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Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations GCSE Geography B (Geography for enquiring minds) Unit J384/03: Geographical exploration General Certificate of Secondary Education Mark Scheme for June 2018

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Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations

GCSE

Geography B (Geography for enquiring minds)

Unit J384/03: Geographical exploration

General Certificate of Secondary Education

Mark Scheme for June 2018

OCR (Oxford Cambridge and RSA) is a leading UK awarding body, providing a wide range of qualifications to meet the needs of candidates of all ages and abilities. OCR qualifications include AS/A Levels, Diplomas, GCSEs, Cambridge Nationals, Cambridge Technicals, Functional Skills, Key Skills, Entry Level qualifications, NVQs and vocational qualifications in areas such as IT, business, languages, teaching/training, administration and secretarial skills. It is also responsible for developing new specifications to meet national requirements and the needs of students and teachers. OCR is a not-for-profit organisation; any surplus made is invested back into the establishment to help towards the development of qualifications and support, which keep pace with the changing needs of today’s society. This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which marks were awarded by examiners. It does not indicate the details of the discussions which took place at an examiners’ meeting before marking commenced. All examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the published question papers and the report on the examination. © OCR 2018

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Annotations

Annotation Meaning

Blank page

Noted but no credit given

Tick

Cross

Omission mark

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Level 4

Development

Benefit of doubt

Irrelevant

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Subject Specific Marking Instructions INTRODUCTION Your first task as an Examiner is to become thoroughly familiar with the material on which the examination depends. This material includes:

the specification, especially the assessment objectives

the question paper and its rubrics

the mark scheme. You should ensure that you have copies of these materials. You should ensure also that you are familiar with the administrative procedures related to the marking process. These are set out in the OCR booklet Instructions for Examiners. If you are examining for the first time, please read carefully Appendix 5 Introduction to Script Marking: Notes for New Examiners. Please ask for help or guidance whenever you need it. Your first point of contact is your Team Leader.

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USING THE MARK SCHEME Please study this Mark Scheme carefully. The Mark Scheme is an integral part of the process that begins with the setting of the question paper and ends with the awarding of grades. Question papers and Mark Schemes are developed in association with each other so that issues of differentiation and positive achievement can be addressed from the very start. This Mark Scheme is a working document; it is not exhaustive; it does not provide ‘correct’ answers. The Mark Scheme can only provide ‘best guesses’ about how the question will work out, and it is subject to revision after we have looked at a wide range of scripts. The Examiners’ Standardisation Meeting will ensure that the Mark Scheme covers the range of candidates’ responses to the questions, and that all Examiners understand and apply the Mark Scheme in the same way. The Mark Scheme will be discussed and amended at the meeting, and administrative procedures will be confirmed. Co-ordination scripts will be issued at the meeting to exemplify aspects of candidates’ responses and achievements; the co-ordination scripts then become part of this Mark Scheme. Before the Standardisation Meeting, you should read and mark in pencil a number of scripts, in order to gain an impression of the range of responses and achievement that may be expected. In your marking, you will encounter valid responses which are not covered by the Mark Scheme: these responses must be credited. You will encounter answers which fall outside the ‘target range’ of Bands for the paper which you are marking. Please mark these answers according to the marking criteria. Please read carefully all the scripts in your allocation and make every effort to look positively for achievement throughout the ability range. Always be prepared to use the full range of marks.

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LEVELS OF RESPONSE QUESTIONS: The indicative content indicates the expected parameters for candidates’ answers, but be prepared to recognise and credit unexpected approaches where they show relevance. Using ‘best-fit’, decide first which set of level descriptors best describes the overall quality of the answer. Once the level is located, adjust the mark concentrating on features of the answer which make it stronger or weaker following the guidelines for refinement. Highest mark: If clear evidence of all the qualities in the level descriptors is shown, the HIGHEST Mark should be awarded. Lowest mark: If the answer shows the candidate to be borderline (i.e. they have achieved all the qualities of the levels below and show limited evidence of meeting the criteria of the level in question) the LOWEST mark should be awarded. Middle mark: This mark should be used for candidates who are secure in the level. They are not ‘borderline’ but they have only achieved some of the qualities in the level descriptors. Be prepared to use the full range of marks. Do not reserve (e.g.) highest level marks ‘in case’ something turns up of a quality you have not yet seen. If an answer gives clear evidence of the qualities described in the level descriptors, reward appropriately.

