gce phsychology a unit 3 - social psychology and research
TRANSCRIPT
Version 1.0: 0108
abcGeneral Certificate of Education Psychology 5181 Specification A Unit 3 (PYA3) Social Psychology and
Research Methods
Mark Scheme 2008 examination - January series
Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner and considered, together with the relevant questions, by a panel of subject teachers. This mark scheme includes any amendments made at the standardisation meeting attended by all examiners and is the scheme which was used by them in this examination. The standardisation meeting ensures that the mark scheme covers the candidates’ responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same correct way. As preparation for the standardisation meeting each examiner analyses a number of candidates’ scripts: alternative answers not already covered by the mark scheme are discussed at the meeting and legislated for. If, after this meeting, examiners encounter unusual answers which have not been discussed at the meeting they are required to refer these to the Principal Examiner. It must be stressed that a mark scheme is a working document, in many cases further developed and expanded on the basis of candidates’ reactions to a particular paper. Assumptions about future mark schemes on the basis of one year’s document should be avoided; whilst the guiding principles of assessment remain constant, details will change, depending on the content of a particular examination paper.
Further copies of this Mark Scheme are available to download from the AQA Website: www.aqa.org.uk Copyright © 2008 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. COPYRIGHT AQA retains the copyright on all its publications. However, registered centres for AQA are permitted to copy material from this booklet for their own internal use, with the following important exception: AQA cannot give permission to centres to photocopy any material that is acknowledged to a third party even for internal use within the centre. Set and published by the Assessment and Qualifications Alliance. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (company number 3644723) and a registered charity (registered charity number 1073334). Registered address: AQA, Devas Street, Manchester M15 6EX Dr Michael Cresswell Director General
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
3
U
NIT
3 (P
YA3)
Q
UA
LITY
OF
WR
ITTE
N C
OM
MU
NIC
ATI
ON
(QoW
C)
2
mar
ks
The
wor
k is
cha
ract
eris
ed b
y so
me
or a
ll of
the
follo
win
g:
• cl
ear e
xpre
ssio
n of
idea
s •
good
rang
e of
spe
cial
ist t
erm
s •
few
err
ors
in g
ram
mar
, pun
ctua
tion
and
spel
ling
• er
rors
do
not d
etra
ct fr
om th
e cl
arity
of t
he m
ater
ial.
1 m
ark
The
wor
k is
cha
ract
eris
ed b
y:
• re
ason
able
exp
ress
ion
of id
eas
• us
e of
som
e sp
ecia
list t
erm
s •
erro
rs o
f gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g •
erro
rs d
etra
ct fr
om th
e cl
arity
of t
he m
ater
ial.
0 m
arks
Th
e w
ork
is c
hara
cter
ised
by:
•
poor
exp
ress
ion
of id
eas
• lim
ited
use
of s
peci
alis
t ter
ms
• er
rors
and
poo
r gra
mm
ar, p
unct
uatio
n an
d sp
ellin
g •
erro
rs o
bscu
re th
e cl
arity
of t
he m
ater
ial.
A
SSES
SMEN
T O
BJE
CTI
VES
ON
E, T
WO
AN
D T
HR
EE
A
O1
Ass
essm
ent o
bjec
tive
one
= kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
psy
chol
ogic
al
theo
ries,
term
inol
ogy,
con
cept
s, s
tudi
es a
nd m
etho
ds a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
n of
kn
owle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
psy
chol
ogy
in a
cle
ar a
nd e
ffect
ive
man
ner.
AO
2 A
sses
smen
t obj
ectiv
e tw
o =
anal
ysis
and
eva
luat
ion
of p
sych
olog
ical
theo
ries,
co
ncep
ts, s
tudi
es a
nd m
etho
ds a
nd c
omm
unic
atio
n of
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
psy
chol
ogy
in a
cle
ar a
nd e
ffect
ive
man
ner.
AO
3 A
sses
smen
t obj
ectiv
e th
ree
= de
sign
, con
duct
and
repo
rt ps
ycho
logi
cal
inve
stig
atio
n(s)
cho
osin
g fro
m a
rang
e of
met
hods
, and
taki
ng in
to a
ccou
nt th
e is
sues
of r
elia
bilit
y, v
alid
ity a
nd e
thic
s, a
nd c
olle
ct a
nd d
raw
con
clus
ions
from
th
e da
ta.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
4
SEC
TIO
N A
: SO
CIA
L PS
YCH
OLO
GY
1 (a
) D
escr
ibe
the
findi
ngs
and
conc
lusi
ons
of o
ne s
tudy
of o
bedi
ence
to a
utho
rity.
(6
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
6 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d de
scrip
tion
of th
e fin
ding
s an
d co
nclu
sion
s of
one
stu
dy o
f ob
edie
nce
that
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a d
etai
led
acco
unt o
f bot
h fin
ding
s an
d co
nclu
sion
s (th
ough
not
nec
essa
rily
bala
nced
). 5-
4 Le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e de
scrip
tion
of th
e fin
ding
s an
d co
nclu
sion
s of
one
stu
dy o
f ob
edie
nce
that
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e an
d/or
un
ders
tand
ing.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a d
etai
led
acco
unt o
f fin
ding
s, w
ith o
nly
a br
ief m
entio
n of
con
clus
ions
, or a
ba
lanc
ed a
ccou
nt o
f bot
h in
less
det
ail.
Not
e: If
onl
y fin
ding
s or
con
clus
ions
are
giv
en, m
axim
um m
ark
is 4
. 3-
2 B
asic
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a b
asic
des
crip
tion
of th
e fin
ding
s an
d co
nclu
sion
s of
one
stu
dy o
f obe
dien
ce th
at d
emon
stra
tes
som
e re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e an
d/or
und
erst
andi
ng, b
ut la
cks
deta
il an
d m
ay
be m
uddl
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
onl
y a
brie
f acc
ount
of e
ither
find
ings
or
conc
lusi
ons
is g
iven
, or a
ver
y br
ief a
ccou
nt o
f bot
h.
The
mos
t lik
ely
stud
y to
be
offe
red
is M
ilgra
m’s
, but
any
stu
dy o
f ob
edie
nce
is c
redi
twor
thy
(eg
Hof
ling
et a
l; B
ickm
an; M
eeus
&
Raa
ijmak
ers)
.
If Zi
mba
rdo
is o
ffere
d, b
oth
the
findi
ngs
and
conc
lusi
ons
mus
t be
expl
icitl
y lin
ked
to o
bedi
ence
. M
ilgra
m fo
und :
all
parti
cipa
nts
wen
t up
to 3
00 v
olts
and
65%
wen
t all
the
way
to 4
50 v
olts
. O
nly
5 (1
2.5%
) par
ticip
ants
sto
pped
at 3
00
volts
. H
e al
so fo
und
that
his
par
ticip
ants
sho
wed
sig
ns o
f ext
rem
e st
ress
suc
h as
sw
eatin
g, b
iting
fing
erna
ils, n
ervo
us la
ught
er.
