gastric carcinoma
DESCRIPTION
GASTRIC CARCINOMA. Professor Ravi Kant FRCS (England), FRCS (Ireland), FRCS(Edinburgh), FRCS(Glasgow), MS, DNB, FAMS, FACS, FICS, Professor of Surgery. GASTRIC NEOPLASM. Epithelial Mesenchymal. Benign. Malignant. 1.Primary Adenocarcinoma Gastrointestinal stromal tumors ‘GIST’ - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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GASTRIC CARCINOMA
Professor Ravi KantFRCS (England), FRCS (Ireland),
FRCS(Edinburgh), FRCS(Glasgow), MS, DNB, FAMS, FACS, FICS,
Professor of Surgery
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GASTRIC NEOPLASM
Epithelial
Mesenchymal
1.PrimaryAdenocarcinomaGastrointestinal stromal tumors ‘GIST’Lymphoma
2. Secondary: invasion from adjacent tumors.
BenignBenign MalignantMalignant
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Gastric Carcinoma
55 year old Japanese male who is living in Japan & working in industry.
DEFINITION Malignant lesion of the stomach.Epidemiology & Risk Factors
Can occur at any ageBut Peak incideceIs 50-70 years old.
It is more aggressiveIn younger ages.
Japan has the world highest Rate of gastric cancer.
Studies have confirmed that incidence decline inJapanese immigrant to
America.
dust ingestion from a variety of industrial processes may be a risk.
Twise more commonIn male than in female
Incidence of Gastric Carcinoma:Japan 70 in100,000/yearEurope 40 in 100,000/yearUK 15 in 100,000/yearUSA 10 in 100,000/yearIt is decreasing worldwide.
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Gastric Carcinoma:
Risk Factors
Predisposing :
1. Pernicious anemia & atrophic gastritis (achlorhydra)2. Previous gastric resection3. Chronic peptic ulcer (give rise to 1%)4. Smoking.5. Alcohol.
Environmental:
1.H.pylori infection Sero(+)patients have 6-9 folds risk2.low socioeconomic Status3. Nationality (JAPAN)4. Diet (prevention)
Genetic:
1.Blood group A2.HNPCC: Heriditory non-polyposis colon cancer.
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Clinical PresentationMost patients present with advanced stage.. why?They are often asymptomatic in early stages.
Common clinical Presentation:The patient complained of The patient complained of loss of appetiteloss of appetite that was that was
followed by followed by weight lossweight loss of 10Kg in 4 weeks. of 10Kg in 4 weeks.
He had notice He had notice
epigastric discomfort & postprandial fullness.epigastric discomfort & postprandial fullness.
He presented to the ER complaining of He presented to the ER complaining of vomiting vomiting of of large quantities of undigested food & epigastric large quantities of undigested food & epigastric distension.distension.
Dyspepsia
epigastric painBloating early satiety nausea & vomiting* dysphagia* anorexia weight loss upper GI bleeding (hematemesis, melena, iron deficiency anemia)
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signs
-Anemia.-Wt.loss ( cachexia)-Epigastric mass,Hepatomegaly,Ascitis -Jaundice.-Blumers shelf -Virchows node-Sister mary joseph node -Krukenberg tumor-Irish node
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Pathology DIO Classification
Lauren Classification:
1. Intestinal Gastric ca. It arises in areas of intestinal metaplasia to form polypoid tumors or ulcers.
2. Diffuse Gastric ca. It infiltrates deeply in the stomach without forming obvious mass lesions but spreads widely in the gastric wall “Linitis Plastica” & it has much more worse prognosis
3. Mixed Morphology.
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Morphology
• Polypoid
• Ulcerative
• Superficial spreading
• Linitis plastica
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Gastric cancer can be devided into:
Early: Limited to mucosa & submucosa with or
without LN (T1, any N) >> curable with 5 years survival rate in
90%.
Advanced: It involves the Muscularis. It has 4 types( Bormann’s
classification). Type III & IV are incurable.
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T1 lamina propria & submucosa
T2 muscularis & subserosa
T3 serosa
T4 Adjacent organs
N0 no lymph node
N1 Epigastric node
N2 main arterial trunk
M0 No distal metastasis
M1 distal metastasis
Staging of gastric cancerSpread of Gastric Cancer
Direct Spread
Blood-borne metastasis
Lymphatic spread
Transperitonealspread
Tumor penetrates themuscularis, serosa & Adjacent organs(Pancreas,colon &liver)
What is important here isVirchow’s node (Trosier’s sign)
Usually with extensive Disease where liver 1st
Involved then lung &Bone
This is commonAnywhere in peritoneal cavity(Ascitis)Krukenberg tumor (ovaries)Sister Joseph nodule(umbilicus)
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Complications Peritoneal and pleural effusion
Obstruction of gastric outlet or small bowel
Bleeding
Intrahepatc jaundice by hepatomegaly
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Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis
1.Gastric ulcer
2.Other gastric neoplasms
3.Gastritis
4.Gastric Polyp
5.Crohns disease.
From history,Cancer is not relieved by antacids
Not periodicNot releived by eating or vomiting.
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INVESTIGATIONS
Full blood count –IDA- LFT,RFTAmylase & lipase.Serum tumor markers (CA 72-4,CEA,CA19-9) not specificStool examination for occult bloodCXR ,Bone scan.
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Specific:UGI endoscopy with biopsy Double contrast studyCT, MRI & USLaparoscopry
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EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Diagnostic accuracy is 98%
if upto 7 biopsies is taken.
Double Contrast barium upper GI x-ray
Diagnostic accuracy 90%
WHY?