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AO1 AO2 AO3

Comprehensive A range of detailed and accurate knowledge that is fully relevant to the question.

A range of detailed and accurate understanding that is fully relevant to the question.

Detailed and accurate interpretation through the application of relevant knowledge and understanding. Detailed and accurate analysis through the application of relevant knowledge and understanding. Detailed and substantiated evaluation through the application of relevant knowledge and understanding. Detailed and substantiated judgement through the application of relevant knowledge and understanding.

Thorough A range of accurate knowledge that is relevant to the question.

A range of accurate understanding that is relevant to the question.

Accurate interpretation through the application of relevant knowledge and understanding. Accurate analysis through the application of relevant knowledge and understanding. Supported evaluation through the application of relevant knowledge and understanding. Supported judgement through the application of relevant knowledge and understanding.

Reasonable Some knowledge that is relevant to the question.

Some understanding that is relevant to the question.

Some accuracy in interpretation through the application of some relevant knowledge and understanding. Some accuracy in analysis through the application of some relevant knowledge and understanding. Partially supported evaluation through the application of some relevant knowledge and understanding. Partially supported judgement through the application of some relevant knowledge and understanding.

Basic Limited knowledge that is relevant to the topic or question.

Limited understanding that is relevant to the topic or question.

Limited accuracy in interpretation through lack of application of relevant knowledge and understanding. Limited accuracy in analysis through lack of application of relevant knowledge and understanding. Un-supported evaluation through lack of application of knowledge and understanding. Un-supported judgement through lack of application of knowledge and understanding.

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

1 (a) (i) Built up area/Buildings () Housing () Motorways () Roads () Transport () Named urban place/road () Airport () Farmland ()

1 1 x 1 () for human feature identified from Fig. 1 Not enough to state ‘town’ or ‘city’ or ‘suburbs’ as this is too vague. ‘Infrastructure’ on its own is also too vague.

1 (ii) Coastline () Coastal location () Islands () Beach () Bay () Spit () Forest/woodland areas () Green areas () Hills/Mountain areas () Named physical feature ()

1 1 x 1 () for physical feature identified from Fig. 1 Not enough to state ‘plants’ or ‘trees’ as this is not something that can be identified from Fig. 1 Do not credit sea or ocean. Do not credit farmland as this is a human feature.

1 (iii) 60km2 () 1 () Accept 40-80km2

1 (iv) South or South East of Rio de Janeiro () On the coast/coastal location () Within the old part of the city/in the city before 1900 () South of Botafogo () N/S/E/W of a named feature () Correct distance from a named feature () Any correct distance from a location ()

3 3 x 1 () for each valid description of the location of Copacabana Beach For example: 10km () East () of a named feature Do not credit ‘below’, ‘above’, ‘near’, ‘close to’, ‘left’ etc. No credit for ‘in Copacabana’

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

1 (b) Relaxing on the beach/Sunbathing/hanging around () Leisure () Swimming () Bike rides () Sailing / Yachting / Yacht clubs () Water sports / jet ski () Beach volleyball / volleyball () Football / ball games () Sports () Bird watching / looking at wildlife () Photography () Restaurants / Bars / Clubs () Shopping () Selling things () Stealing things () Sewage disposal () Tourism ()

2 2 x 1 () for correctly identified human uses of the coastal areas Not to accept “beach” or “going to the beach”. Need to specify an activity/human use.

1 (c) (i) £45 000 ()

1 1 x 1 () for correct answer

1 (c) (ii) Rock Armour () Able to withstand the force of water (DEV) Lasts a long time (DEV) Criticism of beach nourishment e.g. does not last a long time (DEV), not able to withstand the force of water (DEV)

2 1 x 1 () for identifying rock armour as the most appropriate option 1 x 1 (DEV) for explanation of why linked to geomorphic processes

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

1 (d)* Level 4 – (10-12 marks) An answer at this level demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of challenges in cities (AO2). There will be a thorough interpretation of the information provided (AO3) and a thorough analysis of how challenges in the city in Rio de Janeiro affect the coastal landscape (AO3). There are clear and explicit attempts to make appropriate synoptic links between content from different parts of the course of study. There is a well-developed line of reasoning which is clear and logically structured. The information presented is relevant and substantiated. Level 3 (7-9 marks) An answer at this level demonstrates a thorough understanding of challenges in cities (AO2). There will be a reasonable interpretation of the information provided (AO3) and a reasonable analysis of how challenges in the city in Rio de Janeiro affect the coastal landscape (AO3). There are clear attempts to make synoptic links between content from different parts of the course of study but these are not always appropriate. There is a line of reasoning presented with some structure. The information presented is in the most-part relevant and supported by some evidence.

