gcse unit 1 revision guide with model answers: exam ...€¦ · river tees . an example of a flood...

GCSE UNIT 1 REVISION GUIDE WITH MODEL ANSWERS:

Exam structure:

90 minutes

Total 88 marks

Question structure:

Question 1: The challenge of natural hazards – 33 marks (1*9 marker with 3 SPaG)

Question 2: Section B The living world – 25 marks (1*9 marker)

Question 3: Section C Physical landscapes in the UK – 30 marks (answers coastal environments and river environments NOT GLACIATION)

Use this Page to understand the ‘command words’ Too many people miss out on marks because they did not understand what the question was asking them to do. Make sure you know what your command words mean. These are the words that tell you what to do.

Paper 1: Living with the physical environment Section A – The challenge of natural hazards

Specification Example/Case Study Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two areas of contrasting levels of wealth

Chile (NEE) Nepal (LIC)

Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses

Typhoon Haiyan 2013

An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK

Somerset Level Floods 2013/14

Section B – The living world

Specification Example/Case Study An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem

Pond ecosystem

A case study of a tropical rainforest

Tropical Rainforest Malaysia

A case study of a hot environment (Desert)

Thar Desert

Section C – Physical landscapes in the UK

Specification Example/Case Study An example of a section of coastline in the UK

Dorset Coast, near Swanage, South East England.

An example of a coastal management scheme in the UK

Medmerry Coastal Management, West Sussex

An example of a river valley in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition

River Tees

An example of a flood management scheme in the UK

Flood management scheme in Banbury.

Paper 1: Living with the physical environment

Section A – The challenge of natural hazards

Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two areas of contrasting levels of wealth Nepal 2015 (LIC) and Chile 2010 (MIC) (pages 14- 17)

Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses Typhoon Haiyan 2013 (page 29)

An example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK Somerset levels Floods 2014 (pages 34-35)

Section B – The living world

An example of a small-scale UK ecosystem Pond ecosystem (page 53)

A case study of a tropical rainforest Malaysia (page 60-64)

A case study of a hot environment Thar Desert (page 70-73)


An example of a section of coastline in the UK Swanage (pages 102-105) also Camber Sands

An example of a coastal management scheme in the UK Swanage and Camber Sands (102-105) Lyme Regis (pages 112-113)

An example of a river valley in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition River Tees (122-123)

An example of a flood management scheme in the UK Banbury (page 35)

Section A – The challenge of natural hazards Tectonic Activity

1. Match up the definitions below (6)

Composite Volcano Mountains formed by plate movements

Fold Mountain Gentle sides, wide base made of basic lava

Richter Scale Where two plates are moving apart

Shield Volcano Steep-sides cone with layers of ash and lava

Destructive Margin Measures the strength of an earthquake

Constructive Margin Where two plates are moving together

2. Study the map below

a) Name two areas that have a line of active volcanoes (2)

b) Describe and explain the distribution of volcanoes on earth (4)

c) Describe and explain the distribution of earthquakes on earth (4)

d) Explain why some areas have volcanoes and earthquakes and why some have just earthquakes (6)

3.Label the diagram of the Earth’s structure below. (4) Crust, Inner core, mantle, outer core

4. The diagram below shows a destructive boundary.

a) Label the continental and oceanic crust (2)

b) Label the focus of the earthquake (1)

c) Label the subduction zone and ocean trench (2)

d) Explain why the volcano has erupted (4)

5. Draw three diagrams and annotate to show the formation of fold mountains (6

Bonus questions

Label the asthenosphere

Label the lithosphere

Define asthenosphere

Define lithosphere

Reducing the risks from tectonic hazards

Complete the table to show how we try to reduce the risk from earthquakes and volcanoes.

Earthquakes Volcanoes

Monitoring Seismometers – used to measure ground shaking. Can provide time to evacuate and predict earthquakes.

Mapping older earthquakes – data can be assessed to make a prediction on future events e.g. if one occurs every 5 years etc..

Animal behaviour – before an earthquake animals can sense the oncoming and begin to flee.

Seismometers – as the magma rises is causes cracks and fissures in the ground causing earthquakes. Indicates rising magma – may lead to evacuation.

Land deformation and laser ranging – these can be used to see how the land bulges as the magma rises. With magma pooling it can create a bulge and the lasers will be ‘broken’ sending data to observation.

Helicopters and thermal imaging – as magma rises so too does the heat. Helicopters can travel over the crater and measure the temp – may indicate eruption.

Gas emissions – as magma rises it releases sulphur and CO2 – these can indicate an eruption

Prediction Impossible to predict quakes due to lack of clear warning signs. Instead scientists study previous quakes to identify areas of greatest risk of quakes. SEE ABOVE

Protection Cross bracing – the x shaped brace can prevent twisting in the building. This means less damage and therefore less collapse.

Automatic shutters and sprinklers – can be used during a quake to stop the spreading of fire as well as falling glass.

Base isolators – these are in the ground and allows the building to stay static during a quake as it is not attached to the ground directly.

Bomb it – the lava tubes can be bombed causing the energy of the lava to dissipate (reduce) and slow the flow. Needs to be accurate

Digging trenches – these can divert the lava around important infrastructure. Time is needed

Water – if the lava is slow it can be sprayed with water to cause it to condense and solidify and slow. Takes a lot of water, time and needs slow lava.

Planning Earthquake drills – 1st sep in japan all schools and businesses.

Hazard mapping – can highlight areas of high risk and allow emergency services to go to the areas at most risk.

Can provide information over radio and TV

Have an emergency kit ready

Give 3 reasons why people continue to live near either an earthquake zone or volcano. (6)

1) Geothermal energy – Iceland produces 25% of all electricity from this and reduces the cost. Attractive to magma (smelting industry) which seems employment in high end jobs – more trade

2) Tourism – volcano boarding in Nicaragua sees 20,000 tourists a year to Leon/ Tertiary employment

3) Sulphur mining – Java Indonesia sees sulphur produced through volcano. Provides $5 dollars a basket. Improves the quality of life for families but can reduce health dramatically of workers.

