomasss volale Coa s ypcaly only 2% volale; heemnng 8% s ureacve coke, whch s more dfcu o gas han charcoa Bomass generally hasve low slr and ash conen compaed o coa.Hoeve nlke coal bomass comes n a wde vaeyof hyscal foms, maing necessry o alor heshaes o he gasfe, eldrying eupmen, feed sys-em and ashremoval eupmen o each form Therefore, he reslng gasfer desgn ms be very

felspecc

Biomass Fu Analss . U"

321 Poxmae and Ut mae Analy Tw ypes o analysespoxmae and ulmae are se-l fo deng he physcal chemca, and fel pope-es of a paticlr bomass eedsoc. These analyseswer naly deveoped or coal nd ae wdely aval-

ig. 3-1 leetl ultite) lyi f ( cls d wd d (bbi uel (Surce: Skv 974 p 3 @1974. Used with peri

able om commercal laboraoes hey are descrbed si Bis Eergy Fudti c. d upp 1984a Fig 9

Gsiier ues 9


18/148

V Vabe 31 . ASM Stadads Methds f Pximate

ad Utimate Aayss f Wd Feedstcks

Mt Tst N.

Poximae lys isoise Voae mae 7s

ae AayssC H 777 N S 775

ss Hen Value 7 1

abe 32. Eemeta Aayze Equimet

Isut Oxa apalt Dct"

Carba oxye C,H,N,O I & TCChemca ta oxye C,H,N,O,S I & TCSyses an fonaCS 1 ) ops

eweaca Mn C,H,N FI & TCH15 ded

ei ler oxye CNO,S C

Dame iain deetrTCTema dtvty

e: eed

s relively smle nd n be eromed wit drynoven lboroy fne nd bne Te ultimataai involves moe dvned em teiqes.Bot nlyses n be erfomed in ommellbotories fo $2 to $100.

Te oxmte nlysis determnes e moste M)vote mtter s (A) d (by dierene) edrbon onen ( o fe sin stndrd ASTM tests.Mostre is nlyed by te weit loss observed t10. Te votie mer s drven o in losedrible by slow etin to 950 nd te sme sweied n. Te i ein res enotere

witn n tl sier yied ier volle ontentnd owe fxed bon ontent tn e sow rtesed n te ASTM mesemen bt r yeld omte sier is exeted to be rooronl to r yieldom e ASTM test

Te roximte nyses for seeted biomsseedstoks d ote soids e sown in Tbe 33.Noe t more n 0% o mos bomss meril isvolile nder te onditions of te test. Te oximtenlysis enerlly indes mosre onent mesedon wet bss MW were

W = (we weit dry wet)/wet we. (3-1)Someimes moistre ontent s eored on dywei bss MD wee

MD = (wet wet dry wet)/dry wei. 3-2)Vles iven in one form n be onvered to te ote

s sow in i 32 odin to te reltonsisMD MW/ - MW) nd (3-3

MW MD/( + MD). (34)Moise ontents fo yil biomss els e sownin Tble 3-4 Te eet of moiste ontent on eeovery nd ombstion eeny s sown inTbe 3-5. Reoverble e dos drmlly wtnresed mostre sne e et of voiztion of tewte s no nomly reovered din ombstion(see Tbe 4-1

Sine biomss ves in its roertes om dy to dy

nd om od o lod it s ommon to eo nyseson y bsis nd sometimes on mostre- d see (MAF) bsis is ten sime mtter to llteoe seifi ondiions om is ve

Te timte ysis ives te emil omositionnd te ie e vle o te els Te emi nlysis sly lists te rbon yoen oxyenitroen slr d s onen of te dy e on we eene bss limte nyses or nmbe o bomss nd ote sod fels re iven nTble 36 nd o vios rs in ble 3-

Note n Tbe 36 tt bomss is tyily very low in

bot nitoen nd sfr onent eve to fossi els.However seleed biomss feedsoks my ve mier ves. Te slfr nd nitoen ontens ofseleted biomss els re sown in Tbes 3-8 nd 3-9.

6 40

22 5 6

dc as o ae (25 C, 1 a

The dsibuion of large sold prcles greaer than40 maybe determined usng sieves. Table 7-1 issacual sieve size fo various mesh size.

83 Mcoscopc Sze Analyssaticles captred on a fler dsc can be counted bymicroscopic eamnation. However, parices salerthan 0 m are dfcul to see under a lgh mcroscopeand liquidropet sizes cannot be determined by tsmethod because dopes, once capued coalesceeaving no evdence o thei original sze

784 Aeodynamc Sze Anayss

Aerodynamic sizing can be accomplished wih eitherg. 70. Ta fow for i h gafi (So: app 98b,a cascade impactor or a cascade cycone Parcles andg 088)

Gas Testing 67


76/148

(kg/(MJ/m3)

977 947 78590

5.75 74.9777

929 7.41 576394 4.59

7.95 759

97.5

53.7

95.4

543 3.35 567

357

5.74

333

7.5

334

4.5

Tbl 78 Ergy BcDy Chip Mat Dy a Ca Ta Ta y H2O Enegy ota a co Cod ga chip ote baace ga yed yed yed (m/kg eci-yied eegy veoain ot(%wet coe HHV (kg/I 00 (kg/I 000 dy ga ecy(kg/ (MJ/kg ot eiciate: R ba) (%) C" kg DC) kg DC) (pp) kg C) kg C)(kg/h) C) (M/h) ecy (%) (%) 98 267 16.52 98.9 533 2.22 328 255 37 6 277 182 35 877 729 26.7 1652 983 58 228 3.21 459 23 .69 277 182 35 87.5 72 185

981 8592 336 6.1 96.6 533 248 46 271 22 34 441 927 4 .2' 8.11 854 563 254 3.8 33 118 175 438 143

