gastroenteritis
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
GASTROENTERITIS
![Page 2: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Mohammad Ahad Nawaz
Pharm.D 4th ProfLahore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UOS)
![Page 3: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
GASTROENTERITIS• An infection or inflammation
of the digestive tract, particularly the stomach and intestines
• It is frequently referred to as the stomach or intestinal flu
![Page 4: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
CAUSES• Viruses – such as
caliciviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses and adenoviruses.
![Page 5: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CAUSES
• Bacteria – such as the Campylobacter bacterium
![Page 6: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
CAUSES• Parasites – such
as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium
![Page 7: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
CAUSES• Bacterial toxins – poisonous by-
products caused by bacteria can contaminate food
-Some strains of staphylococcal bacteria produce toxins that can cause gastroenteritis
![Page 8: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CAUSES• Chemicals – lead
poisoning, for example, can trigger gastroenteritis
![Page 9: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
CAUSES• Drugs – certain drugs, such
as antibiotics, can cause gastroenteritis in susceptible people and can irritate the digestive tract
![Page 10: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
INFECTIOUS GASTROENTERITIS
Escherichia coli infection
• this is a common problem for travelers to countries with poor sanitation. Infection is caused by drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated raw fruits and vegetables.
Campylobacter infection• the bacteria are found in
animal feces. Infection is caused by, for example, consuming contaminated food or water, eating undercooked meat (especially chicken), and not washing your hands after handling infected animals.
![Page 11: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
INFECTIOUS GASTROENTERITISCryptosporidium infection
• parasites are found in the bowels of humans and animals. Infection is caused by, for example, swimming in a contaminated pool and accidentally swallowing water, or through contact with infected animals. An infected person may spread the parasites to food or surfaces if they don’t wash their hands after going to the toilet..
Giardiasis• parasite infection of the
bowel. Infection is caused by, for example, drinking contaminated water, handling infected animals or changing the nappy of an infected baby and not washing your hands afterwards.
![Page 12: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
INFECTIOUS GASTROENTERITIS
Salmonellosis• Bacteria are found in
animal feces. Infection is caused by eating contaminated food or handling infected animals. An infected person may also spread the bacteria to other people or surfaces by not washing their hands properly.
Shigellosis
• bacteria are found in feces. An infected person may spread the bacteria to food or surfaces if they don’t wash their hands after going to the toilet.
![Page 13: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
INFECTIOUS GASTROENTERITIS
Viral Gastroenteritis
• viruses are found in human feces. Infection is caused by person-to-person contact such as touching contaminated hands, feces or vomit, or by drinking contaminated water or food.
![Page 14: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SYMPTOMS
• Loss of Appetite• Bloating
![Page 15: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
SYMPTOMS
• Nausea and Vomiting• Diarrhea
![Page 16: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
SYMPTOMS
• Abdominal Pain and Cramps
• Body Aches
![Page 17: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SYMPTOMS• Bloody stools (in some
cases)• Pus in the stools (in some
cases)
![Page 18: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
SYMPTOMS• Lethargy• These symptoms are
sometimes also accompanied by Fever and Weakness
![Page 19: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
COMPLICATION• The greatest danger presented by
gastroenteritis is dehydration. The loss of fluids through diarrhea and vomiting can upset the body's electrolyte balance, leading to potentially life-threatening problems such as heart beat abnormalities (arrhythmia)
• The risk of dehydration increases as symptoms are prolonged. Dehydration should be suspected if a dry mouth, increased or excessive thirst, or scanty urination is experienced
![Page 20: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
COMPLICATION• If symptoms do not resolve within a
week, an infection or disorder more serious than gastroenteritis may be involved. Symptoms of great concern include a high fever (102 ° F [38.9 °C] or above), blood or mucus in the diarrhea, blood in the vomit, and severe abdominal pain or swelling. These symptoms require prompt medical attention.
![Page 21: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
DIAGNOSIS• The symptoms of gastroenteritis are
usually enough to identify the illness• It is important to establish the cause, as
different types of gastroenteritis respond to different treatments. Diagnostic methods may include:
- Medical history
- Physical examination
- Blood tests
- Stool tests
![Page 22: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
TREATMENTTreatment depends on the cause
but may include:• Plenty of fluids and Right Diet• Oral rehydration drinks,
available from your chemist• Admission to hospital and
intravenous fluid replacement, in severe cases
![Page 23: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
TREATMENT• Antibiotics, if bacteria are the
cause• Drugs to kill the parasites, if
parasites are the cause• Avoiding anti-vomiting or anti-
diarrhea drugs unless prescribed or recommended by your doctor, because these medications will keep the infection inside your body
![Page 24: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
PREVENTIONGeneral suggestions on how to reduce the risk of
gastroenteritis include:
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after going to the toilet or changing nappies, after smoking, after using a handkerchief or tissue, or after handling animals
• Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water before preparing food or eating
![Page 25: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
PREVENTION• Use disposable paper towels to dry
your hands rather than cloth towels, since the bacteria can survive for some time on objects
• Keep cold food cold (below 5°C) and hot foot hot (above 60°C) to discourage the growth of bacteria
• Make sure foods are thoroughly cooked
![Page 26: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
PREVENTION• Clean the toilet and bathroom
regularly, especially the toilet seat, door handles and taps
• When travelling overseas to countries where sanitation is suspect, only drink bottled water. Don’t forget to brush your teeth in bottled water too. Avoid food buffets, uncooked foods or peeled fruits and vegetables, and ice in drinks
![Page 27: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
PROGNOSIS• Gastroenteritis is usually resolved
within 2 to 3 days and there are no long-term effects. If dehydration occurs, recovery is extended by a few days
![Page 28: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
DISEASE PROCESS
![Page 29: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
CLINICAL FEATURES OF GASTROENTERITIS
![Page 30: Gastroenteritis](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062513/554e9a04b4c905fc368b5172/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
THANK YOU!!!
By: Katherine L. Laud