4) Farming – java Indonesia exports rice globally and provides employment for 20m households.

Use named examples to show how the effects and responses to a tectonic hazard vary between two areas of contrasting levels of wealth Location: Chile - MIC Map

Background Information: Earthquake occurred 27th February 2010 Was 8.8 in size Tsunami warning created Chile – 1.03 doctors per 1000 Chile - $14,000 GDP per capital Chile – literacy 97%

Effects

Social 500 killed (P) 12000 injured (P) 2 million homeless (S) Chile lost power, water and supplies (P) 220,000 homes destroyed (P)

Economic $30 billion cost (S) 10,000 soldiers deployed to reduce looting (S) Port of Talcaghunao damaged (P)

Environmental Fire at a chemical plant near Santiago (S) Tsunami wave occurred destroying towns (S) Coastal flooding (S) Soil covered with salt water and becoming infertile (S)

Political President stated the day after that information given was late (S) New political party started managing the country the next month (S)

Response

Immediate and short-term response Emergency services acted swiftly International aid provided field hospitals Temporary repairs made to route 5 highway to help with search and rescue. Power back to 90% of homes with 10 days (water also) $60m was raised to created 30,000 small emergency shelters

Long term response A month after the event the government launched a major reconstruction of housing to fix 200,000 households. The copper industry in Chile was used to provide financial support meaning no time waiting for money. A 4 year process was to take place.

Location: Nepal - LIC Map

Background Information: Earthquake occurred 25th April 2015 7.9 Richter Scale Epi centre 50km from Kathmandu. Eurasian and Indo-Australian plate. Nepal – 0.21 doctors per 1000 Nepal - $ 700 GDP per capita Nepal – literacy 66% Effects

Social 9000 dead (P) 20000 injured (P) 3 million homeless (s) Electricity, sanitation and water stopped (S) 1.4 million needed food (S) 7000 schools destroyed (P) 50% of shops destroyed (P)

Economic $5 billion cost (S) Job loss (S)

Environmental Landslides occurred as well avalanches (P) Avalanche in Langtang saw 250 mission (P) A landslide in the Gandaki river led to flooding (S)

Political

Response

Immediate and short-term response Search and rescue occurred with the support of UK and India. Helicopters used to rescue people on Mount Everest Supplies delivered to areas cut off by road using Helicopter Field hospitals set up 300,000 people migrated to seek shelter Social media used for search and rescue

Long term response Roads cleared of landslide debris Thousands of homeless re-housed 7000 schools rebuilt/repaired By July 2015 heritage sites reopened for tourism Everest base camp fixed in July to allow tourism to occur

Model answer:

Haiti suffered a magnitude 7 earthquake in Jan 2010 that released pressure destroying over 300,000 buildings and 80% of infrastructure. This primary impact was the most severe as the falling buildings resulted in almost 200,000 dead and the blocked roads meant that aid was unable to be delivered. As a result search and rescue was reduced and the level of injury and further death was increased. However there were 3 million people homeless as a result which had many issues. With many people forced into temporary shelters disease spread quickly which resulted in a higher death rate which shows that secondary effects can make issues worse.

However the level of destruction to the piping and sanitation in Haiti meant that hospitals had been destroyed meaning the level of first aid and further support was greatly reduced. The major impacts on water pipes also lead to an outbreak of cholera which was the first in 100 years meaning that many people contracted it and sadly died. Although disease and illness represents a secondary hazard it was caused by the primary effect.

Overall the primary impacts were the most severe as the level of death is due to the amount of buildings collapsing and the secondary impacts of homelessness and cholera were as a direct result of the broken pipes and major destruction that further increased the death rate to approximately 300,000.

GET A PIECE OF PAPER AND ATTEMPT YOURSELF

Choose either an earthquake or a volcanic eruption. Assess the extent to which primary effects are more significant than secondary effects. 9+ 3 SpaG Theme of the question – what you talk about

Focus of the question – what you link it to

PEEL(E): State specific primary impacts of

the case study Explain why this hazard is quite

significant. THIS IS A DEVLEOPMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF THE INTIAL HAZARD.

Provide a summative statement highlighting your opinion

PEEL(E): State specific secondary impacts

of the case study Explain why this hazard is quite

significant. THIS IS A DEVLEOPMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF THE INTIAL HAZARD.

Provide a summative statement highlighting your opinion

Dependent on time complete another paragraph Conclusion: Provide three/five sentences summarising your key opinion and ideas from above! No new information Primary Secondary Significant

As a result This means that

Consequently

In conclusion

Infrastructure Sanitation

Cholera Injury Death

Aid Slow Search and rescue

Exam technique – a super student will: 1. Provide clear paragraphs for the

examiner by leaving a line 2. Use the term significant in each

paragraph 3. Key terms from the box above will be

used 4. Paragraph 1 may start with firstly or

some form of it 5. The second paragraph may offer an

alternative point using ‘however’. 6. The conclusion is introduced with ‘in

conclusion.’

Model answer

The ability to cope with a hazard is fully dependant on wealth.

With Chile having a GDP per capita of $14,000 per capita in comparison to Haiti’s $700 meant that buildings were of poor quality. As a result of this there were 300,000 buildings destroyed in turn killing 300,000 whereas Chile had invested in stronger buildings. This was seen as 220,000 homes were impacted but only 500 killed. This shows that a higher GDP resulted in more effective housing and therefore ability to cope.