46922 47.8 851 544 143 2.76 9 1199 15 86 7.76 37 1 487 699 98.6 559 28 345 .86 156 273 12 9 594 898 725 885 72488 99.5 563 2 372 2.79 125 152 25 1 82:

1 1 49.5 73 91 6 5.44 255 167 1 88 321 1384 685 96. 822

1452 863

r'

15 52.3 888 5.33 273 469 52 679 28 381924 55 98 566 .62 279 2.54 426 3 29 9 49 89 54.25.4816 543 667 .95 2. 8 .67 776 .42 .99 68 579 865 63.5

.9 427 594 .35 236 .44 83 62.1123 461 94.2 5514 637 772 92.6 555 2.6 271 2.85 989 .9 37 4.5 924 962 86.2

1129 689 1427 9.9 559 285 382 396 254 24 28 5.89 94 98 94412 725 157 8.4 563 1 .39 376 2445 .99 .169 7.8 567 .8 465

1 9 74.6 1632 973 574 2 3.96 365 1567 15 .264 12.8 9 86. 7181 7 854 1126 97. 578 2.3 292 2 3 83 1.64 268 1 3.3 136 92.2 791 9.7 156 91 1 79 1 .67 33 1544 127 26 123 1224 81 6 6822 25.5 67 98.2 544 2 325 4.34 183 16 345 1 1 42 1434 87.9 679

C 3.2 138 157 268 193 883 79al 5.51 2 7 ma 15 41 72 .99 424 31 67 13225daa

263 12.3 879 7 5


77/148


78/148

rwit

;Taole325

"gdp84/dpso dpso/dp16 (7-5)

abl 710 S Nubr Vsus sh S

Seve Numbe Mesh Size m

8 81 52 1254 16 7 92 7523 6327 53

cyclne cu diameter, d wh a sandard deviatng equa t 5 which is characerisc f cycnesgraviy separatrs and al Ses law particlemvement

786 Physica Sze Anlyss

he majr methds r parce-sie measuremen eshw in Table 7-9 Screenng and micrscpy ae used

45 determine lnear mensins he Ses radus4 38 is he radius f a hypheical sphecal prtcle

he same fallng velciy and bulk densy as heparcle The aerdynamc dameer d s hestandd deviain as indcated by he slpe Nte diameer f a hyptheca sphere densIy 1 g/cm3ha bth dsbutns shwn in Fig 74 have the same

verall spe This slpe s typical f lge maerialsha have been brken up in a wide range smalerparicles wi be helpfl r us t express hs slpeas the gemeric standd devain

e

that wl aan the same allng velcity as he pclein quesin

The number mass and ea distributns al have hesame gemec standad deviain Scrubber perrmance can be characteried similrly

by he sie partcle diameer which is captured at 5%he preciseness the se cu pnt s characeriedparcles

where do is he dameter r whch 5% f he alcaptued he her subscrips dente by he value f Varius scrubbers and separars are

cmpared in 1 fr cu diameter and shpnesssilar cumuaive percenages parcles smalerhan he respecive pricle dameter dhe sid paticles ha pass thrugh a cycne can be

Nte hw many have a sandard deviatn near 5Cnsider hse ha have a sharper rbrader deviain

expeced have a mean paricle dameer near he and why

70 adboo of Bioass owdaf Gasiie Egie Systes


79/148


80/148

99.9

99

cptd p dop co t cnup ytmtdily i wit t ccumultion o cptudmti, quiing qunt o utomtic clning oplcmnt olction cincy i low o cn,inlin t ut cim tdiy wit t incingp dop t lt com plggd. olctionfcincy mumnt of inlin lt oud cly indict oding fct o b vgd ov fl

cning cycl in od to b mngl

Oflin dvic uc cycon pto wt cubb nd lctottic pcipitto, dpoit cptudmtil outid o t ow pt dvicpt t contminnt into on t nd t ginto not tm p dop nd icinci ocitd wit t dvic pdictbl ndindpndnt o t ount of cptud mtilliminting t ow buildup of p dop witu. Of-in mtod pfb in ppictionw ty cn b ud

Th Pow Thory o Gas Canup

Accoding to t contctpow toy of g clnupPy 197) fo givn pow conumption, md by t g pu dop o wt ow tl cning dvic giv ubtntly t m colction fcincy, nd t colcon fcincy incwit incing pow Som impovmnt ov con

tctpow toy imittion cn b gind by uingdign fo ducd pow conupton tt u mlpll tm mutipl tg in i difuionm tnf o condntion

pomnc nd pn of i ption oviou cnup componnt compd in bnd Fig. Ptic cut dimt ( wittn d od i pcl dmt t wic 0% of pcl cptd A cptu t ot tn 0% my notd diffnt ucipt. A convnintltionip xit fo pticl colcto wit tndddvion Picl wit dimt tt doul

99.8

995

0;Q

98

95

90

8006050403020

0

5

2

05

0.2

00.

Cyclone d cloth loded2 Prt loded3 Venturi crubber (40 i w )4 - Pcked bed (6 in deep, 30 p in phere)5 We impinement crubber6 - Krbte - iteror8 - Pced bed (6 . deep p

Vin phere)

9 m pineme crubber0 Cyclone - Wire meh ( 2) 2 - Wire meh ( ) 3 Wve ple4 - Cyclone nd cloth clen