He
conc
lude
d: th
at g
iven
the
right
circ
umst
ance
s, o
rdin
ary
peop
le c
an
be o
rder
ed to
do
thin
gs th
at g
o ag
ains
t the
ir ow
n m
oral
s. H
e su
gges
ted
that
evi
l dee
ds a
re c
omm
itted
due
to s
ituat
iona
l fac
tors
and
no
t dis
posi
tiona
l fac
tors
. Th
at th
e cr
imes
com
mitt
ed b
y th
e N
azis
w
ere
due
to th
e co
nsid
erab
le p
ress
ure
to o
bey
an a
utho
rity
figur
e an
d no
t bec
ause
Ger
man
s w
ere
in a
ny w
ay d
iffer
ent f
rom
oth
er p
eopl
e.
Milg
ram
car
ried
out s
ever
al v
aria
tions
of h
is s
tudy
and
fin
ding
s/co
nclu
sion
s fro
m th
ese
can
all b
e cr
edite
d as
if th
ey w
ere
one
stud
y, s
ince
it is
ofte
n di
fficu
lt to
sep
arat
e th
e va
riatio
ns.
1-0
Very
brie
f/fla
wed
or i
napp
ropr
iate
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a d
escr
iptio
n of
the
findi
ngs
and
conc
lusi
ons
of o
ne s
tudy
of o
bedi
ence
whi
ch is
ver
y br
ief/f
law
ed
and
dem
onst
rate
s ve
ry li
ttle
know
ledg
e an
d/or
und
erst
andi
ng.
Or i
t is
an in
appr
opria
te d
escr
iptio
n w
hich
fails
to d
emon
stra
te a
ny
know
ledg
e of
one
stu
dy o
f obe
dien
ce.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
5
1 (b
) O
utlin
e th
e pr
oced
ures
of o
ne s
tudy
of m
inor
ity in
fluen
ce a
nd g
ive
one
criti
cism
of t
his
stud
y.
(3 m
arks
+ 3
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d ou
tline
of t
he p
roce
dure
s th
at
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e. F
or e
xam
ple,
par
ticip
ants
wer
e pl
aced
into
gro
ups
of
six,
with
4 n
aïve
par
ticip
ants
and
two
conf
eder
ates
. Th
ey h
ad to
sta
te th
e co
lour
of s
lides
; th
e sl
ides
wer
e al
l blu
e bu
t at t
imes
the
conf
eder
ates
sta
ted
that
they
wer
e gr
een.
In
the
cons
iste
nt c
ondi
tion,
the
conf
eder
ates
alw
ays
said
they
wer
e gr
een
but,
in th
e in
cons
iste
nt
cond
ition
they
som
etim
es s
aid
they
wer
e bl
ue.
2 Le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e ou
tline
of t
he p
roce
dure
s th
at
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e. F
or e
xam
ple,
all
the
parti
cipa
nts
wer
e fe
mal
e an
d w
ere
in s
mal
l gro
ups.
In
each
gro
up w
ere
two
conf
eder
ates
who
som
etim
es s
aid
the
slid
es w
ere
blue
but
som
etim
es s
aid
they
wer
e gr
een.
Par
ticip
ants
had
to s
ay w
hat c
olou
r the
slid
es
wer
e.
1 B
asic
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a b
asic
out
line
of th
e pr
oced
ures
that
dem
onst
rate
s so
me
rele
vant
kn
owle
dge
and/
or u
nder
stan
ding
but
lack
s de
tail
and
may
be
mud
dled
.
The
two
stud
ies
give
n on
the
spec
ifica
tion
are
Mos
covi
ci e
t al a
nd N
emet
h et
al.
The
form
er is
th
e m
ost l
ikel
y on
e to
be
offe
red.
M
osco
vici
’s p
roce
dure
s : th
e pa
rtici
pant
s w
ere
all f
emal
e an
d w
ere
divi
ded
into
gro
ups
of 6
. E
ach
grou
p ha
d 4
naïv
e pa
rtici
pant
s an
d tw
o co
nfed
erat
es.
They
wer
e as
ked
to s
tate
the
colo
ur o
f slid
es, w
hich
wer
e in
fact
all
blue
, but
th
e br
ight
ness
of e
ach
slid
e va
ried.
In
the
cons
iste
nt c
ondi
tion,
the
conf
eder
ates
sai
d th
at
the
slid
es w
ere
gree
n al
l the
tim
e, in
the
inco
nsis
tent
con
ditio
n th
ey s
aid
that
slid
es w
ere
gree
n 24
tim
es a
nd th
at th
ey w
ere
blue
12
times
.
0 Fl
awed
or i
napp
ropr
iate
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
outli
ne w
hich
is fl
awed
or a
n in
appr
opria
te o
utlin
e th
at fa
ils to
de
mon
stra
te a
ny k
now
ledg
e of
the
proc
edur
es.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
6
1 (b
)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d ou
tline
of o
ne c
ritic
ism
that
de
mon
stra
tes
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
in M
osco
vici
’s,
expe
rimen
t, th
e pa
rtici
pant
s w
ere
dece
ived
and
did
not
kno
w th
at tw
o pe
ople
in th
eir g
roup
w
ere
conf
eder
ates
; sin
ce th
ey w
ere
dece
ived
, the
y co
uld
not g
ive
thei
r inf
orm
ed c
onse
nt.
2
Less
det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
less
det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
outli
ne o
f one
crit
icis
m th
at
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e an
d/or
und
erst
andi
ng.
For e
xam
ple,
the
expe
rimen
t la
cks
ecol
ogic
al v
alid
ity b
ecau
se th
is is
not
like
ly to
hap
pen
in th
e re
al w
orld
. 1
Bas
ic
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
bas
ic o
utlin
e of
one
crit
icis
m th
at d
emon
stra
tes
som
e re
leva
nt
know
ledg
e an
d/or
und
erst
andi
ng b
ut la
cks
deta
il an
d m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
it
was
une
thic
al a
s he
dec
eive
d th
e pa
rtici
pant
s.
The
criti
cism
will
dep
end
on th
e st
udy
chos
en.
Thes
e co
uld
incl
ude:
• E
thic
al c
once
rns
(dec
eptio
n an
d la
ck o
f in
form
ed c
onse
nt).
• P
ract
ical
con
cern
s (la
ck o
f eco
logi
cal
valid
ity)
The
criti
cism
may
be
posi
tive
or n
egat
ive,
eith
er
wou
ld b
e cr
editw
orth
y.
0 Fl
awed
or i
napp
ropr
iate
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
outli
ne w
hich
is fl
awed
or a
n in
appr
opria
te o
utlin
e th
at fa
ils to
de
mon
stra
te a
ny k
now
ledg
e or
und
erst
andi
ng o
f one
crit
icis
m.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
7
1 (c
) O
utlin
e an
d ev
alua
te re
sear
ch in
to m
ajor
ity in
fluen
ce.
