gcg 2009 p dawe t hootman
TRANSCRIPT
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Positive ZeroUsing Urban Design and
Architecture to Get to Zero
Gulf Coast Green
Pat Dawe, AIA, AICP, LEED AP
Tom Hootman, AIA, LEED AP
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The Melting Earth Theory
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Carbon Dioxide
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Keeling Curve
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Environmental Wedges
Rate of increase in carbon emissions
What if every economic sector took responsibility…Source: Princeton University
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Carbon Dioxide
Emissions per Sector
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Carbon Dioxide
Emissions per Sector
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Carbon Dioxide
Emissions per Sector
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1950 Interstate Highway System—suburbs/sprawl
1973 US Gas “Crisis”—followed by US solar design era
1992 Earth Summit Rio de Janiero
1990’s LEED introduced
1997 Kyoto Protocol signing
2001 UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2007 LEED ND Pilot
2009 LEED ND rollout
2020 Scientists: reduction of GHG to 1990 levels
2050 Scientists: reduction GHG to 80% below 1990 levels
Last 60 Years
Next 40 Years
100 Years of Climate Change
We are here
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A Fork in the Road
U.S. Building Sector CO2 EmissionsMazria Inc.Odems Dzurec, 2005. (Generated from U.S. Energy Information Administration statistics)
GHG’s
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do some of the “right things” and hope they work
…well enough to solve the problem
…in timemeasure the effects later
revise the strategy--catchup
Two Ways to Create the Future
Reactive
Pro-active
predict the effectiveness…and cost
strategy based on what’s cost effective
…and will solve the problemmeasure the effectsrefine the strategy—stay ahead of the curve
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How do we know how where the leverage for climate change is in our projects?
LEED-NC—building-oriented, some site
LEED-ND—only accounts indirectly for CO2 emissions
2030 Challenge—doesn’t consider site or external context
Sustainable Sites—landscape-oriented
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Nation
City
Neighborhood & Development
Building
Effects of Scale
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Region
Scale of Development
Lev
erag
e o
n C
lim
ate
Ch
ang
e
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Building
ENERGY STAR
2030 Challenge
LEED
ZEB (Zero Energy Building)
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Building
ENERGY STAR
EPA and DOE program
Building label for energy efficiency
Measures energy use intensity
Based on Utility Bills
Score between 1-100
Benchmark based on “average” existing building stock
ENERGY STAR Target Finder
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Building
2030 Challenge
Architecture 2030
Measures carbon
Carbon neutral by 2030
Phased reduction in consumption of fossil fuel in buildings
Benchmark based on “average” existing building stock
(CBECS) Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey
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Building
2030 Challenge
Existing and New buildings
50% NOW
New Buildings
60% in 2010
70% in 2015
80% in 2020
90% in 2025
Carbon Neutral in 2030
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Building
LEED
Green Building Rating System
Credits for energy performance and renewable energy
Measures energy cost savings
Energy & Atmosphere credits are 25% of the available in LEED-NC 2.2
and 35% in LEED-NC 2009
ASHRAE 90.1
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Building
Zero Energy Buildings
National Renewable Energy Lab
NREL’s Four Definitions:
1. Source Energy ZEB
2. Site Energy ZEB
3. Emissions ZEB
4. Cost ZEB
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Neighborhood
Mixed Uses
Site Design
Street Connectivity
Density
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City
Climate Action Plan
Smart Grid
Development Regulations & Review
Land Use & Transportation
City Operations
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Region
Integration of Land Use & Transportation
Reduction of VMT
Large Scale Systems
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Nation
National Energy Goals
Electrical Grid
Tax Policy
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US Can Tackle Big Problems: WW II
1940 1945
Federal Spending % of GDP 9% 42%
Defense Spending % of GDP 1% 37%
Defense Spending % of Fed 7% 89%
US Increase in Output 830%
Unemployment 15% 2%
Military Aircraft WW II 128,000
Ships 5,800
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Nation
City
Neighborhood & Development
Building
The Case of California
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Region
State Level:
Center of Power
Blueprint California
Pushing EPA
General Plans, Codes
Vehicle Emissions
AB 32 Greenhouse Gas Limits
SB 375 Land Use & Transportation
International +Global Climate Summit
International Climate Action Partnership
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Development Scale
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Energy and Carbon Toolkit
Energy Use Intensity (EUI)
Green Power
Renewable Energy
Carbon Emissions Factors
Carbon Footprint
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Energy Use Intensity