2 5 20 50 00Prticle ize (d) m

ig. 8-. Scbber performace aharp compao Sorce: See referece able 8-1

72 Handbook Biomass Downda Gsfe Ene Systems


81/148

d50p rticles

Tble 8 Spess f Ptcle Cllectn Metds

Shape oSie Sepaao

Scbbe ypeC Diameedp m

Sandad Deviao = dpdp eeecevy Seg Cber 50 2.5 Pery 1 93

Sge Cylone 25 Kpp 984

Csde Cyloes Ds 986 series den

2 06 .8 3 053 0.65 048 0.55

Dsego 06 2.5 Pery 193

Kbe . p 5 1 3 Pery 93

Wie Mes 2 yers 24 25 Perry 93001 1 wre) 3 lyers 15 25

Ped ed 6 i deep2 Spees Sddles Pey 93

Veloy 5 ps 2.3 65Velo 30 ps 0.95 8

Ver Sbbe 0 i pW 03 1.8 Pey 93

Sieve Ple 5 . pW Cver 92Hole Veoiy V 5 ps 0625 2

Ipgee Srbbe Kpp 984 brSge

Sge 1.5 672 Sge 0.06 853 Sge 005 20

Fb File 1 .8 Peerso 965Sp Cyoe D. 2 2 3 Per 193

p 2-0 n H V 5 psDrope 0-200 Sp owe 2 ps 5 25 Pery 193

Dope 500- 000 53 g

Wve Ple 90' ey 193 ves 6 ds 5 101 5 i spig

*ycle cut dmeter s eteme y esg, w t m

**c te clect ececy s ve 90% r prce ses

th va a captud wh 80% icncy andtho wth damt tp th d va captudwth 90% cincy. oth wod

d d , 8 and

8-

o amp a cyclon atd at = 0 can b pctd o capt 50% o havng 0

aodynamic dam 80% of ptc d 0 and 90% o paicl d m.ot that gavty tling chamb, cycon dintgato wi m paato, and pay ow a av am tandad dvatonchaacitc onialand gavtatonal paion mchnim Sap picl paion a ndcad y mal tandad dviaion nvov th bn o oh o addtional captmcanim c a condnaon cacadng diffuion, o ma tan Smaly poo paaton

Gas Cleaning and Condtoning 73


82/148


83/148


84/148

d, not s I5

3 4

862 Cycle Opeatig Picples

A cycone seaato imas a oay motion o egases and teey enances e setling ae o manyimes at ndced y gavity alone A cycloneseaato s essentialy a gavationa seato aas een eanced y a cenugal foce comonent.Te cyclone seaao gade efficency cuve g. 8aies o all cycone seaaos, as well as to nealand gavitationa coecos.

Cyclone efomance s aed in tems of atcle cutdiamee o c size Te ct sze, d, is te aticesize wic is caued 5%

Te eationsi etween aicle ct diamees fots tye seaato is given y Eq 84) wee is teacle diamete and te numecal suscitte coection eiciency o tat sze aicle

86.2.2 Cyce Desig Picipes

Te ootons fo igeffcency cycone seaatos

ae sown n ig 8-5Te acle sze tat can e seaated wit % efciency is ediced fo geneal cyclones and fo egeiciency cyclone ooons of ig. 86 y

(85d 9 /[2 N V om E (8 we can deive te elationsi eweene cycone seaatos acle cu size d and te

5

z

I 0.5 5IPAR Z R A p p Fig 8 Cce grade eiec ce Srce: Kapp 198a,Fig 138

cycone nle wd o a gven esse do assown n g. 8-6. Noce ta e eect o temeatue

B Dc/4De: 0,/2H 0,/Lc DcS D/8Z c : 0cJc : arbitrayusay Df4

SK AA

Dus lou

L L H P P Fig 85 Higeciec cce pptis Srce: Per 1973,ig 209 1973 sed with permissi f McGraw H Bk C.;Kaupp 198a Fig 13

76 Handboo of Boass owda Gasiie Enge Syses


85/148

4 1 ------- 8

eperre ( C

rere drop

Ce in le widh ()

ig. 8-6. Higheicienc ccone ccone cu sie versus inet width

on ccon cut s s mnma. Ts s d to tcountrbalancng vaatons of dnst and vscostwt mpaur.

f coars pacs ar ntroducd no a fnparcccon sparao tn wo dtrmnta fcts maoccr. Fst, t arg partcls ma bloc t smallnlt. cond t g vlocs wn t spaatorma bra up t coas parcls oson, mpacand atton. Ts latt ffct can gnat fnparcs a ma b ardr to capt an anngprvosl prsnt n gas Prr 93) Fo tsrason t s prfrab o povd a gasdsngagmnspac for grav sttlng wtn t gasr a an

two sags of cclons. Ts wl alow t cospatcls to stl ot por to t ccon spaao.tlng vocts rlatd to patc s as sownn Fgs. -6 and 8

863 Cyne esgn Stegy

In o xprnc t ccons td to gass rtoo lg or optmum partcl rmoval. Trfor, wpsn r an xamp of dtald cclon dsgn.

T dam of pp adng om t gas otlt tot cclon nt sold b slcd to allow an ad

qa soldsconvng voct wtn t pp. Tpca soldsconvng vlocts or lgt matals rangom 1 o 15 m/s 3-5 fs), as sown n Tabl 6On sold slct t ccon nt pp wdt qal o gasr out pp damr or s tccon nlt vloc qual to t pp voct anddsgn cclon accodng o t propotons nFg. 85 T qaons tat appd prvosl tncan b usd to prdct pac cu s and prssdrop.

864 Cylne esign xple

Fo amp us dsgn a g fcnc cclon foa 1 W 134 p gasf ngn sstm.