(18
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
AO
1 cr
edit
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
for o
utlin
e de
scrip
tion
of re
sear
ch in
to
maj
ority
influ
ence
. A
O2
cred
it sh
ould
be
give
n fo
r an
eval
uatio
n of
this
rese
arch
. Th
ere
are
seve
ral s
tudi
es th
at c
andi
date
s m
ight
out
line,
but
the
mos
t lik
ely
ones
are
thos
e m
entio
ned
on th
e sp
ecifi
catio
n, A
sch;
Per
rin &
S
penc
er.
Asc
h ca
rrie
d ou
t a s
erie
s of
exp
erim
ents
inve
stig
atin
g th
e ef
fect
a g
roup
wou
ld h
ave
on th
e be
havi
our o
f a n
aïve
par
ticip
ant.
He
varie
d th
e co
nditi
ons,
suc
h as
gro
up s
ize,
task
am
bigu
ity a
nd s
uppo
rt of
a c
olle
ague
. P
errin
& S
penc
er re
plic
ated
Asc
h’s
expe
rimen
t in
the
1980
s. T
hey
used
diff
eren
t typ
es o
f par
ticip
ants
and
foun
d ve
ry li
ttle
evid
ence
of c
onfo
rmity
with
uni
vers
ity s
tude
nts
in th
e U
K.
Zim
bard
o’s
pris
on s
imul
atio
n st
udy
inve
stig
ated
the
exte
nt to
whi
ch
parti
cipa
nts
conf
orm
ed to
soc
ial r
oles
. S
ince
the
term
rese
arch
incl
udes
bot
h st
udie
s an
d th
eorie
s, a
ny
desc
riptio
n of
rele
vant
theo
ries
wou
ld b
e ac
cept
able
, for
exa
mpl
e an
ou
tline
of n
orm
ativ
e an
d in
form
atio
nal s
ocia
l inf
luen
ce a
s re
ason
s w
hy
peop
le c
onfo
rm.
The
eval
uatio
n ca
n co
nsid
er th
e m
etho
dolo
gy u
sed
in th
e st
udie
s. F
or
exam
ple,
som
e st
udie
s w
ere
labo
rato
ry-b
ased
(may
lack
eco
logi
cal v
alid
ity,
dem
and
char
acte
ristic
s, g
ende
r bia
s –
both
Asc
h an
d Zi
mba
rdo
only
use
d m
ales
).
Eth
ical
issu
es s
uch
as d
ecep
tion
and
psyc
holo
gica
l har
m c
an b
e co
nsid
ered
. O
ne o
f the
mai
n cr
itici
sms
of A
sch’
s st
udy
is th
at it
was
a “c
hild
of i
ts ti
me”
. Th
e re
ason
for t
he re
lativ
ely
high
leve
l of c
onfo
rmity
was
the
time
and
the
plac
e in
whi
ch th
e re
sear
ch w
as c
arrie
d ou
t (A
mer
ica
in th
e 19
50s)
. ‘P
ositi
ve c
ritic
ism
s’ a
re a
lso
acce
ptab
le, f
or e
xam
ple
the
usef
ulne
ss o
f thi
s re
sear
ch.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
8
1 (c
) M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns
Mar
ks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
A
O1:
Out
line
of re
sear
ch in
to m
ajor
ity in
fluen
ce
A
O2:
Eva
luat
ion
of m
ajor
ity in
fluen
ce re
sear
ch
6 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
de
taile
d de
scrip
tion
of re
sear
ch in
to m
ajor
ity in
fluen
ce th
at
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
For
ex
ampl
e, th
ere
is a
det
aile
d an
d ac
cura
te a
ccou
nt o
f one
st
udy
into
maj
ority
influ
ence
, or a
less
det
aile
d ac
coun
t of
two
or m
ore.
12-1
0 In
form
ed c
omm
enta
ry
• W
ithin
the
time
cons
train
ts fo
r thi
s pa
rt of
the
ques
tion,
th
ere
is e
ffect
ive
use
of m
ater
ial t
o ad
dres
s th
e qu
estio
n an
d pr
ovid
e an
info
rmed
com
men
tary
•
Effe
ctiv
e an
alys
is a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
mat
eria
l •
Bro
ad ra
nge
of is
sues
and
/or e
vide
nce
in re
ason
able
de
pth,
or a
nar
row
er ra
nge
in g
reat
er d
epth
•
The
stru
ctur
e is
gen
eral
ly c
lear
and
coh
eren
t. 5-
4 Le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
ac
cura
te d
escr
iptio
n of
rese
arch
into
maj
ority
influ
ence
that
de
mon
stra
tes
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
and/
or u
nder
stan
ding
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
may
out
line
two
or m
ore
stud
ies
of m
ajor
ity in
fluen
ce, b
ut w
ith li
ttle
deta
il.
9-7
Rea
sona
ble
com
men
tary
•
Ther
e is
app
ropr
iate
sel
ectio
n of
mat
eria
l to
addr
ess
the
ques
tion,
but
this
is n
ot a
lway
s us
ed e
ffect
ivel
y to
pro
duce
a
reas
onab
le c
omm
enta
ry
• R
easo
nabl
e an
alys
is a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
mat
eria
l •
A ra
nge
of is
sues
and
/or e
vide
nce
in li
mite
d de
pth,
or a
na
rrow
er ra
nge
in g
reat
er d
epth
. 3-
2 B
asic
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a b
asic
des
crip
tion
of re
sear
ch in
to
maj
ority
influ
ence
that
dem
onst
rate
s so
me
rele
vant
kn
owle
dge
and/
or u
nder
stan
ding
but
lack
s de
tail
and
may
be
mud
dled
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
may
out
line
just
th
e pr
oced
ures
of o
ne s
tudy
of m
ajor
ity in
fluen
ce.
6-4
Bas
ic c
omm
enta
ry
• Th
e se
lect
ion
and
use
of m
ater
ial p
rovi
des
only
a b
asic
co
mm
enta
ry
• B
asic
ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
of m
ater
ial
• S
uper
ficia
l con
side
ratio
n of
a re
stric
ted
rang
e of
issu
es
and/
or e
vide
nce.
1-0
Very
brie
f/fla
wed
or i
napp
ropr
iate
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
outli
ne w
hich
is v
ery
brie
f/fla
wed
,or
an
inap
prop
riate
out
line
that
fails
to d
emon
stra
te a
ny
know
ledg
e or
und
erst
andi
ng o
f maj
ority
influ
ence
.
3-0
Rud
imen
tary
/abs
ent o
r irr
elev
ant c
omm
enta
ry
• Th
e se
lect
ion
and
use
of m
ater
ial p
rovi
des
only
a
rudi
men
tary
com
men
tary
, or c
omm
enta
ry is
abs
ent o
r w
holly
irre
leva
nt
• A
naly
sis
and
eval
uatio
n ju
st d
isce
rnib
le o
r abs
ent.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
9
2 (a
) O
utlin
e tw
o ex
plan
atio
ns o
f why
peo
ple
yiel
d to
maj
ority
influ
ence
. (3
mar
ks +
3 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d ou
tline
of t
he e
xpla
natio
n th
at
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e. F
or e
xam
ple,
they
cha
nge
thei
r beh
avio
ur s
o th
at th
e re
st o
f the
gro
up li
kes
them
(thi
s is
nor
mat
ive
soci
al in
fluen
ce),
but t
hey
mig
ht n
ot c
hang
e th
eir b
elie
fs, o
nly
thei
r beh
avio
ur.