EUI
Annual energy use per sf of building area
= kBtu / SF / Yr
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Energy Use Intensity
62.1 kBtu/SF/Yr 45 MPG
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Site Energy / Source Energy
62.1 kBtu/SF/Yr 165.2 kBtu/SF/Yr
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Energy Use Intensity
Energy Use Intensity Data Sources
Energy Star Target Finder
2030 Challenge EUI Tables
2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)
NREL EUI Tables
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Energy Use Intensity
ENERGY STAR Target Finder
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Energy Use Intensity
ENERGY STAR Target FinderBuilding/Space Types
Offices
K-12 Schools
Hospitals
Hotels
Medical Offices
Residence Halls
Supermarkets
Warehouses
Banks
Courts
Retail
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Energy Use Intensity
ENERGY STAR Target FinderSupport Space Types
Computer / Data Center
Parking
Swimming Pool
Other
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Green Power
Renewable Electricity
REC
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Green Power
Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)
REC+
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Renewable Energy
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Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy ResourcesSource: Energy Information Administration
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Building Integrated PV (BIPV)
Approach
Reduce energy use first
Determine PV goal and required size early
Design massing and form
Solar access / prevent shading
Provide adequate surface area
Use as part of the aesthetic / materials
Renewable Energy
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PV Calculator
Input location and orientation of panel
Calculates monthly and annually energy production for each KW of PV system size
Renewable Energy
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Building Integrated PV (BIPV)
Renewable Energy
Financial
Use all incentives and rebates
Federal 30% tax credit
Utility Programs
www.dsireusa.org
Determine the financial structure early
Power Purchase Agreements
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Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
Building Owner
Solar Developer
Utility Company
• Gets solar generated electricity
• Gets a competitive long term power contract
• Provides roof or site area for PV
• Gets 30% Federal tax credit
• Gets Solar REC Payments from Utility
• Gets 20 year contract for power
• Installs and maintains equipment
• Gets to claim renewable energy toward renewable portfolio standard
• Provides net metering
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Carbon Footprints
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Carbon Footprints
A measure of greenhouse gas emission through human activity within a defined
boundary.
Typically metric tons of CO2 or CO2e per year
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Carbon Footprints
Footprint = Annual Energy x Emission Factor
CO2 = kBtu/yr x CO2/kBtu
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Carbon Footprints
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Carbon Footprints
Carbon FootprintEmission Factors
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ENERGY STAR Target Finder
NREL “Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings”
eGRID
Carbon FootprintEmission FactorsData Sources
Building Carbon Footprints
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Carbon FootprintEmission Factors
Carbon Footprints
Emission factor for electricity in Texas:
1.850 LB of CO2/kWh or
0.542 LB of CO2/kBtu
Emission factor for natural gas:
133.60 LB of CO2/1000 ft3 or
0.130 LB of CO2/kBtu
Source: NREL “Source Energy and Emission Factors for Energy Use in Buildings”
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Carbon FootprintEmission Factors
Carbon Footprints
Emission factor for vehicular travel:
1 gallon of gas = 19.4 LB of CO2
20 MPG = 0.970 LB of CO2 / Mile
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Getting to Work At Work
Average worker
car commute to/from work
5,850 LBS of CO2/year
Average worker
In an average office
9,330 LBS of CO2/year
In a Energy Star 90 office
4,160 LBS of CO2/year
Carbon Footprints
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Off-site Transportation
On-site Circulation
Building Usage
Landscape & Open Space
Utilities & Infrastructure
A Development Scale Model
LEED-NC LEED-EB
LEED- NDLEED- ND
Civil
Transportation
2030
Sustainable Sites Initiative
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CO2 Baseline
CO2 Budget
External Transportation
Internal Circulation
Landscape & Open Space
Building & Energy Usage
Utilities & Infrastructure
Carbon-Neutral
Renewables, Sequestering, Offsets
GHG Generation
Carbon Neutral Development?
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EUI – kBtu/sf/yr
Carbon – lb/sf/yr
Carbon after RE – lb/sf/yr
AverageOffice Bldg
(CBECS)
ENERGYSTAR
ASHRAEMin
203050%
203060%
LEED Silv30%
LEED Plat45%
ZEB50%
135,000 SF Office Building
Climate Zone 3
540 Employees / 40 hours a week
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LEED-NC 2009 & Carbon
Credit Weightings
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LEED-NC 2009 & Carbon
Credit Weightings
Weighted against 13 EPA TRACI impact categories
Carbon Footprint is the top weighted impact category.