12 This question will be marked using four levels Indicative Content Challenges within Rio should come from Fig. 1, 2, 3 and 4. Challenges could include: Growing City Growing Population Tourism Water Pollution Coastal Flooding Inequality Highlight the challenge identified

Annotate for developed points Annotate the level awarded at the end of the response. L1 correctly identified a challenge/s L2 identified a simple impact/cause of the challenge or a simple impact on the coastal landscape L3 further development of impact/cause of the challenge or impact on the coastal landscape L4 further development clearly linked to coastal landscape stemming from the original challenge If all development is taken directly from the resource limited to L2. Max L2 6 marks if they have not used Fig. 1, 2, 3 or 4 in their response at all.

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

Level 2 (4-6 marks) An answer at this level demonstrates a reasonable understanding of challenges in cities (AO2). There will be a basic interpretation of the information provided (AO3) and a basic analysis of how challenges in the city in Rio de Janeiro affect the coastal landscape (AO3). There are limited attempts to make synoptic links between content from different parts of the course of study. The information has some relevance and is presented with limited structure. The information is supported by limited evidence. Level 1 (1-3 marks) An answer at this level demonstrates a basic understanding of challenges in cities (AO2). There will be a basic or no interpretation of the information provided (AO3) and a basic or no analysis of how challenges in the city in Rio de Janeiro affect the coastal landscape (AO3). There are no synoptic links between content from different parts of the course of study. The information is basic and communicated in an unstructured way. The information is supported by limited evidence and the relationship to the evidence may not be clear. 0 marks No response worthy of credit.

Need two challenges developed to enter L4. Examples of well-developed ideas: Inadequate sewage disposal is negatively affecting coastal landscapes (Challenge L1). Coastal areas such as Marapendi Lagoon are polluted from sewage from the cities favelas (L2). These settlements lack proper sanitation and sewage infrastructure (L3). This challenge causes waste to be drained straight down into local coastal areas, causing issues such as eutrophication (L4) Examples of developed ideas: There is a challenge to provide enough accommodation for tourists (Challenge L1) encouraging the creation of new high-rise hotels along the shore (L2). This create a more urban feel along the beaches thus affecting the coastal landscape.

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

2 (a) (i) 2010 plotted at 11.5 million 2015 plotted at 11.9 million

2 2 x 1 () for each correctly plotted point on the graph 2015 – should be able to see the 12 million line above the centre of the point or cross plotted. Give credit if the candidate draws an accurate line but with no points plotted.

2 (a) (ii) 13.9 (million) ()

1 () Accept 13.7 – 14.1 (million) No need to state million.

2 (b) Globally important/affects the world, impacts other places, influences other places () Financial centres/international banking () Stock exchange () Decision making power () HQs of TNCs () Universities/centres for research and development () Diversity of culture/language () World sport events () Major building work/construction projects () Centre for media and communications () Major centre for manufacturing () International transport infrastructure ()

4 4 x 1 () for each valid explanation of the characteristics of world cities Accept a definition of world city () Marks can be awarded for development of characteristic/s Not ideas related to tourism.

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

2 (c) Level 3 – 5-6 marks An answer at this level demonstrates thorough understanding of the concept of urban growth (AO2) and thorough interpretation of the evidence to suggest why Rio de Janeiro has experienced rapid urban growth (AO3). This will be shown by including well-developed idea/s about concept of urban growth and the evidence to suggest why Rio de Janeiro has experienced rapid urban growth. Level 2 – 3-4 marks An answer at this level demonstrates reasonable understanding of the concept of urban growth (AO2) and reasonable interpretation of the evidence to suggest why Rio de Janeiro has experienced rapid urban growth (AO3). This will be shown by including developed idea/s about concept of urban growth and the evidence to suggest why Rio de Janeiro has experienced rapid urban growth. Level 1 – 1-2 marks An answer at this level demonstrates basic understanding of the concept of urban growth (AO2) and basic interpretation of the evidence to suggest why Rio de Janeiro has experienced rapid urban growth (AO3). This will be shown by including simple idea/s about concept of urban growth and the evidence to suggest why Rio de Janeiro has experienced rapid urban growth.