Within Chile and Haiti a lot of infrastructure and sanitation was destroyed. As a result of having a strong copper trade Chile were able to release cash immediately which meant that within 10 days 90% of water, sanitation and electricity was operational. In contrast Haiti depended on aid to recover and as a result they are still in recovery 7 years later. Furthermore the inability to fix sanitation saw an outbreak of cholera, the 1st in 100 years.

Overall it is proven that a country’s wealth is directly linked to the ability to cope both before and during an event as seen above.


To what extent does a country’s ability to cope with a tectonic hazard depend on its wealth? Use examples from countries with contrasting wealth to support your answer. [9 + 3 SPaG marks] Theme of the question – what you talk about


PEEL(E): State your country and it’s GDP per

capita (Chile/Haiti or Nepal) Explain why this would aid their ability

to cope – remember to link to ideas of infrastructure, sanitation etc… 3/4 connectives.

Provide the evidence to support your point above e.g how quickly sanitation was fixed, how many buildings collapsed etc..

Give the contrasting impacts in the LIC

PEEL(E): State your country and it’s doctors per

1000 (Chile/Haiti or Nepal) Explain why this would aid their ability



Give the contrasting impacts in the LIC Provide a statement about the fact the cost of earthquake in HIC’s will reduce death but cost will be much higher – shows a nice contrasting viewpoint Conclusion: Provide three/five sentences summarising your key opinion and ideas from above! No new information Chile GDP per capita $14,000

Haiti GDP per capita $500

Deaths in Haiti 300,000

Deaths in Chile 525

Haiti had 80% infrastructure destroyed

Aid was slowed

Chile cost $30billion

Haiti cost $5 billion

24hours after quake Chile had roads fixed

Exam technique – a super student will: 1. Provide clear paragraphs for the

examiner by leaving a line 2. Use the term significant in each

paragraph 3. Key terms from the box above will be

used 4. Paragraph 1 may start with firstly or

some form of it 5. The second paragraph may offer an

alternative point using ‘however’. 6. The conclusion is introduced with ‘in

conclusion.’

Model answer

Chile saw an 8.8 magnitude earthquake occur killing 500 whereas Haiti was only 7.9 but killed 230,000. This is a direct result of the GDP of Chile being much higher than Haiti’s (13,000 in comparison to 600 per person). As a result the ability to construct effective buildings is reduced. As a result during the earthquake the amount collapsing increases leaving many trapped and homeless. Chile had 12,000 injured whereas Haiti had 3 million homeless. This shows how GDP impacts housing and therefore collapsing buildings.

Furthermore the amount of doctors per 1000 is 4 times higher in Chile than Haiti (1 per 1000). As a result those that are injured can be treated quickly. As a result the likelihood of infection is reduced and the chance of getting sicker goes down. This has aided in only 500 being killed in Chile but almost 250,000 in Haiti. This shows how doctors per 1000 due to education can impact effects.


Suggest why the effects of a tectonic hazard vary between areas of contrasting levels of wealth. 6 marks Theme of the question – what you talk about


PEEL(E): State your country and it’s GDP per

capita (Chile/Haiti or Nepal) Explain why this would aid their ability



Give the contrasting impacts in the LIC

PEEL(E): State your country and it’s doctors per

1000 (Chile/Haiti or Nepal) Explain why this would aid their ability



Give the contrasting impacts in the LIC Provide a statement about the fact the cost of earthquake in HIC’s will reduce death but cost will be much higher – shows a nice contrasting viewpoint Conclusion: Provide three/five sentences summarising your key opinion and ideas from above! No new information Chile GDP per capita $14,000

Haiti GDP per capita $500

Deaths in Haiti 300,000

Deaths in Chile 525

Haiti had 80% infrastructure destroyed

Aid was slowed

Chile cost $30billion

Haiti cost $5 billion

24hours after quake Chile had roads fixed

Exam technique – a super student will: 1. Chances are it will be two

paragraphs only. 2. Please discuss impacts as SEE!!! 3. Re-read number 2 4. Be specific to your case study 5. Give your opinion – major impact

etc.. 6. Leave a sentence between your

paragraphs

Weather hazards

Using the image below, explain how tropical storms form including the features (eye wall etc.)

Where are tropical storms found? (2 marks)

How could climate change affect tropical storms? Think distribution, intensity and frequency (4 marks)

Explain why the patterns of pressure belts and surface winds move North and South during the year (think ICTZ)

How does the atmospheric circulation system explain the UK’s mild, cloudy and wet weather?

Use a named example of a tropical storm to show its effects and responses

Location: Typhoon Haiyan, Philippines (NEE) Storm Information: 2013 the Typhoon hit which impacted several towns with winds as fast as 175mp/h and storm surges up to 15m high. It occurred in November and is one of the most powerful storms to occur in the area

Background Information: The Philippines is found in SE Asia at the latitude and longitude of 13N and 122E. The country has a GDP per capita of $3000 making it a LIC/NEE. The area gets 20 Typhoons per year with 10 being damaging. Effects

Social 50% of houses destroyed. (P) 4.1 million made homeless (S) 6,190 people died (P) Infection and disease spread due to contaminated water. (S) Eight deaths in a stampede as survivors fought for rice supplies. (S) Power supplies were cut off for a month in some areas. (S) Many schools were destroyed. (S)

Environmental An oil barge ran aground causing an 800 000-litre oil spill (P) 400 millimetres of rainfall caused flooding (P 1.1 million tonnes of crops were destroyed(P) Ten hectares of mangroves (saltwater-adapted trees or shrubs) were contaminated by the oil barge leak (S) Flooding caused landslides (S)

Economic Damage cost was $12 billion US dollars. (S) Damage to rice cost $53 million US dollars (S) Looting and violence was rife in Tacloban, due to a lack of food and supplies. (S) By 2014, rice prices had risen by nearly 12%. (S)

Response

Immediate and short term response The government televised a warning for

people to prepare and evacuate. Authorities evacuated 800 000 people.