2 Le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e ou
tline
of t
he e
xpla
natio
n th
at d
emon
stra
tes
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
ey c
onfo
rm b
ecau
se th
ey a
re
unsu
re h
ow to
beh
ave
and
look
for g
uida
nce.
1
Bas
ic
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
bas
ic o
utlin
e of
the
expl
anat
ion
that
dem
onst
rate
s so
me
rele
vant
kn
owle
dge
and/
or u
nder
stan
ding
but
lack
s de
tail
and
may
be
mud
dled
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
sim
ply
stat
es th
at it
is a
resu
lt of
nor
mat
ive
influ
ence
.
Maj
ority
influ
ence
is w
hen
a pe
rson
cha
nges
hi
s/he
r beh
avio
ur a
s a
resu
lt of
real
or i
mag
ined
gr
oup
pres
sure
. Th
is m
ay b
e du
e to
sev
eral
re
ason
s:
• P
eopl
e co
nfor
m s
o th
at th
ey a
re li
ked
and
belo
ng to
the
grou
p ie
nor
mat
ive
influ
ence
•
Peo
ple
conf
orm
bec
ause
they
are
un
sure
and
wan
t to
be c
orre
ct ie
in
form
atio
nal i
nflu
ence
. P
eopl
e m
ay a
lso
conf
orm
bec
ause
they
cha
nge
thei
r bel
iefs
ie in
tern
alis
atio
n.
0 Fl
awed
or i
napp
ropr
iate
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
outli
ne w
hich
is fl
awed
or a
n in
appr
opria
te o
utlin
e th
at fa
ils to
de
mon
stra
te a
ny k
now
ledg
e of
the
expl
anat
ion.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
10
2 (b
) E
xpla
in w
hat i
s m
eant
by
the
term
s in
tern
al v
alid
ity a
nd e
xter
nal v
alid
ity.
(3 m
arks
+ 3
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
det
aile
d ex
plan
atio
n of
inte
rnal
or
exte
rnal
val
idity
that
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e an
d un
ders
tand
ing.
For
exa
mpl
e,
inte
rnal
val
idity
is w
heth
er th
e IV
, and
not
som
e ot
her f
acto
r, di
d af
fect
the
DV
. In
M
ilgra
m’s
exp
erim
ent,
if th
e pa
rtici
pant
s di
d no
t bel
ieve
the
shoc
ks w
ere
real
, it w
ould
lack
in
tern
al v
alid
ity.
2 Le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e ex
plan
atio
n of
inte
rnal
or
exte
rnal
val
idity
that
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e an
d/or
und
erst
andi
ng.
For
exam
ple,
ext
erna
l val
idity
is th
e ex
tent
to w
hich
find
ings
can
be
gene
ralis
ed to
oth
er
situ
atio
ns o
utsi
de th
e la
bora
tory
. 1
Bas
ic
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
bas
ic e
xpla
natio
n of
inte
rnal
or e
xter
nal v
alid
ity th
at
dem
onst
rate
s so
me
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
and/
or u
nder
stan
ding
but
lack
s de
tail
and
may
be
mud
dled
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, in
tern
al v
alid
ity is
how
bel
ieva
ble
an e
xper
imen
t is
OR
mea
sure
s w
hat i
t say
s it
is m
easu
ring.
Inte
rnal
val
idity
: whe
ther
the
obse
rved
effe
ct is
du
e to
exp
erim
enta
l man
ipul
atio
n ie
is re
ally
du
e to
the
effe
ct th
e IV
has
on
the
DV
. M
ilgra
m’s
stu
dies
on
obed
ienc
e w
ould
hav
e la
cked
inte
rnal
val
idity
if th
e pa
rtici
pant
s di
d no
t be
lieve
the
shoc
ks th
ey w
ere
givi
ng w
ere
real
. E
xter
nal v
alid
ity: w
heth
er fi
ndin
gs a
pply
to o
ther
si
tuat
ions
(or p
opul
atio
ns).
Can
the
findi
ngs
be
gene
ralis
ed to
situ
atio
ns b
eyon
d th
e re
sear
ch
situ
atio
n? M
uch
rese
arch
has
bee
n ca
rrie
d ou
t on
Am
eric
an u
nder
grad
uate
s an
d m
ay th
us la
ck
exte
rnal
(pop
ulat
ion)
val
idity
.
0 Fl
awed
or i
napp
ropr
iate
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
an
expl
anat
ion
whi
ch is
flaw
ed o
r an
inap
prop
riate
exp
lana
tion
that
fa
ils to
dem
onst
rate
any
kno
wle
dge
or u
nder
stan
ding
of i
nter
nal o
r ext
erna
l val
idity
. Fo
r ex
ampl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
expl
ains
wha
t is
mea
nt b
y re
liabi
lity.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
11
2 (c
) ‘P
sych
olog
ists
dea
l with
eth
ical
issu
es in
a v
arie
ty o
f way
s bu
t som
e of
thes
e w
ays
are
mor
e ef
fect
ive
than
oth
ers.
’
O
utlin
e an
d ev
alua
te w
ays
in w
hich
psy
chol
ogis
ts d
eal w
ith e
thic
al is
sues
in s
ocia
l inf
luen
ce re
sear
ch.
(18
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
AO
1 fo
r thi
s qu
estio
n is
an
outli
ne d
escr
iptio
n of
how
psy
chol
ogis
ts
deal
with
eth
ical
issu
es.
AO
2 is
an
eval
uatio
n of
thes
e w
ays.
Th
ere
are
seve
ral w
ays
of d
ealin
g w
ith e
thic
al is
sues
, suc
h as
: •
Prio
r gen
eral
con
sent
•
Pre
sum
ptiv
e co
nsen
t •
Usi
ng ro
le p
lay
• D
ebrie
fing
• Th
e us
e of
eth
ical
com
mitt
ees.
If ca
ndid
ates
des
crib
e th
e gu
idel
ines
, the
y do
nee
d to
mak
e th
e ca
se
that
it is
follo
win
g th
e gu
idel
ines
whi
ch is
the
way
in w
hich
eth
ical
is
sues
are
dea
lt w
ith, t
o be
bet
ter t
han
basi
c.
The
com
men
tary
com
es fr
om a
n ev
alua
tion
of th
ese
way
s. F
or e
xam
ple,
w
hile
a th
orou
gh d
ebrie
fing
is o
ne w
ay o
f dea
ling
with
eth
ical
issu
es,
cand
idat
es c
ould
als
o su
gges
t tha
t the
“dam
age”
has
alre
ady
been
don
e an
d th
us it
is n
ot th
at e
ffect
ive.