Frst w mst dtrmn gas ow a o a tpca22% ngn fcnc and an assmd atng valuof 13 cal/Nm (54 MJ/Nm 15 Bu/sc). Tnspcfc gas consumpon s 22 Nm/p(13 sm/p) p orspow o 3 Nm/W(25 c/W) Gngas 195)

A W ngn wl qr 3 Nm/ 2 sc) opoducr gas, wc corsponds to a gas ng otpu of 63 MJ/ 188 Bu/). T volm of gas at tccon nl tmpratu o 3C wl b

Gas Ceaning and Condiionng 77


86/148

0 r___________

-

1 -03 0 06 OB 1 3 6 B 0 0 30 0 60 BO 00 00 300

/h53.16K

= 63m/h (37ft/min)

0 ean sp eween patce se ad tea velcty

0 sld speca patcles vas specc aves pecc avy

0 0 Based tes Eqa0

0

2.0

3.0

4.0 0

0

IIIIII

= Tena vecty = aee pacle = Gavtana cstan

= ensy patcle = Densy ld

= scsy ld

Tena velces sd spe ca paces n a at

ea velcty n

ig 8-7. Patice settg eoity ersus size ad desity Source: ASM 16 ig 6

0 m .16 K (-6 A pip .5 m (1 i) isd dam shod povid agas voiy ofW wsh to d soid paas o 10 mgNmom aw gas that is h gasi a 00C. h gasoos whi a fw f of pip o 00C, whh w wosd as h ylo il mpat Sgaalysis o aiboha (ig - shows a mass mapatl diamt d 100 wih a gomstadad dviao g= . Palat sampligidas hat oa dst load a pa low is5000 mg/Nm o a dowaomtof1 th mmm ds ptatio at pa ow at isP 100 x [(10 mg/Nm)/5000 mg/Nm)] 0..atg by s oo o tdow th mamm

pato o tdow is P

0./ 0.1 .

O ig - w olow th pati sz dstbo o a mbt gasi o th daa po wh thmlav aio als h mimm paioalowg o dow P 0.1. h ospodigpal dam d m is h pot w wil. d m as show by th dotd i h ommdd mimm gas vloiy fo ovyg mdim dsty dst s 15 ms ad fo hay ds(mta gs) is 5 ms

V " (6 m/h)=.1 (. m/00 m/m (600 s/h)

m/s 7000 m) (-whih is wl abov h mimm

Stig h ylo it width al o th gas pipdamt, th ylo is dsgd by h popoosom Fig. o it width . m (1 i.) ad lhight 5 m i) h h yo i vloiy wlb

QA6 m/h(10 m/m)=

. m)5 m)600 s/h

1 m/s 755 m Cyo si s h siz pal hat wl b old wth 0 ffiiy. h w ala sigth visosty ad dsty o pod gas om Fig. ad assmig ash dsiy .0 (000 g/m) ad ha

8 Hanbook o Boass owna Gasfe Engine yses


87/148


88/148

":i '-compe ed =l==ai-

' '"

Gas ut

t

Lqid t

Fig 8- We ylone (Soue Cale 1972 ig 3 16)

Colleing enained dople om we rubber wha ylone epao eque an oue ir o pevenreenanmen o liquid ha have mpinged on heoule ube, a hown in Fg 9

8.6.2.6 Recent Cyclne evelpment

een wor ha been done on ylone deign peially appled o gaiie by LePori (19)

863 agose Filte

863 Pncpe f aguse lters

Baghoue fer (uh a hown n Fig 10) ae uedwdely oday o apure fine du pie and oepae yah om ombuon gae. A baghoue e oni of one or moe ibou fie bag uppoedon mea age enoed in a hambe hough whhhe gae mu pa A depo of he epaaed pare oon build up on he bag and eablhe a duae o appopriae pore ize hrough whh addonal parile anno pa. A moe du i aumuaedhe peure dop ineae. When he ake i an opiml hkne or removal, he bag i agaed eheby ga preure o by mehanial mean, uing he

ee ae o dop o he boom of he houng whee eenualy emoed

8632 Actn f te Flte Cake n te Opeatn fFabrc Flters

Fbou bag filer have been found o be ouandingin he emoal o paie down o ubmiron ize, ahown in he grade eieny urve o Fig 2 and11 Highefiieny apue o mal paile iupngly independen ohe ize o opening in heler weae The eaon fo h i ha he pimary

apure elemen i he dynam ake ha om on hee uae. hi ae whih oni of apuedpile, peen a uiou pah ha effeivelyapue fine paie while oarer apuredpie mainan n open ae uue o pomoehigh ga permeabiiy When a new le fabi need, he main mehanm o pile oeon phyal ing a deemined by he openng in he

weae. A , mal parile may pa unapuredunil ome buldup aumuae on he le. Fom hpoin on, he ga mu eeivey pa hough a pakedbed of miromeerzed pie. Ineepion andimpaion hen emege a ignian olleionmehanm

8633 Appcatn f aguse Fltes

Baghoue filer hae been ued wih good ue inmany of he more ueul and eliabe enginegaie yem (Breag 19 Kelrom 191) he ueo fabri ile ha virualy eimnaed he ooe

supp nd 0 ps

Nzz Inducd

fTm: Opnsaust ac valv

un 01 sat 0 s

ivas

t mda

(l, camcmtaic c

ains: F

spp ffaic mda

ai

Maia disca !: is scmatic is itdd dscuncin ad is nt ncssai tpca f actualcstuctin

Fig 8-10 Co bag e i inement eee ulse leaig(Soue Wo 1955, 483)

80 Handboo o Biomass Downda Gasifier nge Systes


89/148

'

O , / '. -0 _ Q

a ha oherwie wa pree i coeae or crbwaer The abric er i o ob e mo eiceevce for ie cleaig; b for woo ga eeiveprecaio agai coeao o ar or waer areece ega 950

Noe i Table 8 ha he cer wear i e orprocer ga wh a fabrc er ha for iee oi

aloerig operaio e previol ecribe ler cakegrow eail icke coeco efcieccimb a e prere op acro e er rieWe he ler cke a reache opimal icke orremoval e er cake m be remove b oe of efolowg meo momear fow reveral ocollape he bag a oge he cake a ow ig. 8-0 a ple e of compree ga or ar o creaehe momear bag colape or malig amaall akg he bag reag 98

Afer ceaig e er eciec ower il e fil

er cake reorm wie o e a coervaiveeige fabric ler 50 c/ or eve lrger bagarea o mamze he iev bewee bag cleaigo a o ma cea ga ow.