Many went to Tacloban Indoor Stadium, which had a reinforced roof to withstand typhoon winds, however, it flooded.

Over 1 200 evacuation centres were set up to help the homeless.

The Philippine government ensured essential equipment and medical supplies were sent out, but in one region medical supplies and equipment was washed away.

Emergency aid supplies arrived three days later by plane. Within two weeks, over 1 million food packs and 250 000 litres of water was distributed.

The government imposed a curfew two days after the typhoon to reduce looting.

Long term response Thirty-three countries and international

organisations pledged help. More than $1.5billion US dollars was pledged in foreign aid.

A ‘cash for work’ programme paid people to clear up the debris and rebuild the city.

Oxfam replaced many fishing boats. In July 2014, the Philippine government

declared a lon0g-term recovery plan ‘Build Back Better’. Buildings would not just be rebuilt but upgraded to protect against future disasters.

A ‘no build zone’ was established in the Eastern Visayas. Homes were rebuilt away from flood-risk areas.

Mangroves were replanted. A new storm surge warning system was

installed. More cyclone shelters were built.

MODEL ANSWER

Prediction is vital to reducing the effects of tropical storms.

The NOAA can use the Doppler radar and satellites to track the storm path allowing information to be given to local governments so that they can make informed decisions and prepare. For example during Hurricane Irma Delta airlines put on 2000 extra seats. This resulted in the larger evacuation of people which would ultimately result in a lower death rate as well as those injured. Furthermore it would allow governments to prepare by hazard mapping. This would see them highlight hotspots that are at high risk and have emergency services on standby. This would then mean less expense needed for medical care and insurance through death and severe injury. This shows how prediction can aid the reduction of effects of storms.

However tropical storms are unpredictable and have a cone of uncertainty where it could travel to. This means that some areas may needlessly evacuate as a precaution and although reduce death, will have a major economic impact with many businesses and customers closing with costs of evacuation raining from 1m to 50m dependent on storm. This highlights how prediction may increase the effects of tropical storms.

Overall prediction is the most important as without the information it provides appropriate decisions and preparation cannot occur which may see needless expense on evacuation or poor management during.

GET SOME PAPER AND ATTEMPT YOURSELF

Assess the extent to which prediction is the most important factor in reducing the effects of tropical storms. 9 +3 Theme of the question – what you talk about


PEEL(E): State a method of prediction and

specific tools used (link to mapping) Explain why this can reduce the impacts

of tropical storms – remember to use range of connectives to fully develop

Support with evidence to show when it has been successful

Discuss one limitation of the trackers of tropical storms

PEEL(E): Use the term ‘However’ and use the

idea of protection and preparation. Provide specific examples of how we

can prepare. Explain why they may reduce the

impacts be successful in reducing the effects of storms.

Provide a limitation of the scheme(s) Provide a quick statement about how tropical storm damage CANNOT be stopped ONLY MITIGATED – shows understating Conclusion: Provide 3/5 lines showing your opinion and a brief summary of why it is accurate Doppler radar

Satellites Tropical storm tracking

Up to date pathway

Allows evacuation

Zone of uncertainty

Costly Stakeholders SEE

Exam technique – a super student will: 1. Chances are it will be two paragraphs

only. 2. Please discuss specific schemes and

tools used!!! 3. Re-read number 2 4. Be specific to your case study 5. Give your opinion – major impact etc.. 6. Leave a sentence between your

paragraphs

Model answer

During Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 175mph winds caused destruction. One immediate response was to televise the imcoming event and evacuate 800,000 people to the Tacloban indoor stadium. As a result almost a million people were protected as the building could withstand the winds. This reduced the level of people in harms way and in turn could reduce the death rate. This was seen as 6000 people died even though 50% of housing was destroyed. This shows how the immediate response of the government reduced the overall deaths. However all the immediate responses did little to reduce the overall structural damage of the event.

A long term event was to begin a cash for work programme. This saw the government provide jobs to the locals to help clear the rubble. As a result the economy could begin to recovery in a sustainable manner and rebuilding could take place easier. This was supported by the ‘Build back better scheme’ where buildings were rebuilt in an updated manner to reduce the overall effects in the future with greater protection. The economic activity was vital to recovery as it allowed many to gain a better quality of life. With that said if winds exceeding 150mph hit the changes and upgrades may not be fully effective.

Overall both the responses are needed to ensure a reduction in the impacts. Short term responses are used to ensure a reduced death rate and access to clean sanitation whereas longer term responses are needed for the economy to function.

GET SOME PAPER AND ATTEMPT YOURSELF

Using a named example, evaluate the immediate and long-term responses to tropical storms 9 +3 Theme of the question – what you talk about


PEEL(E): State a specific method of immediate

response to Typhoon Haiyan. Explain the impact that this would have

on the overall effects and why it would possible reduce them. Use a range of connectives.

Provide a limitation of the schemes mentioned above to show the examiner understanding.

PEEL(E): State a specific method of long term

response to Typhoon Haiyan. Explain the impact that this would have

on the overall effects and why it would possible reduce them. Use a range of connectives.

Provide a limitation of the schemes mentioned above to show the examiner understanding.

Provide a quick statement about how a mix of responses are needed to ensure effective recovery. Shows understanding Conclusion: Provide 3/5 lines showing your opinion and a brief summary of why it is justified. Immediate Long term However

This means that

Death rate Cholera

Sanitation Infrastructure Flooding

Exam technique – a super student will: 1. Chances are it will be two paragraphs

only. 2. Please discuss specific schemes and

responses occurring 3. Re-read number 2 4. Be specific to your case study 5. Give your opinion – major impact etc.. 6. Leave a sentence between your

paragraphs 7. Please develop your writing using a

range of connectives MUST BE SPECIFIC TO THE GIVEN CASE STUDY ABOVE

Climate change

Give two pieces of evidence for climate change. 1) 2)

Using the images explain the natural causes of climate change. 1) 2) 3)

Explain 3 human causes of climate change . 1) 2) 3)

Describe how temperature has changed since 450 thousand years ago.