Milg
ram
con
duct
ed e
xtre
mel
y th
orou
gh
debr
iefin
g se
ssio
ns w
ith h
is p
artic
ipan
ts; u
p to
a y
ear a
fter t
he e
xper
imen
t, a
sign
ifica
nt p
erce
ntag
e of
his
par
ticip
ants
sai
d th
at th
ey w
ere
glad
to h
ave
take
n pa
rt. T
his
sugg
ests
that
the
debr
iefin
g ha
d be
en s
ucce
ssfu
l.
With
pre
sum
ptiv
e co
nsen
t, it
is n
ot th
e re
al p
artic
ipan
ts th
emse
lves
who
gi
ve c
onse
nt b
ut o
ther
peo
ple
who
do
not i
n fa
ct ta
ke p
art i
n th
e re
sear
ch.
Eth
ical
com
mitt
ees
have
to w
eigh
up
the
cost
s an
d be
nefit
s of
the
rese
arch
be
fore
dec
idin
g w
heth
er to
allo
w it
to ta
ke p
lace
. It
is n
ot a
lway
s ea
sy to
de
term
ine
the
cost
s or
ben
efits
bef
oreh
and.
If
only
one
way
is o
ffere
d, it
mus
t be
in d
etai
l in
orde
r to
mee
t the
re
quire
men
ts o
f the
hig
her b
ands
.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
12
2 (c
)
Mar
ks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns
A
O1:
Out
line
of w
ays
psyc
holo
gist
s de
al w
ith e
thic
al is
sues
AO
2: E
valu
atio
n of
how
psy
chol
ogis
ts d
eal w
ith e
thic
al is
sues
.
6 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ac
cura
te a
nd re
ason
ably
de
taile
d de
scrip
tion
of w
ays
in w
hich
psy
chol
ogis
ts d
eal w
ith
ethi
cal i
ssue
s th
at d
emon
stra
tes
rele
vant
kno
wle
dge
and
unde
rsta
ndin
g. F
or e
xam
ple,
ther
e is
a d
etai
led
and
accu
rate
acc
ount
of t
wo
way
s of
dea
ling
with
eth
ical
issu
es,
or a
less
det
aile
d ac
coun
t of t
hree
or m
ore
way
s.
12-1
0 In
form
ed c
omm
enta
ry
• W
ithin
the
time
cons
train
ts fo
r thi
s pa
rt of
the
ques
tion,
th
ere
is e
ffect
ive
use
of m
ater
ial t
o ad
dres
s th
e qu
estio
n an
d pr
ovid
e an
info
rmed
com
men
tary
•
Effe
ctiv
e an
alys
is a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
mat
eria
l •
Bro
ad ra
nge
of is
sues
and
/or e
vide
nce
in re
ason
able
de
pth,
or a
nar
row
er ra
nge
in g
reat
er d
epth
•
The
stru
ctur
e is
gen
eral
ly c
lear
and
coh
eren
t. 5-
4 Le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
acc
urat
e Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a le
ss d
etai
led
but g
ener
ally
ac
cura
te d
escr
iptio
n of
way
s ps
ycho
logi
sts
deal
with
eth
ical
is
sues
that
dem
onst
rate
s re
leva
nt k
now
ledg
e an
d/or
un
ders
tand
ing.
For
exa
mpl
e, th
e ca
ndid
ate
may
out
line
two
or m
ore
way
s of
dea
ling
with
eth
ical
issu
es b
ut w
ith li
ttle
deta
il.
9-7
Rea
sona
ble
com
men
tary
•
Ther
e is
app
ropr
iate
sel
ectio
n of
mat
eria
l to
addr
ess
the
ques
tion,
but
this
is n
ot a
lway
s us
ed e
ffect
ivel
y to
pro
duce
a
reas
onab
le c
omm
enta
ry
• R
easo
nabl
e an
alys
is a
nd e
valu
atio
n of
mat
eria
l •
A ra
nge
of is
sues
and
/or e
vide
nce
in li
mite
d de
pth,
or a
na
rrow
er ra
nge
in g
reat
er d
epth
. 3-
2 B
asic
Th
e ca
ndid
ate
prov
ides
a b
asic
des
crip
tion
of w
ays
of
deal
ing
with
eth
ical
issu
es th
at d
emon
stra
tes
som
e re
leva
nt
know
ledg
e an
d/or
und
erst
andi
ng b
ut la
cks
deta
il an
d m
ay
be m
uddl
ed.
For e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e m
ay o
utlin
e ju
st
the
ethi
cal g
uide
lines
.
6-4
Bas
ic c
omm
enta
ry
• Th
e se
lect
ion
and
use
of m
ater
ial p
rovi
des
only
a b
asic
co
mm
enta
ry
• B
asic
ana
lysi
s an
d ev
alua
tion
of m
ater
ial
• S
uper
ficia
l con
side
ratio
n of
a re
stric
ted
rang
e of
issu
es
and/
or e
vide
nce.
1-
0 Ve
ry b
rief/f
law
ed o
r ina
ppro
pria
te
The
cand
idat
e pr
ovid
es a
n ou
tline
whi
ch is
ver
y br
ief/f
law
ed,
or a
n in
appr
opria
te o
utlin
e th
at fa
ils to
dem
onst
rate
any
kn
owle
dge
or u
nder
stan
ding
of w
ays
of d
ealin
g w
ith e
thic
al
issu
es.
3-0
Rud
imen
tary
/abs
ent o
r irr
elev
ant c
omm
enta
ry
• Th
e se
lect
ion
and
use
of m
ater
ial p
rovi
des
only
a
rudi
men
tary
com
men
tary
, or c
omm
enta
ry is
abs
ent o
r w
holly
irre
leva
nt.
• A
naly
sis
and
eval
uatio
n ju
st d
isce
rnib
le o
r abs
ent.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
13
SEC
TIO
N B
: R
ESEA
RC
H M
ETH
OD
S 3
Tota
l for
this
que
stio
n: 3
0 m
arks
A
pilo
t stu
dy h
as in
dica
ted
that
boy
s an
d gi
rls p
lay
diffe
rent
ly.
Boy
s ha
ve b
een
show
n to
eng
age
mor
e in
roug
h an
d tu
mbl
e pl
ay (e
g pu
shin
g,
hitti
ng) a
nd g
irls
have
bee
n sh
own
to e
ngag
e m
ore
in c
o-op
erat
ive
play
(eg
clap
ping
gam
es, s
kipp
ing
gam
es).
A
psy
chol
ogis
t wis
hed
to s
tudy
the
diffe
renc
es in
boy
s’ a
nd g
irls’
pla
y in
prim
ary
scho
ols.
She
ask
ed th
e H
ead
Teac
hers
of s
ever
al s
choo
ls fo
r pe
rmis
sion
to o
bser
ve c
hild
ren
play
ing.
She
obs
erve
d th
e ch
ildre
n fro
m a
win
dow
and
reco
rded
the
way
boy
s an
d gi
rls w
ere
play
ing.