ag ier ae iable ol or removg r pariclae ick or ack maerial o o reeae om ler bag erefore peca proviio a precaioare reqre o maia e bag ler emperare iorer o preve waer vapor or a om coeigo he ler bag I paricar ce r-lae ar-pga ho o be raw hrogh a co bag er eeig o locae e flre oe pream om ebag er a provie mea or preeag he bagfier aembl.aerial ha have bee e for bag er cearal a heic orgaic ber gla ber ceramicfiber a aile ee Te properie o eemaera are olie Tabe 8- Orgaic-fiber bag

999995

98

90Q

0

Q 5030 0

2

" j

0 0atice sze

Cycneclt (laded ycneclt (aiay laded yclnec clean Cycloe-aneg. 8-1. Fational een urves of lone-alone and lonelot olleto (Soue Peterson 65 p. 48

er are ime o low-emperare operaio reqrig accrael coroe ga coolig Vao cloer were e o gafier bewee 99 a 95b hee prove o be a coia orce of iffclbecae he col cach e f he became oo o orwol ge we om coeae i he became ooco Poleer fe bag e mo wie available arerae for 5" coio ervice emperare ale eel gla-ber ceramicber bag ler avebee e ccell a gher emperare a

how goo promie Johao 980 Uforaee abraio a fleg reiace of ga a ceramcber ca be ow aer allao a epecall ocehe ave bee eae hee maeral ho be ale a lile a poible Hig-emperare bagmaerial ae o a we avaiabe a oer maeria.

able 83 Cylnde Wea f as Cleaed wth Wet Cleanng and Fabcs Flters

Diesel OlDal Fe Desel OiProdcer Gas

Wet Cleang System Fabric Fier

ylnde we

1000 o 01 0015 mm 00502

030608

0.0280.03

00050.0 00.020

005006 0007

0019001

i camnatn exeed nlle dcin enene e 100

02 03 05 - 1 97veae 075

9 est)

02 025(2 ess)

Soe eltr 98 a 2.4

Gas Ceanig and Coditionig 8


90/148

250200 250240

250

550

Yes

Yes

23

able 84 ilte abric ChaacteisticsOperaig Ar

Exposre ) Sppos Permeai Resisance Fie Log Sho Comsion cfmf) Composiio Arason Mieal Acds Oganc Acids Alkali Cos Ran otto 80 225 020 eose G P G GWool 200 o 2060 roe G F F P Nyo Yes 530 oyamide G Oro' 25 Yes 205 olyacrylonre G G G Faco

olypoiyee 25 325 060 Polyese E G G G 200 Yes 30 lei E E E 6Noex 25 500 No 255 Polyaide E E G 8

belasseo

600 No 070 Glass 550 500 No 1 565 Poyooehylee E E 9

f/ at 0 in war a r F fair G d, E xlln Cs an lws cst, 9 is cst; u Pnt rstrd tradarSr: Atr Kaup 984a Tal C

*


91/148

J Il " 1t clt Wig ht

- :1 t;

i' I d -L

eecrc generator. ery

Dscag ctodscocd to gatv

H sppl

adpa

atc recaor Stra 9 Tycal erformce

1 1 [ I I I [ , I [ ,

HT l

I I

_jA I[ 1 I

I I Fsg I sst

1 1 [

Dsopa Ilt

o lvao d lvato

uppogsaos

Collcgctod

Pcptaoctod

oz

agoa t tp pcpao To-stag dsc ag ctod vca o t pcptao

Fig. 8-3 leosa eiiao eamles (Soue Sauss 95, Figs 0-9, 0-20 975 Used h emssion of Pegamon Pess)

Gas Ceag ad Coditoning 83

8.6.3 Sfey Fie

f the ler ag e conamnan harm to heengne l e reeae. Terefore a afety ler oroher effece arnng me hol aay e en conncon th ag ter. The ety ler act ylggng qckly an htng on he ytem n teeen of an trem eqment fare A 200meh

creen tale for a afety fler a hon ng -2

84 Eecrosic (Core) recpitors

Elecotac rectator hae a ong hory of nra e to roce eceonally clen ga Dngoeraon he ga ae throgh a chmer a honn g 3 contanng a cenral hgh-oltage 030 kV negae eectroe A corona charge formro the centa eecoe hch mart a negaechge to ll cle oe he negatelycharge arcle ten mgate to the oe elecoehch may e ahe y a conno aer tream to

remoe thee arcle. The elecoatc recator effecte for al ro n cle ze

A mal rectator 20 cm i meter an m nlengh) a oerae at SER o cean ga roce ya 75-h Heeman ga generaor oerng a kW

The na relt ere

o 1' _

W g

uppog

r

Fo t clo cla

Fig 8-2. Flame aeso and safey fe (Soue Gengas 950,Fig 166)

ramac an the r mt a the re co e een toaear ntantaneoly hen the otage aale Hoeer the electoe n nlaor oonecame coae h oot an tar an forme ahort-crc ath that ore an rc A mean forceng the elecoe m e roe aong th a

mean to arm he nlator to reent aater-conenaton horcrct. Thee rolem eeng negate

For tarm remoal re an te electrotacrectaor e referre oer the late-ye electo


92/148

903

Tbl 85 ypcl Prmnc Dt Elctrsttc Pcptts

ust Cocentraosgm at Opeatng emp Collectig Power Cosumption

Type of Plat Inet Otet Efficiecy j W mh

Coal Gas InstryPe s producec p for rl s

oduce s o lite bquettesoducer s ro sebous teSles cei pl

.3

3.

..6

9999.

999999.9

oke ove ow s cei . 999oe ove ow s cle 3 999

6693

6oe ove s cle 99 Ol cbuetted we s clei 3 39 99 Tr crbetted wter s cle . 99. Py 93 Tl

chaactestcs fo electostatc pecpaos ae shownn Tae - ndcan hh cape efcency

The pecptao te damete should e smal enoh

o aow he coona dschae o e estalshed at aeasonale votae and ae enoh so hat s volumewl povde the necessay esdence me wh aeasonale enh Low ow ates esut n a hheesdence tme and hhe collecon ecency.