How has ice volume changed and what is the pattern between the two graphs?

How can planting trees reduce the impacts of climate change? AFFORESTATION Trees act as carbon sinks, removing carbo dioxide from the atmosphere by photosynthesis. They also release moisture into the atmosphere. This has a cooling effect by producing more clouds, reducing incoming solar radiation.

How can international agreement reduce the impacts of climate change? Kyoto protocol – 1992 saw 192 countries state they would use scientific research in a bid to cut down co2 emissions. Strengths – global aspect, can see large scale cuts, interactional checks. Weaknesses – involves working with others (takes time), countries are developing so emitting more, not all countries involved. Paris Agreement – an accord signed by 195 countries to cut emissions starting from 2020 (55 of the countries involved emit 55% of CO2.) see above for strengths and weaknesses – ANOTHER WEAKNESS – COUNTRIES CAN LEAVE, TRUMP REMOVED USA THE BIGGEST POLLUTER.

How can we adapt to climate change? Agricultural adaptations – Introduce drought resistant crops, irrigation systems, shade trees planted to protect seedlings from strong sunshine, water harvesting techniques. Managing water supplies – Stupa’s in Himalayan mountain range that traps melt water and allows it to be re-frozen allowing for long term water supply Reducing risk from sea levels – coastal defences, sea walls etc and houses on stilts

An example of a FLOODING IN THE UK – causes by extreme rainfall

Cumbria Floods 2015

Location: Somerset Levels, SW England Causes: 1. 350mm fell in January due to low pressure

depressions in the Atlantic. This meant that the soil had become saturated. As a result when 100mm fell in Feb it could not result. This meant more surface runoff resulting in short lag time and FLOODING.

2. High winds came off the Atlantic. This forced sea water up the Bristol Channel meaning freshwater couldn’t escape. As a result the River Tone and Parrett burst their banks.

3. HUMAN CAUSE – rivers hadn’t been dredged in 20 years. This meant that there had been sedimentation on the river bed. This reduced the river capacity. This meant more likely to flood.

Background Information: This is a case study for RIVER flooding but it was caused by extreme weather. Be careful if you get a question about extreme weather; don’t fall into the trap of restating all information. STRESS THAT EXTREMEM WEATHER (WINDS AND RAIN) LED TO THE FLOODING!

Impacts Social

More than 600 homes were flooded.

Sixteen farms were evacuated.

Temporary accommodation for residents was needed for several months.

Some villages were cut off. Power supplies were

disrupted.

Economic Over 14 000 hectares of

agriculture land flooded for weeks.

Over 1 000 livestock were evacuated.

Roads were cut off. Railway lines were closed. £10 million damage cost.

Environmental Rivers were contaminated

with sewage, oils and chemicals.

Debris was deposited across the land.

Stagnant water had to be deoxygenated and pumped back into rivers.

Response

Immediate and short-term response Locals who were cut off used boats to travel. Local community groups and volunteers pledged their time to help the trapped. The government managed the situation from Westminster providing support when needed.

Long term response River banks were raised and strengthened. This

would increase river capacity – hold more water Somerset County Council pledged £20 million on a

Flood Action Plan. Rivers Tone and Parratt were dredged in March

2014. This increased the river depth increasing water capacity

Road levels were raised. Doesn’t stop flooding but means if it were to occur infrastructure protected – allows evacuation and aid

Flood defences for communities at risk. Pumping stations were built. By 2024, there is potential for a tidal barrage.

Model anwser

Global warming has increased temperature by 1oC. As a result of this the number of heatwaves has increased. In June 2017 temperature in June exceeded 35oC. Furthermore the heatwaves caused a mini drought in the county of Kent with hosepipe bans required in 2012. This was a result of the driest winters in 20 years. This highlights that the UK weather has seen less rain and increased temperature.

However there have been cases of increased rainfall. In 2014 the Somerset levels flooded. This was as a result of 350mm falling in January and Feb which was 100mm above average. There has also been increased rainfall in the Peak District with 340mm in a 24h period on the 4th Dec 2015.

This shows that the weather in the UK is becoming more unpredictable and severe in certain areas.

Get some paper and attempt yourself using strip

Could also work for: Discuss to what extent climate change is responsible for extreme weather in the UK.

You would need to include the idea of Greenland ice sheet melting and making water cooler around Britain which may see an decrease in summer/spring temps

The weather of the UK is becoming more extreme.’ Use evidence to

support this statement. 6 Theme of the question – what you talk about


PEEL(E): State what is happening to

global temperatures. State the impact this has had on

rainfall predictability. State the result on rainfall in

Somerset levels Give the overall outcome of the

rain

PEEL(E): State what the Greenland Ice

sheet is/. State what the impact of global

warming would do to it State what this would do the

temperature of water surrounding Britain

State the impact this would have on temperatures and seasons Britain/

Conclusion: Provide 3/5 lines showing your opinion and a brief summary of why it is justified. Ice sheet Melt Reduce

water temp

Reduce Summer/ spring

Temps

Seasons become cooler

More rain/ snow

YAY

Exam technique – a super student will: 1. Chances are it will be two

paragraphs only. 2. Be specific to your case study 3. Give your opinion – major

impact etc.. 4. Leave a sentence between your

paragraphs 5. Please develop your answers

and link explicitly to the question asked.

Model Answer

In 2014 the Somerset levels flooded as a result of 350mm of rain falling in the Jan/Feb 100mm above average. As a result major flooding occurred on the River Tone and Parrett.