Th
e re
sults
of t
he o
bser
vatio
ns a
re p
rese
nted
in T
able
1 b
elow
.
Tabl
e 1:
Fre
quen
cy o
f typ
es o
f pla
y ob
serv
ed in
boy
s an
d gi
rls
B
ehav
iour
s B
oys
Girl
s P
ushi
ng
85
45
Hitt
ing
115
70
Cla
ppin
g ga
mes
3
132
Ski
ppin
g ga
mes
0
127
Run
ning
18
9 17
6
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
14
3 (a
) O
utlin
e on
e ad
vant
age
and
one
disa
dvan
tage
of a
n ob
serv
atio
nal s
tudy
. (2
mar
ks +
2 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
2 A
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled
The
adva
ntag
e or
dis
adva
ntag
e is
bot
h ac
cura
te a
nd d
etai
led,
as
give
n in
the
mar
king
crit
eria
. 1
Bas
ic
The
adva
ntag
e or
dis
adva
ntag
e is
bas
ic, a
s gi
ven
in th
e m
arki
ng
crite
ria.
AO
2 A
dvan
tage
s:
• It
is p
ossi
ble
to s
tudy
beh
avio
ur in
situ
atio
ns w
here
it is
not
po
ssib
le to
man
ipul
ate
varia
bles
(suf
ficie
nt fo
r 2 m
arks
) •
It is
like
ly to
hav
e hi
gh e
colo
gica
l val
idity
; peo
ple
are
likel
y to
be
have
as
they
wou
ld n
orm
ally
do,
esp
ecia
lly if
they
do
not
know
they
are
bei
ng o
bser
ved
(suf
ficie
nt fo
r 2 m
arks
) •
Has
hig
h ec
olog
ical
val
idity
(suf
ficie
nt fo
r 1 m
ark)
. D
isad
vant
ages
: •
It is
ver
y di
fficu
lt to
con
trol p
ossi
ble
conf
ound
ing
varia
bles
so
it is
diff
icul
t to
ensu
re re
liabi
lity
(2 m
arks
) •
If th
e pa
rtici
pant
s se
e th
e ob
serv
er, t
hey
may
cha
nge
thei
r be
havi
our a
nd n
ot a
ct in
a n
atur
al m
anne
r (2
mar
ks)
• D
iffic
ult t
o re
plic
ate
(1 m
ark)
•
Eth
ical
issu
es, s
uch
as in
vasi
on o
f priv
acy
(1 m
ark)
. A
dvan
tage
/dis
adva
ntag
e of
par
ticip
ant o
r non
-par
ticip
ant
obse
rvat
ions
are
als
o cr
editw
orth
y.
0 In
appr
opria
te/in
corr
ect
The
adva
ntag
e or
dis
adva
ntag
e is
inap
prop
riate
or i
ncor
rect
. Fo
r ex
ampl
e, th
e ad
vant
age
appl
ies
to a
n ex
perim
ent a
nd n
ot a
n ob
serv
atio
n.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
15
3 (b
) E
xpla
in h
ow a
nat
ural
istic
obs
erva
tion
is d
iffer
ent f
rom
a fi
eld
expe
rimen
t. (2
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Perf
orm
ance
Des
crip
tions
2 A
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled
The
expl
anat
ion
is b
oth
accu
rate
and
det
aile
d. F
or e
xam
ple,
in a
fiel
d ex
perim
ent,
the
IV is
man
ipul
ated
but
in a
n ob
serv
atio
n it
is n
ot, t
he
beha
viou
r is
just
look
ed a
t. 1
Bas
ic
The
expl
anat
ion
is b
asic
, lac
king
det
ail a
nd m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed a
nd/o
r fla
wed
. Fo
r exa
mpl
e, a
fiel
d ex
perim
ent i
s an
exp
erim
ent b
ut in
an
obse
rvat
ion
you
just
look
at b
ehav
iour
.
AO
2 A
fiel
d ex
perim
ent i
s an
y ex
perim
ent t
hat i
s co
nduc
ted
outs
ide
of
the
labo
rato
ry. I
n a
field
exp
erim
ent,
the
rese
arch
er m
anip
ulat
es th
e IV
and
mea
sure
s th
e ef
fect
on
the
DV
. In
an
obse
rvat
ion,
the
rese
arch
er d
oes
not m
anip
ulat
e th
e IV
, but
‘mer
ely’
wat
ches
the
beha
viou
r of t
he p
artic
ipan
ts.
0 In
appr
opria
te/in
corr
ect
The
expl
anat
ion
is in
appr
opria
te: f
or e
xam
ple,
the
cand
idat
e m
ay s
tate
th
at a
fiel
d ex
perim
ent l
acks
eco
logi
cal v
alid
ity a
nd a
n ob
serv
atio
n do
es n
ot.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
16
3 (c
) (i)
W
rite
an a
ppro
pria
te h
ypot
hesi
s fo
r thi
s st
udy.
(2
mar
ks)
(ii)
Sta
te w
heth
er th
e hy
poth
esis
is d
irect
iona
l or n
on-d
irect
iona
l. (1
mar
k)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns fo
r the
hyp
othe
sis
2 A
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled
The
hypo
thes
is is
bot
h ap
prop
riate
and
det
aile
d, fo
r exa
mpl
e as
giv
en in
the
mar
king
crit
eria
. 1
Bas
ic
The
hypo
thes
is is
bas
ic a
nd la
cks
som
e de
tails
. 0
Inap
prop
riate
/inco
rrec
t Th
e hy
poth
esis
is in
appr
opria
te o
r inc
orre
ct.
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns fo
r dire
ctio
n
1 A
ppro
pria
te
The
corr
ect d
irect
ion
is g
iven
for t
he h
ypot
hesi
s st
ated
.
AO
3 A
pos
sibl
e di
rect
iona
l hyp
othe
sis
mig
ht b
e:
Boy
s pl
ay in
a m
ore
roug
h an
d tu
mbl
e w
ay th
an g
irls
OR
G
irls
play
mor
e co
-ope
rativ
ely
than
boy
s.
A n
on-d
irect
iona
l hyp
othe
sis
mig
ht b
e:
Ther
e is
a d
iffer
ence
in th
e w
ays
in w
hich
boy
s an
d gi
rls p
lay.
Th
e di
rect
ion
does
not
hav
e to
be
expl
aine
d or
just
ified
, but
it m
ust r
elat
e to
th
e hy
poth
esis
offe
red
in (i
).
0 In
appr
opria
te/in
corr
ect
The
dire
ctio
n is
not
rela
ted
to th
e hy
poth
esis
.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
17
3 (d
) W
hat i
s a
pilo
t stu
dy?
(2 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns
2 A
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled
The
expl
anat
ion
of w
hat i
s m
eant
by
a pi
lot s
tudy
is d
etai
led
but
gene
rally
acc
urat
e: fo
r exa
mpl
e, it
is a
sm
all s
cale
stu
dy th
at is
don
e be
fore
the
mai
n on
e to
che
ck fo
r any
pro
blem
s, s
uch
as w
heth
er th
e be
havi
oura
l cat
egor
ies
wor
k.