Diagnostic study of Choice
1.Early superficial gastric mucosal lesion can be missed.2. can’t differentiate b/w benign ulcer & Ulcerating adenocarcinoma.
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X-ray showing Gastric ulcer With symmetrical radiating
Mucosal folds.By histology, no evidence of Malignancies was observed.
X-ray showing Extensive carcinoma involving the cardia & Fundus
Pyloric stenosis
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CT,MRI & US:
Laparoscopy:
Help in assessment of wall thickness, metastases (peritoneum ,liver & LNs)Help in assessment of wall thickness, metastases (peritoneum ,liver & LNs)
Detection of peritoneal metastases Detection of peritoneal metastases
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THE GOLD STANDARD It allows taking biopsies Safe (in experienced hands)
UGI ENDOSCOPY
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UGI ENDOSCOPY,contd. You may see an ulcer (25%),
polypoid mass (25%), superficial spreading (10%),or infiltrative (linnitis plastica)-difficult to be detected-
Accuracy 50-95% it depends on gross appearance,size,location & no. of biopsies
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IF YOU SEE ULCER ASK UR SELF…BENIGN OR MALIGNANT?
BENIGN MALIGNANTRound to oval punched out lesion with straight walls &
flat smooth base
Irregular outline with necrotic or hemorrhagic
base
Smooth margins with normal surrounding
mucosa
Irregular & raised margins
Mostly on lesser curvature Anywhere
Majority<2cm Any size
Normal adjoining rugal folds that extend to the
margins of the base
Prominent & edematous rugal folds that usually do not extend to the margins
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Management
• Surgery
• Chemotherapy NO PROVEN BENEFIT
• Radiotherapy
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TreatmentTreatment
Initial treatment:
1.Improve nutrition if needed by parentral or enteral feeding.
2.Correct fluid &electrolyte
& anemia if they are present.
Preoperative Care
Preoperative Staging is important because we don’t want to subject the patient to radical surgery that can’t help him.
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PRE-OPERATIVE CARECareful preoperative stagingScreen for any nutritional deficiencies &
consider nutritional supportSymptomatic control Blood transfusion in symptomatic anemiaHydrationProphylactic antibioticsABO & crossmatchAsk about current medications &
allergiesCessation of smoking
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BASIC SURGICAL PRINCIPLES
3 TYPES: TOTAL,SUBTOTAL,PALLIATIVE
ANTRAL DISEASESUBTOTAL GASTRECTOMY
MIDBODY & PROXIMAL TOTAL GASTRECTOMY
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TOTAL (RADICAL) GASTRECTOMY
o Remove the stomach +distal part of esophagus+ proximal part of dudenum + greater & lesser omenta + LNs
o Oesophagojejunostomy with roux-en-y .
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SUBTOTAL GASTRECTOMY
Similar to total one except that the PROXIMAL PART of the stomach is preserved
Followed by reconstruction & creating anastomosis
( by gastrojejunostomy,billroth II )
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PALLIATIVE SURGERY
• For pts with advanced (inoperable) disease & suffering significant symptoms e.g. obstruction, bleeding.
• Palliative gastrectomy not necessarily to be radical, remove resectable masses & reconstruct (anastomosis/intubation/stenting/
recanalisation)
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POSTOPERATIVE ORDERS
• Admit to PACU
• Detailed nutritional advise (small frequent meals)
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Post-Operative Complications
1.1.Leakage from duodenal stump.
2.2.Secondary hemorrhage.
3.3.Nutritional deficiency in long term.
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2.Chemotherapy: Responds well, but there is no effect on
servival.Marsden RegimenEpirubicin, cisplatin &5-flurouracil (3 wks)6 cyclesResponse rate : 40% .
3. Radiotherapy: Postperative-radiotherpy: may decrease the
recurrence.
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Preventive measuresPreventive measuresBy dietBy dietConvincing:Convincing:vegetable & fruits.Probable:Probable: Vit.C &EPossiblePossible
Carotenoids,whole grean cereals and green tea.
Smoking cessation
Cessation of alcohol intake
Early diagnosis remains the Key Problem
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PROGNOSTIC FEATURES2 important factors influencing survival in
resectable gastric cancer: depth of cancer invasion presence or absence of regional LN
involvement• 5yrs survival rate: 10% in USA 50% in Japan
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Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor ‘GIST’
Previously leiomyoma & leomyosarcoma.
<1 %Rarly cause bleeding or obstruction.The origion: Intestinal Cells of Cajal ‘ICC;s’
autonomic nervous system.The distinction b\w benign & malignant is
unclear. In general terms, the larger the tumor & greater mitotic activity, the more likely to metastases.
The stomach is the most common site of GIST.
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Usually are discovered incidentally on endoscopy or barium meal
The endoscopic biopsies may be uninformative bcz the overlying mucosa is usually normal
Small tumorswedge resectionLarger onesgastrectomy
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Gastric Lymphoma
Most common primary GI Lymphoma .
It’s increasing in frequency.
Presentation: Similar to gastric carcinoma. May reveal peripheral adenopathy,
abdominal mass or spleenomegaly.
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Diagnosis:
1.EGD 2.contrast GI x-ray. 3.CT guided fine needle biopsy.Treatment : 1. surgery: total or subtotal gastrectomy
with spleenectomy or palliative resection.2.Adjunct radiotherapy: may improve 5
year survival 3.Adjunct Chemotherapy: may prevent
recurrance.
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E-medicine web siteThe Washington Manual of Surgery
Bailey & Love’s short practice of surgeryClinical surgery ( A.cuschieri).