An economic impact was that damage exceeded £10m as well as 14000HA of land submerged for over a month. As a result of this the local economy was reduced. This meant that the level of employed in the area would have been reduced with some losing jobs. This would have seen a reduction in the ability to tax and reduce governmental money. Furthermore the £10m spent may see reduction in investment in other areas such as healthcare or education in the area.

Social impacts included 600 houses flooded and resident’s evacuated to temporary shelter. As result their level of comfort would have been reduced and overcrowding may have led to the spread of possible illnesses. With that said no one lost their lives and all discomfort would have been temporary.

Overall the economic costs would be more severe as the recovery of these would be longer and see possible impacts in other areas.

Get some paper and use the strip to attempt yourself

Using an example of a recent extreme weather event in the UK, to what extent were the economic effects more significant than the social effects? [9 + 3 SPaG marks] Theme of the question – what you talk about


PEEL(E): Provide specific economic

impacts of the Somerset Level flood.

Explain the impacts that this may have in the future. Think of impact on investment in other areas.

Also think about the level of insurance costs

PEEL(E): Provide specific social impacts

of the Somerset level flood. Explain the impacts of this

initial effect. Be logical and use a range of

connective’s If time provides give a paragraph that looks at both categories and discuss them thoroughly. Conclusion: Provide 3/5 lines showing your opinion and a brief summary of why it is justified. Exam technique – a super student will: 1. Chances are it will be two

paragraphs only. 2. Be specific to your case study 3. Give your opinion – major

impact etc.. 4. Leave a sentence between your

paragraphs 5. Please develop your answers


Section B – The living world Ecosystems – small scale system

Match up the key terms below Producers Shows all the connections between producers and consumers in a

rather more complex way. Consumers Break down plant and animal material and return nutrients to the soil.

Bacteria and fungi are good examples. Decomposers Convert energy from the environment into sugars. Food chain Shows the direct link between producers and consumers in a simple

line. Food web Get energy from sugars produced by producers. Nutrient cycling Foods that are used by plants and animals to grow. When plants and

animals die, decomposers help to recycle the nutrients making them available again for growth.

Define ecosystem using the picture to help you.

How does change affect ecosystems?

Ecosystems can adapt to slow natural change with few harm effects. But rapid change can have serious impacts. Extreme weather events like droughts can be devastating to ponds and lakes. Changes due to human activities

1) Agricultural fertilisers – eutrophication. Nitrates increase growth of algae which deplete oxygen levels in water and fish asphyxiate.

2) Irrigation – ponds drained for to water fields which destroys the habitat. 3) Deforestation – wood cut down to make room for crops which destroys habitats and affects the

nutrient cycle. 4) Hedgerows removed – increases size of fields but destroys habitats.

Food Chains and Food Webs A food chain shows the direct links between organisms in an ecosystem, in the form of a line whereas a food web shows all the connections between organisms in an ecosystem. Below is an example of a food web for Epping Forest.

An example of a food chain would be: Deciduous Tre insects small bird sparrowhawk

Identify the producers.

Identify the primary consumers.

Identify the secondary consumers.

Identify the tertiary consumers.

Nutrient Recycling

The balance and interdependence between the components of the deciduous woodland ecosystem can be demonstrated by the nutrient cycling that takes place. Inputs in to the ecosystem include weathered rock which forms soils, some of this soil is lost through leaching (rainwater washing the nutrients) and some of the soil is taken up by plants (biomass). Biomass takes up the nutrients in the soil, when the biomass dies its tissue falls to the surface to form the litter. Decomposers break down the tissue in the litter and release organic matter back in to the soil where the nutrients can be taken up by biomass again. The cycle is continuous.

Exam Style Questions

Describe the role of producers in the food chain [1 mark]

Give one reason why energy is lost at each level of the food chain [1 mark]

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

Interrelationships in the Ecosystem – deciduous trees Season Ecosystem Interrelationships: deciduous trees Spring Flowering bulbs such as bluebells make use of the sunlight penetrating through

branches. The stored nutrients are used by the growing plants (producers)to produce fruit, berries and nuts that will feed consumers.

Summer The broad tree leaves grow quickly in the Spring. With a large surface area, they maximise the Sun’s energy to photosynthesise.

Autumn To conserve energy and moisture, the trees shed their leaves. This is a direct response to the UK climate as the temperatures and sunlight hours decrease towards winter.

Winter Bacteria and fungi decompose the leaf litter, releasing the nutrients into the soil.

Explain how nutrients are cycled in a land-based ecosystem. 4 marks

Outline the role of inputs in providing nutrients. Outline where these inputs go. Outline how nutrients are recycled.

Explain the interdependence in a small-scale ecosystem. 6 marks

How do the seasons and the conditions they bring affect the life of a deciduous tree? Use the table below - describe

A case study of a tropical rainforest

Location: Malaysia

Background Information: Country is SE Asia Includes island of Borneo Natural vegetation is tropical rainforest 67% of area covered by tropical rainforest Threats to Malaysian Rainforest

Logging – 1980s Malaysia became largest exporter of tropical wood. Roads needed to transport goods so more deforestation.

Energy – Bakun dam created in 20111 which saw 700 km2 of area flooded

Population pressure – transmigration occurred between 1956-1980s seeing population in rainforest increase. Plantations created as a result.

Palm oil farming with 50% of all palm oil coming from Malaysia in the early 2000s

Impacts positive Palm oil has added 10% of GDP – investment etc.. Mineral extraction such as oil sees more trade – invest education – attracts – FDI Bakun Dam produces 2400Mw energy – allows industry to develop – formal secondary employment etc…

Impacts negative Deforestation 18000m2 – soil bare – sun’s rays – dry – loose – erosion Deforestation 18000m2 – less photosynthesis – less co2 absorbed – more atmosphere – GW Deforestation 18000m2 – reduced space – increased competition – animal decline – food web collapse.