1 B
asic
Th
e ex
plan
atio
n of
wha
t is
mea
nt b
y a
pilo
t stu
dy is
bas
ic b
ut la
cks
deta
il an
d is
mud
dled
: for
exa
mpl
e, to
pra
ctis
e ob
serv
ing
befo
reha
nd.
AO
2 A
pilo
t stu
dy is
a s
mal
l stu
dy th
at is
car
ried
out b
efor
e th
e m
ain
stud
y. I
t allo
ws
the
rese
arch
er to
dis
cove
r any
pot
entia
l pro
blem
s in
th
e de
sign
and
mak
e su
itabl
e ch
ange
s. F
or e
xam
ple,
in th
is s
tudy
, it
wou
ld a
llow
the
psyc
holo
gist
to p
ract
ise
usin
g th
e be
havi
oura
l ca
tego
ries,
to m
ake
sure
that
she
cou
ld s
ee th
e ch
ildre
n pl
ayin
g ea
sily
, etc
. Th
ere
is n
o ne
ed to
con
text
ualis
e th
e an
swer
, but
this
is o
ne w
ay o
f el
abor
atin
g th
e an
swer
.
0 In
appr
opria
te/in
corr
ect
The
expl
anat
ion
for a
pilo
t stu
dy is
inco
rrec
t.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
18
3 (e
) (i)
E
xpla
in w
hat i
s m
eant
by
the
term
relia
bilit
y in
the
cont
ext o
f thi
s st
udy.
(2
mar
ks)
(ii)
Des
crib
e on
e w
ay in
whi
ch th
e re
liabi
lity
of th
e ob
serv
atio
ns o
f the
pla
y of
boy
s’ a
nd g
irls’
gro
ups
coul
d ha
ve b
een
impr
oved
.
(2
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns fo
r rel
iabi
lity
2 A
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled
The
expl
anat
ion
is a
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled:
for e
xam
ple,
re
liabi
lity
refe
rs to
con
sist
ency
; if t
he o
bser
vatio
n w
as
repe
ated
, sim
ilar r
esul
ts in
the
way
in w
hich
chi
ldre
n pl
ay
wou
ld b
e fo
und.
1
Bas
ic
The
expl
anat
ion
is b
asic
, lac
king
det
ail a
nd m
ay b
e m
uddl
ed
and/
flaw
ed: f
or e
xam
ple
sim
ply
sayi
ng th
at it
is w
heth
er th
e re
sults
are
con
sist
ent.
0 In
appr
opria
te/in
corr
ect
The
expl
anat
ion
is in
appr
opria
te o
r inc
orre
ct.
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns fo
r im
prov
emen
t of r
elia
bilit
y
2 A
ppro
pria
te
The
desc
riptio
n is
app
ropr
iate
: for
exa
mpl
e, e
xpla
inin
g th
at
the
psyc
holo
gist
sho
uld
prac
tise
usin
g th
e be
havi
oura
l ca
tego
ries
so th
at s
he is
con
sist
ent i
n th
eir u
se.
1 B
asic
Th
e de
scrip
tion
is b
asic
, lac
king
det
ail,
and
may
be
mud
dled
an
d/or
flaw
ed: f
or e
xam
ple,
sim
ply
expl
aini
ng th
at s
he s
houl
d pr
actis
e.
AO
3 R
elia
bilit
y re
fers
to w
heth
er a
mea
sure
men
t or t
he fi
ndin
gs fr
om a
stu
dy c
an
be re
peat
ed if
con
duct
ed a
t a la
ter d
ate.
In
term
s of
this
obs
erva
tion,
it
mea
ns w
heth
er s
he w
ould
obt
ain
sim
ilar o
bser
vatio
ns u
sing
her
beh
avio
ural
ca
tego
ries
if sh
e w
ere
to re
peat
the
stud
y.
AO
3 Th
ere
are
seve
ral w
ays
to im
prov
e th
e re
liabi
lity
of th
e ob
serv
atio
ns.
•
Trai
ning
the
obse
rver
, so
that
the
beha
viou
ral c
ateg
orie
s ar
e us
ed in
a
cons
iste
nt w
ay
• M
akin
g su
re th
at th
e be
havi
oura
l cat
egor
ies
are
prec
isel
y st
ated
, so
that
it is
cle
arly
def
ined
: for
exa
mpl
e, w
hat i
s m
eant
by
a hi
t or a
pu
sh.
Sin
ce a
pilo
t stu
dy h
as a
lread
y be
en c
arrie
d ou
t, th
is is
not
an
appr
opria
te
answ
er a
nd w
ould
not
rece
ive
cred
it.
0 In
appr
opria
te/in
corr
ect
The
desc
riptio
n is
inap
prop
riate
or i
s in
corr
ect.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
19
3 (f)
E
xpla
in h
ow tw
o fa
ctor
s m
ight
hav
e af
fect
ed th
e va
lidity
of t
his
stud
y.
(2 m
arks
+ 2
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns
2 A
ccur
ate
and
Det
aile
d Th
e de
scrip
tion
is a
ccur
ate
and
deta
iled:
for e
xam
ple,
it m
ight
be
diff
icul
t for
the
obse
rver
to d
ecid
e if
a ch
ild is
a b
oy o
r girl
, be
caus
e at
prim
ary
age
they
can
look
qui
te s
imila
r. 1
Bas
ic
The
desc
riptio
n is
bas
ic, l
acki
ng d
etai
l and
may
be
mud
dled
an
d/or
flaw
ed: f
or e
xam
ple,
if th
e ch
ildre
n kn
ow th
ey a
re
bein
g w
atch
ed.
AO
3 Fe
atur
es th
at m
ight
affe
ct th
e va
lidity
of t
his
stud
y co
uld
incl
ude:
• w
heth
er o
r not
the
child
ren
know
they
are
bei
ng o
bser
ved
(1 m
ark)
be
caus
e th
ey m
ay th
en c
hang
e th
eir b
ehav
iour
(ela
bora
tion
for 2
m
arks
) •
rest
ricte
d po
sitio
n of
the
obse
rver
•
very
nar
row
def
initi
on o
f rou
gh a
nd tu
mbl
e pl
ay
• co
rrec
t ide
ntifi
catio
n of
gen
der (
if th
e ch
ildre
n ar
e w
earin
g ho
ods,
it
may
be
diffi
cult
to id
entif
y w
heth
er th
ey a
re b
oys
or g
irls!
)
0 In
appr
opria
te/in
corr
ect
Val
idity
is in
appr
opria
te o
r inc
orre
ct.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
20
3 (g
) Id
entif
y a
suita
ble
type
of g
raph
or c
hart
that
cou
ld h
ave
been
use
d to
illu
stra
te th
e da
ta in
Tab
le 1
and
exp
lain
why
this
wou
ld b
e ap
prop
riate
. (2
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns fo
r ide
ntify
ing
the
grap
h
1 A
ppro
pria
te
The
iden
tific
atio
n of
the
grap
h is
cor
rect
. 0
Inap
prop
riate
/inco
rrec
t Th
e id
entif
icat
ion
of th
e gr
aph
is in
appr
opria
te o
r inc
orre
ct.