6 This question will be marked using three levels Indicative Content Causes of rapid growth could be linked to either migration or natural increase. Key ideas should come from Fig. 5 – Rio has

higher average income

higher literacy rate

better access to safe water and sanitation

more doctors

lower unemployment rate

Annotate for developed points L1 Basic ideas that might just be linked to Rio. Basic reason/s for rapid urban growth. L2 Responses show understanding of urban growth. Using accurate comparative figures from the table can allow access to the bottom of L2. Candidates must develop an idea in their own words for top of L2. L3 Well developed idea/s and/or manipulation of data to support idea/s Max L2 4 marks if they have not used Fig. 5 at all. Example of well-developed idea: The average monthly income in Rio is $188 above the national average (L1), attracting many from rural areas who want to make money (L2) to send back to impoverished families in the countryside (L3).

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

0 marks No response worthy of credit.

Example of developed idea: The average monthly income in Rio is higher (L1), the unemployment rate 6.8% whereas in the rest of Brazil it is 12.6% (L2) Therefore people are moving to the city for job opportunities (L2).

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

3 (a) (i) 1.35 km ()

1 () Accept 1.2 – 1.5km

3 (a) (ii) There are open sewers () which could lead to an increase in diseases (DEV) / contaminated drinking water (DEV) / foul smell in the area (DEV) There are cramped living conditions () /There is overcrowding () which could result in conflicts with neighbours (DEV) / diseases being spread (DEV) Education facilities are very basic () meaning people may not learn to read and write (DEV) / people may not be able to get a good education (DEV) Houses on steep land () which may not withstand landslides (DEV) / difficult to build houses (DEV)

2 1 x 1 () for identification of one challenge from Fig. 6 or 7 1 x 1 (DEV) for explanation of the challenge people living in Santa Maria may face. Any other reasonable challenge identifiable in Fig. 6 or 7 can be credited. Do not credit bad infrastructure or lack of facilities alone as a challenge.

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

3 (b) Level 3 – 5-6 marks An answer at this level demonstrates thorough understanding of contemporary challenges in cities (AO2) and thorough analysis of the contemporary challenges created by inequality within Botafogo (AO3). This will be shown by including well-developed ideas about the contemporary challenges created by inequality within Botafogo. Level 2 – 3-4 marks An answer at this level demonstrates reasonable understanding of contemporary challenges in cities (AO2) and reasonable analysis of the contemporary challenges created by inequality within Botafogo (AO3). This will be shown by including developed ideas about the contemporary challenges created by inequality within Botafogo. Level 1 – 1-2 marks An answer at this level demonstrates basic understanding of contemporary challenges in cities (AO2) and basic analysis of the contemporary challenges created by inequality within Botafogo (AO3). This will be shown by including simple ideas about the contemporary challenges created by inequality within Botafogo. 0 marks No response worthy of credit.

6 This question will be marked using three levels The contemporary challenges should be taken from Figs 2, 6 and 7. Indicative Content Challenges should come from Fig. 2, 6 and 7

Water pollution

Conflicting uses of the beach

Safety/crime

Relief/topography

Sanitation

Education

Annotate for developed points

Development of challenge can be causes or consequences.

Max L2 4 marks if they have not used Fig. 2, 6 or 7 in their response at all. Two challenges needed to access L3.

Examples of well-developed ideas: One contemporary challenge created by inequality would be sewage (L1). This is because Rio has a high population density, so a huge strain is put on waste disposal (L2) and because the favelas are illegal settlements the sewers are not invested in by the government (L3).

There is a lack of flat land to build on (L1) which has pushed poorer citizens in to living on steeper land (L2) and so their hillside houses are vulnerable to landslides (L3)

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

4* Level 4 (10-12 marks) An answer at this level demonstrates a comprehensive interpretation of the information provided (AO3) with a comprehensive understanding of coastal management and squatter settlements (AO2). It also shows a comprehensive examination of the information provided to determine whether Rio de Janeiro should prioritise coastal management or improving squatter settlements (AO3) with a comprehensive judgement to suggest an option and how it could lead to long-term sustainability for the city (AO3).