Management: Selective logging in 1977 – 40 yr process – cuts trees sustainably – allows time to regenerate – biodiversity flourish for future Lapa Rios Costa Rica, ecotourism – employ locals – more employment – more money – area invested in and locals look after it Solar energy for showers – less fossil fuels etc.. Selective logging for buildings – accessible trees used – reduces deforestation etc…

How have animals/plants adapted to live here: Leaves waxy with drip tips – allows for water to fall off – reduces the likelihood of fungi and bacteria forming Emergent trees have buttress roots – these buttress roots spread outwards to stabilise the 60m tree – less likely to fall. At the floor/canopy layer leaves have increased to 2m in length – likely to get more of the 2% of light reaching – more photosynthesis. Liana vines wrap up tree trunks with a coil – coil means when wind blows it is less likely to break Spider monkey has a prehensile tail allowing it to live at the top of canopy – less completion for food. Toucan has a large hard beak – allows access to inaccessible foods.

A case study of a hot environment Location: Thar Desert, Pakistan Map

Background Information: Found in NW India 200,000km2 Population density of 83 per km2

Opportunities Challenges

Minerals such as Gypsum and limestone for manufacturing – primary and secondary employment – tax base – investment Phosphorene used in fertilizers Tourism – Rajasthan desert festival – attracts tourism – tertiary employment etc… Agriculture – kharif crops such as sorghum and groundnuts – cash crop – trade etc Energy – 75* 800KW turbines in Rajasthan – used to pump water – clean water for 3000 villagers – less cholera. ALSO PUMP WATER FOR IRIGATION DIRECTLY PROVIDES 35 FULL TIME JOBS TO Desert Power India 2050 – 455GW through solar – provide energy – attract industry – shift from primary to sec – tax etc…

Most densely populated desert 83 per km2 – large water consumption – aquifers drained – drought – less water – dehydration ONLY GETS 100-200MM PER YEAR Gandhi canal used for irrigation – 53 degree heat – evaporates water – leaves salt in soil – soil barren – less crops – desalination. 53 degrees – laying tarmac – likely to melt – in accessible – pressure on public services – likely to collapse. DESERTIFICATION DUE TO WATER ABSTRACTION AND USE OF FUELWOOD

Management

Top-down Tai Rangeland rehabilitation project – stone walls built – slows surface runoff – causes soil to be deposited – less soil erosion. Water trapped by stone walls is used for irrigation of Atriplex shrubs which reduces water abstraction. National parks – 1992 saw 3000km2 protected under national law – reduces deforestation – less bare soil – less soil erosion

Bottom-up Afforestation in Thar desert – sees more Prosopis cineraria trees – binds soil together – less soil erosion – more interception – more infiltration – fills the level of ground water Sand dams – stops the flow of seasonal rivers – causes sediment to build up – water infiltrates – water easily accessible – irrigation – crops etc.. ALSO LINK TO WALKING TO GET WATER IS REDUCED – YOUNG PEOPLE GO TO SCHOOL. Magic stones in Burkina Faso – 1m high structures – at base of slope – slows runoff – allows for deposition – less soil erosion – provides 50% more water to crops

The Thar Desert is 200,000km2 in NW India. The desert provides economic opportunities such as industry through the production of phosphate and quarrying of limestone for industry. As a result of this there is an increase in secondary employment in the formal sector. As a result the government can increase taxation which may see investment in infrastructure, sanitation and education improving the quality of life present for those present. Furthermore the climate allows for the use of energy. 75* 800 KW turbines have been installed. As a result the area can now pump ground water. This has provided clean water to 3000 villagers. Consequently the level of cholera has reduced increasing life expectancy.

However the climate can be damaging. Irrigation occurs but the 53 degree temp sees evaporation occur. This leads to a build-up of salt on the soil which can cause it to become barren. As a result of this salinization the economic output can reduce. Furthermore the temperature means that tarmac is regularly melted and this in turn make accessibility harder. This leads to pressures on public transport and a reduction in tourism.

Overall the opportunities outweigh the challenges as economic development will allow for the challenges to be overcome by the creation of new technology and investment

Get some paper and use the strip to attempt yourself

For a hot desert environment or cold environment you have studied, to what extent does that environment provide both opportunities and challenges for development? [9 marks] Theme of the question – what you talk about


PEEL(E): Provide specific fact or figure to

support the discussion of opportunities provided (either social or environmental).

Use a range of connectives to develop as far as possible.

Provide a single sentence to link back explicitly to the question

PEEL(E): Provide specific fact or figure to

support the discussion of opportunities provided (either social or environmental).



PEEL(E) Provide specific fact or figure to

support the discussion of challenges provided (either social or environmental).



Conclusion: Provide 3/5 lines showing your opinion and a brief summary of why it is justified. Exam technique – a super student will: Chances are it will be two

paragraphs only. Be specific to your case study Give your opinion – major

impact etc.. Leave a sentence between your

paragraphs Please develop your answers


Model answer

Management in the Thar Desert is vital to reduce environmental risk. The Tai Rangeland Rehabilitation project has seen stone walls built. As a result surface runoff is trapped. This causes the soil that has been removed to be re-deposited supporting growth of vegetation. Furthermore the water is then used to irrigate crops such as Atriplex which can in turn increase soil quality by protecting it from the sun’s rays. The stone walls however may be dislodged from a heavy flow leading to ineffective working or consistent investment needed.

Furthermore in 1992 a 3000km2 National park was created. With the strict laws in place the level of fuelwood collection and deforestation was reduced. As a result the level of bare ground was reduced. This in turn meant the sun’s rays couldn’t reach the surface, dry it out and increase soil erosion. It may however be hard to manage illegal fuelwood collection in such a large area and make the park ineffective

Overall the use of these strategies only benefits the environment. Although they are not perfect without them the rate of habitat destruction would be increased.