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns fo
r exp
lana
tion
1 A
ppro
pria
te
The
expl
anat
ion
is a
ppro
pria
te: f
or e
xam
ple,
the
data
is in
ca
tego
ries.
AO
1 +
AO
3 Id
entif
icat
ion
of g
raph
: bar
cha
rt, p
ie c
hart.
R
easo
ns:
The
mos
t app
ropr
iate
gra
ph w
ould
be
a ba
r cha
rt si
nce
the
data
is n
omin
al
and
non-
cont
inuo
us.
As
a ba
r cha
rt is
on
the
spec
ifica
tion,
this
is th
e m
ost
likel
y on
e to
be
chos
en.
How
ever
, can
dida
tes
coul
d al
so ju
stify
the
use
of
pie
char
ts, a
s th
ey to
o ar
e ap
prop
riate
for n
omin
al d
ata.
A
s th
is is
one
que
stio
n, if
the
iden
tific
atio
n of
the
grap
h is
inco
rrec
t, th
en n
o cr
edit
can
be g
iven
to th
e ex
plan
atio
n.
0 In
appr
opria
te/in
corr
ect
The
expl
anat
ion
is in
appr
opria
te o
r inc
orre
ct.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
21
3 (h
) D
escr
ibe
conc
lusi
ons
that
cou
ld b
e dr
awn
from
the
data
in T
able
1.
(3 m
arks
)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns
3 A
ccur
ate
and
reas
onab
ly d
etai
led
For e
xam
ple,
usi
ng s
ome
of th
e m
ater
ial g
iven
in th
e m
arki
ng c
riter
ia.
Boy
s te
nd to
pla
y in
a m
ore
phys
ical
way
but
ver
y se
ldom
beh
ave
co-
oper
ativ
ely,
whe
reas
girl
s te
nd to
pla
y m
ore
co-o
pera
tivel
y.
2
Less
det
aile
d bu
t gen
eral
ly a
ccur
ate
For e
xam
ple,
girl
s te
nd to
pla
y m
ore
co-o
pera
tivel
y al
thou
gh
som
etim
es e
ngag
e in
roug
h an
d tu
mbl
e pl
ay.
1 B
asic
Fo
r exa
mpl
e, b
oys
do n
ot d
o m
uch
clap
ping
.
AO
3 Th
ey c
ould
con
clud
e th
at th
ere
is a
diff
eren
ce in
the
way
boy
s an
d gi
rls p
lay.
• B
oys
tend
to p
lay
in a
mor
e ph
ysic
al w
ay, b
ut v
ery
seld
om
beha
ve c
o-op
erat
ivel
y •
Girl
s te
nd to
pla
y m
ore
co-o
pera
tivel
y al
thou
gh s
omet
imes
en
gage
in ro
ugh
and
tum
ble
• B
oth
boys
and
girl
s en
gage
in ru
nnin
g ab
out,
so th
is d
oes
not d
iffer
entia
te b
etw
een
them
. N
o pa
rtial
per
form
ance
.
0
Very
brie
f/fla
wed
or i
napp
ropr
iate
Th
e co
nclu
sion
is in
appr
opria
te o
r inc
orre
ct.
Psy
chol
ogy
A -
AQ
A G
CE
Mar
k S
chem
e 20
08 J
anua
ry s
erie
s
22
3 (i)
(i)
Id
entif
y tw
o et
hica
l iss
ues
asso
ciat
ed w
ith th
is s
tudy
. (1
mar
k +
1 m
ark)
(ii
) Fo
r eac
h et
hica
l iss
ue id
entif
ied
in y
our a
nsw
er to
(i) (
i), e
xpla
in h
ow it
cou
ld b
e de
alt w
ith.
(2 m
arks
+ 2
mar
ks)
Mar
king
Crit
eria
M
arks
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns fo
r ide
ntify
ing
the
ethi
cal i
ssue
1 A
ppro
pria
te
The
ethi
cal i
ssue
is c
orre
ct.
0 In
appr
opria
te/in
corr
ect
The
ethi
cal i
ssue
is in
appr
opria
te o
r inc
orre
ct.
Pe
rfor
man
ce D
escr
iptio
ns fo
r eac
h fe
atur
e th
at c
ould
hav
e af
fect
ed v
alid
ity
2 A
ccur
ate
and
Det
aile
d Th
e ex
plan
atio
n is
acc
urat
e an
d de
taile
d. F
or e
xam
ple,
mak
e su
re th
at a
ny d
ata
colle
cted
is k
ept c
onfid
entia
l and
onl
y th
e re
sear
cher
s ha
ve a
cces
s to
it.
1 B
asic
Th
e ex
plan
atio
n is
bas
ic, l
acki
ng d
etai
l and
may
be
mud
dled
an
d/or
flaw
ed: f
or e
xam
ple,
get
par
ents
’ per
mis
sion
.
AO
3 P
ossi
ble
ethi
cal i
ssue
s:
• (la
ck o
f) in
form
ed c
onse
nt fr
om th
e ch
ildre
n (a
lthou
gh a
s th
ey a
re
prim
ary
scho
ol c
hild
ren,
it is
deb
atab
le w
heth
er th
ey c
an tr
uly
give
in
form
ed c
onse
nt)
• (la
ck o
f) in
form
ed c
onse
nt fr
om th
eir p
aren
ts
• co
nfid
entia
lity
• an
onym
ity.
Dec
eptio
n is
not
an
issu
e, a
s th
e ch
ildre
n w
ere
not d
ecei
ved.
A
O3
The
way
of d
ealin
g w
ith th
e et
hica
l iss
ue id
entif
ied
mus
t be
appr
opria
te to
th
e is
sue
give
n.
•
They
cou
ld g
ain
cons
ent f
rom
par
ents
by
writ
ing
a le
tter
expl
aini
ng w
hat t
he s
tudy
was
abo
ut a
nd a
skin
g pe
rmis
sion
•
They
cou
ld e
nsur
e an
onym
ity b
y no
t ide
ntify
ing
any
child
by
nam
e, n
or th
e sc
hool
at w
hich
the
obse
rvat
ion
took
pla
ce.
0 In
appr
opria
te/in
corr
ect
The
expl
anat
ion
is in
appr
opria
te o
r inc
orre
ct.
Psychology A - AQA GCE Mark Scheme 2008 January series
23
Assessment Grid
Question Part AO1 AO2 AO3 1 (a) 6 (b) 6 (c) 6 12 Total for Question 1 18 12 2 (a) 6 (b) 6 (c) 6 12 Total for Question 2 18 12 3 (a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 2 (e) 4 (f) 4 (g) 1 1 (h) 3 (i) 6 Total for Question 3 3 6 21 QoWC 2 Total for unit 39 30 21