The impact categories are applied to different activity groups
Building Systems, Transportation, Water, Materials and Land Use
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LEED-NC 2009 & Carbon
Credit Weightings
Prototype Building
Building Systems
135,000 SF office building
Climate zone 3
ENERGY STAR 50
9 to 5, 5 days a week, 250 days a year
540 full time employees
No on-site renewable energy
80% energy from electricity
Electricity emissions based on national average
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LEED-NC 2009 & Carbon
Credit Weightings
Prototype Building
Transportation
9 to 5, 5 days a week, 250 days a year
20.5 mile average daily roundtrip commute
21 MPG
74% drive alone
12% carpool
4% rail
3% bus
1% bicycle
1% walk
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LEED-NC 2009 & Carbon
Credit Weightings
Prototype Building
Water
50/50 male/female split
Conventional fixtures
1 acre of landscaping
Trees and shrubs
Climate zone 3
Conventional irrigation
Potable water
National average embodied energy
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LEED-NC 2009 & Carbon
Credit Weightings
Prototype Building
Materials / Solid Waste / Land Use
Two story steel construction
67,000 SF footprint
109,950 SF surface parking lot
Solid waste of 4.9 tons/1000 SF
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LEED-NC 2009 & Carbon
Credit Weightings
BuildingSystems
Transportation
Water
Materials
Land Use
2832 Met T62%
1711 Met T37%
19 Met T<1%
15 Met T<1%
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Reducing Carbon Footprints
Green Buildings Neighborhood Infill Mixed Use Neighborhood Infill Site Design
The LEED-Carbon Curve
LEED- ND
000’s tons CO2/year
Certified Silver Gold PlatinumZero Carbon
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LEED-ND Smart Location & Linkage
Project Location:
Brownfield, utilities, infrastructure, schools, wetlands, surrounding development, infill or greenfield
…affects modal choice, trip length, VMT—can convert to mTCO2
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LEED-ND Neighborhood Pattern & Design
Urban Design:
Compact development, walkability, access to open space and public facilities, street network, housing types
…density (energy), VMT reduction, trips avoided, pedestrian opportunities
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LEED-ND Green Construction & Technology
Architecture, Engineering, Landscape:
Stormwater management, energy conservation, renewables, waste, solar orientation
…carbon sequestering, water, net reduction of CO2
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0
20
40
60
80
100106
Site Design
Certified
Silver
Gold
Platinum
LEED-ND: Getting to Platinum
Mixed Uses
Infill & Green Buildings
Green Buildings
Neighborhood Infill
Combine Approaches
LEED-ND Credits
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Getting to Zero Carbon
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Combine Approaches
Neighborhood Infill
Baseline
Site Design
Green Buildings
000’s tons CO2/yr
Mixed Uses
Infill & Buildings
Zero Carbon
75
0
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0
20
40
60
80
100106
Site Design Certified
Silver
Gold
Platinum
Relative Effectiveness
Mixed Uses
Infill & Green Buildings
Green Buildings
Neighbor-hood Infill
Combined Approaches
Carbon Footprinting
LEED-ND
Zero Carbon
Baseline
LEED-ND Credits
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Characteristics of Development Model
Comprehensive
Strategic
Easy to Use—menu driven
Able to be Refined—with additional input
Quantitative--measurable
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Baseline Carbon Model
Greenfield 200 acres
Single use office park at .3 FAR
Buildings built to code
No renewables
Buildings: 27,330 Tons CO2
Trips: 47,470 Tons CO2
Total: 74,800 Tons CO2
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Site Design
Street Connectivity
Ped Walks & Open Space
Transit Proximity
Buildings: 27,300 Tons CO2
Trips: 42,720 Tons CO2
Total: 70,020 Tons CO2
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Mixed Uses:
Same 200 acres of office mixed with retail & residential
More trips internalized—change to walking
Reduces “peaking”—better use of access road capacity
Buildings: 27,330 Tons CO2
Trips: 40,350 Tons CO2
Total: 67,680 Tons CO2
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Green Buildings
Phased reductions in energy
Initial 50% reduction based on code equivalents
Buildings: 8,200 Tons CO2
Trips: 47,470 Tons CO2
Total: 55,670 Tons CO2
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Neighborhood Infill :
Mixed uses fill in around office
Shorter trips to adjacent uses
Shared parking still works
Add transit access
Buildings: 27,330 Tons CO2
Trips: 22,780 Tons CO2
Total: 50,110 Tons CO2
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Combined Techniques
Mixed Use
Bldgs: 2030 Challenge
Neighborhood Infill
Site Design
Buildings: 8,200 Tons CO2
Trips: 18,160 Tons CO2
Total: 26,360 Tons CO2
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Zero Carbon Development
Zero Energy Buildings
PV on Parking & Building Roofs
Reduce Program
Aggressive TMA & Site-Wide
Buildings: 0 Tons CO2
Trips: 18,160 Tons CO2
- Other: (18,200)Tons CO2
Total: 0 Tons CO2
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Zero Carbon Development
What makes up the remaining offset of 18,200 Tons CO2?
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Conclusions
• Development has great leverage on climate change
• Demand side strategy can be no cost• Measurement is key to success• Comprehensive model is needed• LEED and carbon neutrality are same
quest• Combining approaches has most value• Regulation is already here—more coming
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What Can a Building Do?
Become Positive Zero!
Set Comprehensive Sustainability Goals
Define Carbon and EUI Budgets / 2030 Challenge
Build Carbon Footprinting into Project Design Process
Follow integrated Design and Use Energy Modeling
Find Ways of Integrating PV
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What Can a Community Do?
Community Inventory & Update
Adopt Climate Action Plan
Set Comprehensive Community Goals-LEED
Define Carbon Budgets for New Development
Build Carbon Footprinting into Project Review