Mltple paallel pecpato tues as shown nF. 1, pemt a moe compact pecptato desnand se a lowe voltae han a snle lae e. Thespan volae fo ue pecptatos s shown nTale 6 pacce pecptatos ae opeaed at hehhest opeatn votae whou excessve spakn(Pey 97) Onesecond delays etween spaks haveeen fond o esult n eectve pecpao opeaton.

Applcaton of a neatve (ahe than posve voltaeon he cente eectode s favoed ecase hs aaement esls n a moe sale coona and ess spak.

The ypcal cuent houh he eecode s ow .1 to. mA/m of colectn sface (Pey 19. Halfwave ectcaton of a to 6 Hz eectc suppypovdes adeqate tme fo exnshn spaks.

The powe consmed y an eecosatc pecptao svey low ypcaly 1 W/hp (Stass 97) and thepessue dop also s vey ow at consdeay ess than1 n. of wae hvoltae eupmen eqes

oos safety measues. In addton, nfoeseenpowe faues may case a loss of he eectostacpecptato's ceann alty wh a ssequentelease of tas to he enne

Wet Scrubbers

871 Prncples o We Scubbers

As we have pevously sated paces wh dameesae than 1 m sele y avty and neta They folow Stokes law and can e caped y mpacon

avtatonal o centa means o patclessmale ha 1 m, moon s domnated y moleclacolsons They follow ownan moon pncples

ehave moe ke a as, and may e colected y dffson ono a qud sface ths secton we wl looka the asc mechasms of pacle movement adcapte fo wet sce systems.

Pacles wh dametes etween .1 and falwthn the so-called open wndow." They ae he mostdfcut paces to captue ehe y dson o neal mechansms They ae oo lae o dffse wellt too small o sele oweve, hey ca e made toow n sze snce small pacles colde natualy andalomeae nto lae patces tha ae ease tocapte

One mehod of hh-efcency colecon uses pmaycolecon of ae patces y nea and dffsonfolowed y an ncease n ne patcle sze y aomeaton and naly y colecton and enanmentsepaaton The ae of alomeaon s popoonal tothe ota nme of patces pesen Alomeaton saso asssed y he pesence of doplets ha act asnce.

Patces tend o move owad a suface on wch condensaon s takn pace Ths phenomenon s efeedto as Sefan moon" Patcles end to mate away

bl 86 Elctsttc Pcptt

Spkg Pttls

Spakig Poetia voltsPipe ameter n Peak Root Mea Sqae

9 6 6 9 9 69

ss s ssu ti v ist tvisl lity. Py 973 T 43

4 Hadbook o Biomass owda Gasiier Egine Sysems


93/148

from a o ra an owar a o fa. Tpnomnon a trmopor.

Wt par tn o t togr bttr wn yo rby atng aggomraon Wt rbbrav bn wy pay n taonary appaton for anng oong t ga A rubbroprat by ratng onon for mxmum ontatbtwn ga o b an an a rbbng qmm.

Ba rbbr typ an prforman ararta ummarz n Tab 1 -2 an - an afny urv r own n Fg 2 Srbbr anb v nto mpngmntpat pakb vpat pray towr Vnur rbbr.

Sma oaptur opt may b ma togrow n z w m unt y ar arg nog o bapr by mpy provng aat rn mn t rbbr vom Par grow n z by aggomraton an onnaton Aggomraon p

t grow trog pat oon. Amo agonntaon o tn to av t ampar onntraton wtn 1 mn ar formaon

A nov mo to aptur 02 mt to provwar fog n an amp rn m. War og

ntro a a onntaon of 025 Nm at0 pg pray pru an n a g nny on of quny 00 to 800 Hz A 12 rn tmprm part to aggomrat o a z agnoug to b aptur wt 9% ny by a 5yon (Cavrt 192

I a onnaton nuu abnt b t gr ofpratraton (S x 200% to 00% tnomognou naon our. Sfnuatonpro xrmy ma ropt z. T roptgrow rat nvry proportona o roptrau o t pro owy a r arang wrop z

Nuat onnaon omnat ovr omognounaton wn naton ar prnt.Vapor onn mor ray wtn onav ra ng t vo aon of o part Sobaroo par na vn mor ray by bongpont pron n ouon. A ma ropt grow

owy by n aggomraton unt t ra tra z; ar tat t grow rapy by atng a anaton t Soub par bav a naton wot avng to av rta z. T ara u par prnt n prour ga tram atmprar bow t tar w pont w at a nu

able 8-7 Scbbe ypes and ermace

Size Limit Paice Pressure rpCt ia (dp) Waer Clmn

Methd m cm (in) Cmments

Graviy Setig >30 ow Coase sepaato; veyage and blky

Massve ackng >5 cm10cm o ee draig coase demsecom hegh

be ackig 0cm Vscos materals ca caseplugging

Peomed Spray >5 Low Hig wate consmpio

Gas Aomzed Spay >5 0002 0001) Good o sicky maeasVe ad Seve >2 57 22)ae Scrbbers >1 226 .

Sbmcon 9 359)

Cergal 12 5-20 3-) Compac good or prelimnaycleap

ale Pate 20 solds) 25-5 1-3 ) age coase colecto5 ms)

Impgeme 2-3 1 0-50 -20) Reco bonce ca eerai

ame Sepaao 5 325) Ca be cogged

Mecacally Aded -2 Acts as a bowe gh power ad maeace

Movg Bed 5- 5 3-6) Good mass tase

abc le 0.3 13 5) Ecele ca be cogged

So Copd fro d Cvr 97

Gas Cleanng an Contonng 85


94/148

c:+

o tar condensaon, thereby reducng te mount oey ne and perssten selnuceaed ta mst aet1972).

he desgn o a good scubber mus mamze the gaslqud conact area whle mnmng he pressure droptrough the scrubber. For nstance, he gasqud contact aea or a om s much greater than or a spraygen equal energy npus.