There are clear and explicit attempts to make appropriate synoptic links between content from different parts of the course of study.

There is a well-developed line of reasoning which is clear and logically structured. The information presented is relevant and substantiated. Level 3 (7-9 marks) An answer at this level demonstrates a thorough interpretation of the information provided (AO3) with a thorough understanding of coastal management and squatter settlements (AO2). It also shows a thorough examination of the information provided to determine whether Rio de Janeiro should prioritise coastal management or improving squatter settlements (AO3) with a thorough judgement to suggest an option and how it could lead to long-term sustainability for the city (AO3).

There are clear attempts to make synoptic links between content from different parts of the course of study, but these are not always appropriate.

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This question will be marked using four levels. Indicative Content Consider the following three questions when identifying a level: 1.Has the candidate used the resources and developed their understanding of the challenges? 2.Has the candidate developed their ideas on long term sustainability? 3.Has the candidate developed their examination of both options? Annotate the level awarded at the end of the response. Reasons for prioritising coastal management could be due to the cost of long term management, the need for the beach for tourism. Reasons for prioritising squatter settlements could be to do with the low standard of living, the need to improve health and education within the favelas, tackling inequality within the city. Long term sustainability for the coastal management option could be related to putting money into longer term management solutions. References might also be made to climate change or ways to keep tourist revenue high. Long term sustainability for the squatter settlements could relate to making the favelas a more permanent way to solve housing shortage, improving healthcare to increase the standard of living or improving long term educational achievements.

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

There is a line of reasoning presented with some structure. The information presented is in the most-part relevant and supported by some evidence. Level 2 (4-6 marks) An answer at this level demonstrates a reasonable interpretation of the information provided (AO3) with a reasonable understanding of coastal management and squatter settlements (AO2). It also shows a reasonable examination of the information provided to determine whether Rio de Janeiro should prioritise coastal management or improving squatter settlements (AO3) with a reasonable judgement to suggest an option and how it could lead to long-term sustainability for the city (AO3). There are limited attempts to make synoptic links between content from different parts of the course of study. The information has some relevance and is presented with limited structure. The information is supported by limited evidence. Level 1 (1-3 marks) An answer at this level demonstrates a basic interpretation of the information provided (AO3) with a basic understanding of coastal management and squatter settlements (AO2). It also shows a basic examination of the information provided to determine whether Rio de Janeiro should prioritise coastal management or improving squatter settlements (AO3) with a basic judgement to suggest an option and how it could lead to long-term sustainability for the city (AO3).

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Question Answer Mark Guidance

There are no synoptic links between content from different parts of the course of study. The information is basic and communicated in an unstructured way. The information is supported by limited evidence and the relationship to the evidence may not be clear. 0 marks No response worthy of credit.

Spelling, punctuation and grammar and the use of specialist terminology (SPaG) are assessed using the separate marking grid in Appendix 1.

3 Refer to page 21 of mark scheme.

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Appendix 1 Spelling, punctuation and grammar and the use of specialist terminology (SPaG) assessment grid

High performance 3 marks

Learners spell and punctuate with consistent accuracy

Learners use rules of grammar with effective control of meaning overall

Learners use a wide range of specialist terms as appropriate

Intermediate performance 2 marks

Learners spell and punctuate with considerable accuracy

Learners use rules of grammar with general control of meaning overall

Learners use a good range of specialist terms as appropriate

Threshold performance 1 mark

Learners spell and punctuate with reasonable accuracy

Learners use rules of grammar with some control of meaning and any errors do not significantly hinder overall

Learners use a limited range of specialist terms as appropriate

0 marks

The learner writes nothing for question 4.

The learner’s response does not relate to the question

The learner’s achievement in SPaG does not reach the threshold performance level, for example errors in spelling, punctuation and

grammar severely hinder meaning

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For candidates who have used a scribe Check the additional object scribe sheet, for example:

Consider the response to question 4, following this guidance: 1. Max 1 for SPAG 2. Max 2 for SPAG 3. Max 2 for SPAG 4. Max 3 for SPAG 5. Max 2 for SPAG 6. Max 1 for SPAG

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