I a gas srem enes a qud-led camber a hgelocy rough a smal hoe at the botom ohe chamber ten al o he enterng gas must experence hesubsequent mpacon and dson enoments.When water enters te gas sream as a hgh pessrespray only a small acton o e gas s cose enougo the noe to recee he benet o mpacon whthe hghelocty droples. Spay ropet agglomeaton proceeds rapdy causng the gaslqud conactarea to drop o sharply wthn a shot dstnce ome nozze. s eect serously mts te collecon

ablty o spay scrubbes.872 Scubbe Equpment

8.7.2 Spay Twes

he splest ype o scrubbe s e spray tower shownn Fg. 814 wc s composed o an empty cylndewth spay noes he optmum spay dople se s5 to 1 ypcal upwad superca gaselocty or a graty spray tower s 2 o 4 f/s, and prtcle coecton s accomplsed wen patcles rsngwth e gas steam mpac wt droples allngough te cambe a er termna seng eocy

e spray owe s especaly welsuted as a prefteror exremey heay dust loads oe 5 g/Nm whchwoud pug oe less-open types o scrubbes ucone spay noes produce 5 o 1 m opleswhc a wh a setlng eocty o1 f/s. o a sprayower 53 t hg, he aue o d s 5 m8.722 Cycne Spay Scubbes

he cyclone spay scubber combnes the ues o tespray ower and dry cyclone sepaator mproes epartcecapture ecency o te spray dropets nordnay spray scrubbes by nceasng spray-doplempac he cycone spay scrubber aso has the

adantage, compared wth te spay scrubber o bengse ceanng o colectng more patces regadless osze and opeang a smale pessure ops A bascdesgn s shown n Fg. 89 otes e descrbed nSauss 1975) ommeca cyclone scrubbes arebeter han 97% ecent at remong partces wtdetes greate than m e cu dameer o acyclone spay scrubber s about an ode o magnudeess han at o eher a ry cyclone or spay scrubber

qd i

#

:

Fg 8-14 Spray tor srubber (Soure Cale 192 Fig 31-4

8723 SievePate Scrubbes

A see-plate scubber Fg. 8 consss o a ertcaltower wt a seres o oona peorated seeplates he scrubbng qud s ed no the op o thecolumn and ows downward a downcomers ompate o plae; e gas to be scrubbed s ntoduced athe boom o the comn and passes upward tougte see hoes counte to e lqud. ontac betweene qud and gas s enanced by usng pates whbubbe caps mpngement pates or see pates.

e see-plate scrubbe captures large ptcles by mpngement and mpacton and sma patces by dson. Gas passes upwrd nto the waer laye troughoes n the see plate. he hg gas eocty ouge see holes atomes the scubber qud nto neroples, and mos nerta ptce collecon takespace us as the bubbe s beng ormed by mpacon

on e nner surace o he bubble Duse ptcecolecton domnates as e bubbe ses Here, suraceace agens can reduce the collecton ecency because o Stean moton but a cod waer scubbngqud eceng a hot aeroso ncreases te colectonecency A deeper oam educes neral eecs andnceases colecton by duson. neral collecon sony sghty ncreased by addng plaes or ncreasngte pessure drop

a

Liqd

Ga i

86 Hadbook o Bomass owda Gasifier nge Systems


95/148

k__ 0-:

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 b 00 0 0

eve a Liqd n

do

wihdrawa

Ineedaeeed

n

Ldo

Fg 85. See plae scrubbr Source Kaupp 8a Fgs ,6

A ypcal vpat cubb can atain 9 icincy fo 1-m paticl ung /16-n. iv hol, a apcfic vlocty of 5 m 5 f/. Typica pfomanc chactiic of vp cubb cu n Kaupp (984)

8,7,2,4 Impingement lae Scbbes

Th impingmnt-pa cubb hown n Fig. 816 mia to a ivplat crbb cpt impngmntpat a rng o hat ach ho ha impingmn g on ho am away om th ho. Gflow pat h g of th oifc pouc pyroplt whn fom a at t, ulg in lg laiv vlocty btwn ut prcl an thropl. Th ga vocty uualy i abov 15 m(5 f/, an th typcal opang pu op 1.5 in. wat gaug 4 mbr) p pat. An incapu rop ai h colcton cincy. Th qui wa ow a i 1 to 2 gpm p 1 c of gow.

8725 Ventri ScbbesTh Vntri cubb (Fg. 8-17) captu largprclby mpaction an impingmnt an lo in awayany poi h migh otwi fom. Som n prtcl alo captu h by iffuon. Hghvlocyow hrough th ow-pu roat ara tomiz throplt. Th low pu a th oat cau connaon, an th high lav vociy of h oplwh pc o h ga capt mot g prcl byimpacton.

Th atomi oplt pnt a coniabl rfacara fo n prcl to b captu by ifon. Fur

thmo connton in th toat impov caprrough fon bcau ofth phnomnon of Stfanmoon. Th aomiz oplt aply aggloma inh ffu ction, wh collction tough foncontnu Entain oplt containng captuconmint r prat inally om canga Lqui cycl qui cooling an movl ofcaptu matal o poal an plnihmnt.

Th collction cncy an roplt i a tmin by th pur op: cinci may b inca by ucing th roat ra to ai purop. Th fficnc of Vntu cubb aicu in Calvrt (1972).

8726 Eject Vent Scbbes

Th vlocity of h contacing lqui both pmp ancub th ntrin ga n an jco Vnuri cubb hown in Fig. 8-18. Spial pay nozzl mpat ain tngntial vlocii to th liqui t. Th contacng liqu mut b mov a th cubb by auiabl nrainmnt aao. Compa to a Vnturicubb, th jco Vntui cubb quir bothmo lqu an mo pow to achiv h m pricl collction an ga movmn. Eco Vntui

Gas Cleanig and Coditionng 87


96/148

@_# .-,Bubbe cappae - " -. @ \@ ' ue cap

s

pineenpae

Fg 816. Imgemen ate subber (Sour Kau 184a, Fgs. 142, 143)

scs h n in s nd scllywllsitd y diy csi sitls tht ht thwis d lwil Cl 192

8.727 Packd-Bd Scubbs

Th ckd-d sc Fi 819) is si nd n

n dsn, nd ss shs ins sddls s nd ckins hnc th slid cnct Pckd ds fcti h s stinnd iqids h xchn hn thy f ticlclcn. Hw ckd ds xclln f cin nind liids. ntnn sn,th i scil s cty ckddscs sin 1/2n. shs is 10 t 12 /s ldn nd ninn cc s lcty 12 /s h ss d is 7. 8. n. w 6n-d d Pfnc chctiscs ckd ds shwn n Fi 820. Pckd ds fdinin thy y id

ccns with wt w (Clt 1972.8.728 ntanmnt Spaats

nind ids f h wt sc s hhy d th s s cs hycy sly f cd ls nnndls tyicly thn 10 nd y ctd sin ty chniqs incldin ckd d, ckd i d cycln s ninnt s sy w, sttlnch P ntnnt sn hs n c

n l f wt scs n si systs. Gscnnn stin is dis f ll nndsins

873 Auxliary Equpmen

873 as Cng

Wt cts s n int dltn f dc sinitlly lwin th s htin l nd litlylwn nin w n s shwn ini. 82. Mch f ths wt cn d yclin h dc s nd ssqntly cndnsint h w

h n wt inin h clnnd cndnsn ss cn dtnd dily th lwst t which h s hs ncld f cndnstin hs ccd, thn h lwsts t is f cs h dw in h sx h w cnn f th s y dind f Fi. 822 th sychtic chtf i. 719. N tht h is ctin ydls wth ch 10C incs in th dw ntt. W cn clclt tht t h 70C dwint, wt snts 2% h s l.Clin h s t 40C dcs h wt cntn tlss thn 8% sln in sstni nn s iy

W diltin wil iniizd y sn sht s dy s ssil nd thn cndnsn w t t th s.

88 Hadbook o Boass owdat Gasifie Ege Syses


97/148

1

Clen a

Dry ar

a

es

Cenrfuenrme

aao

Veur

Dywer

Fig 8- Ventui subbe i entfuga enainmen seaatoSoue Calve 72 ig. 53.6)

Wh th gas as th cha gascato o at abot th sb hat o th gas accots o abot15% o th iital gy i h wood I th gas sbrd wh i s tl ho th h ssbl hat cab tilid How, th gas i o sd atal-combsto g it mt b coold opt pigto, to mpo th gi olmtccicy ad to acltat gas clap

Th thrmal gy i h aw gas may h dsspatd, sd o lowmpa appcaios ch asdryg o cycld to h gas by sig h gy o phat h icomg ai. Each mthod has sd o gas Aiast phag was sd xtsy Eopa hicl gasis o impo h gasad to pmt w s o b gaid (Schp17 Eglo 141 L 4)

Usg ssibl hat o do mo tha phat h alas o hat th l hopp s hady stid bcas thgas is dty ad oy a small qatty o hat (15% sold. I sab hat s dsd, th th g xhas gas ad gi cooa ld a mch claad mo ada sorcs o ha pg %

to 7% o h otal gy cotaid wh th ital

Th hat osss om sacs ay om 1 to5 Bt/-h-F dpdg o th gomty o th gascool ad th mpar old Th a gada o h coolg a hgh mpatr ca accomplhd i h pps ad at h sacs o th

gasi s, as wl as h cyclo sparaos ooh claig qpmt. How, as th gasappoach am mpa, additoa cooligsac trogh som om o gas cool is qid

as coos xchag ha tw th gas ad th srodig a o btw th ga ad a liqid A typica adato d hicl applicatos is show g 8-. H, th moto o th hicl cass alow aod a gas cool o hat mo coolig a iaailab at h hgh spd wh th hat load isgats saoay appicatios, ocd tlatioi qd o mo a thogh th gas cool

As h gas coo, ta bg o cods at mpasow 5' As th mpat passs low h dwpot o h gas typcaly 4' -' wat also willcods Wa codsato hps o mo ta paicls t yilds a cotamiatd wat codsat ih pocss tas ad parclats a mod omh gas bo it s th gas coo thh gas coolwil ab to opa log tw cag. Allhatxchag ad gacoog sac cotact wth

qud n

a d qd ou

ig. 88 eo Ventui subbe Soue: Cave 72, g. 3. 4

Gas Ceanng and Conditioning 89


98/148

c

h aw gas a sbjct to ash t bup so mplcaou pots shol b po o ca thssfacs withou qg sv sassmby.

.7.2 Gs Dng

h ltg ffct o wa vapo o h w gas hatg val w may b tm om th hag

vau of th y gas (HVd th mos actio om g. wh wat vapo paalsstotal absolt gas pss

Th w s o om-

Gs

i Rsch r Be sle

Gs

Gs dsbrd

pck sppr

Lessr

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d

ll r Isdle

Fg. 8-19. Paed oeandpangs (Soue Kaupp 1984a, g 15)

00 Colcio Rrifficicy gr rolor 6 J collco bov

oi l ropl 0 0

0 6 b of

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10 0 0 00

w 10 NQ 120 m80

60Q 40 0 we lss(% 0 0 30 50 0

Dew p-Prr ro P) .

Fg 8-0 Peomane ofpaed bed Fg 82. Poe loss due o mosue sauaed podue gas fo50 Bu/sf d bass gas

90 Haboo of Bioa owa Gaiir Eg Sy


99/148

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1 00 80-+--t-- 1 \ \ ; ++t? wpon +_f+: Ir 20L , 4 8 12 16 20 24 60- 0

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20

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