Get some paper and use the strip to attempt your own

For a hot desert environment or a cold environment you have studied, assess the importance of management strategies used to reduce the risk of environmental damage.[9 marks] Theme of the question – what you talk about


PEEL(E): Provide one management

strategy (select a top down or bottom up scheme)

Explain why it is successful using a range of connectives

Offer a possible limitation of it – again develop

PEEL(E): Provide one management

strategy (select a top down or bottom up scheme)

Explain why it is successful using a range of connectives

Offer a possible limitation of it – again develop

Conclusion: Provide 3/5 lines showing your opinion and a brief summary of why it is justified. TREMEMBER YOUR OPINION Exam technique – a super student will: Chances are it will be two

paragraphs only WITH A CONC. Be specific to your case study Give your opinion – major




Model Answer:

The Thar Desert is the most densely populated desert at 83 people per KM2. As a result of this the level of water abstraction is very high. Due to low rainfall the levels of ground water are reduced and not replenished. This will lead to a falling of the water table and reduce the ability for plant life to survive as well as effect the other villages in the area.

Furthermore the population increase has seen more crops such as cumin grown. This requires high levels of irrigation. The water may be evaporated which in turn leaves salt crystals in the soil. This process of salinization will reduce the quality of soil and lead to an increase in desertification.

However humans in the area are putting management in place to reduce the impacts. The 1992 3000km2 national park has seen strict laws introduced so that fuelwood collection is reduced. This means that soil erosion will be reduced and ensure the environment is maintained.

Overall the impacts of human actions have had a major impact negatively and only recently has management been put in place to fix the issues although not perfect.

Get a piece of paper and attempt yourself using the strip

For a hot desert environment or a cold environment you have studied, to what extent is your chosen environment at risk from human activity. [9 marks] Theme of the question – what you talk about


PEEL(E): Provide specific fact or figure

that links to humans actions in the Thar Desert.

Develop using connectives to explain why it is a risk.

Remember to include scale, opinion etc…

PEEL(E): Provide specific fact or figure

that links to humans actions in the Thar Desert.

Develop using connectives to explain why it is a risk.

Remember to include scale, opinion etc…

Conclusion: Provide 3/5 lines showing your opinion and a brief summary of why it is justified. Exam technique – a super student will: Chances are it will be two

paragraphs only WITH A CONC. Be specific to your case study Give your opinion – major




Coasts Bitesize link:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/coastal/

1. Match up the key terms (8)

Destructive wave A piece of rock surrounded by sea

Constructive wave erosion where pebbles are reduced in size

Attrition A high wave which breaks frequently on the coast causing erosion

Hydraulic power A long narrow ridge of sand

Stack erosion caused by pebbles thrown against the cliff face

Spit erosion caused by rocks being dissolved by chemical action

Corrosion (solution) a low wave which encourages deposition of beach materials

Corrasion (abrasion) erosion caused by the sheer weight and force of the water

2. On the photo below label (3):

The stump a cave where the arch used to be.

3. Using the diagram write an answer to this six-mark question:

Describe and explain the formation of a wave-cut platform (6)

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/coastal/

Rivers Match the key words to their definitions (8) Traction Dissolved material carried in the water Saltation The start of the river Meander small pebbles bounced along the river bed Delta Boulders rolled along the river bed River Cliff A bend in the river Slip-off slope Where the outside bend of a meander has been eroded Source Where material eroded further up the river is deposited, where the

river meets the sea Solution Material is deposited on the inside bend of the meander 2. On the photo of the waterfall, label (5):

Overhanging hard rock Plunge Pool Rapids Soft Rock Fallen rocks

3. Draw four diagrams to show how a v-shaped valley is formed (8)

Mapwork and Skills http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/geogskills/ As well as learning key words, definitions and case studies from each section you also need to be able to read maps and graphs and interpret photographs. 01 02 03 04 10 O9 08 07

1. What is 4-figure reference of the hospital in Swanage?

2. Give 3 pieces of evidence this area is used by tourists (don’t forget to give grid references)

3. How high is the spot height in 0107?

4. What coastal protection is evident at Swanage?

5. How far apart are the train stations in 0109 and 0208?

6. Give the six figure reference of the end of the pier

http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/geogskills/


An example of a section of coastline in the UK

Location: Swanage Bay Map

Background Information: Found in Dorset in the Jurassic coast Made up of clay (soft rock) as well as chalk and limestone either side (resistant rock). DISCORDANT COASTLINE – ALTERNATING LAYERS OF ROCK FACING THE COAST.

Landforms

Erosional: Further down the coast is Lulworth cove – concordant coastline where the Purbeck Limestone erodes at 1cm every 100yrs. Old harry Rocks in the area – erosional processes at resistant rock. Headland and bay – the bay erodes quicker DUE TO DIFFERENITAL RATES OF EROSION (CLAY). Headland is more resistant so erode slower

Depositional Two spits form north of Swanage. Spit forms due to longshore drift moving along the coat. When the coastline changes direction longshore drift continues. Deposition will begin to occur in shallow water due to an increase in friction and a decrease in wave energy. Over time the spit will continue forward. The end will curve due to the strength of the prevailing wind and formation will stop at a river estuary. Salt marshes may form behind. A BAR – WHERE A SPIT JOINS TWO HEADLANDS AND A LAGOON FORMS BEHIND. A TOMBOLO – WHERE A SPIT JOINS AN ISLAND TO THE MAINLAND

COASTAL MANAGEMENT AT SWANAGE: 18 groynes added in 2005 – stop the process of LSD – ensures the size of the beach – more distance for waves to travel – energy lost – slows erosion. 90,000 m3 of sand added in 2005 – beach replenishment (see above) – needs 40,000m3 added every 20 years.


Explain how different landforms may be created by the transport and

deposition of sediment along the coast. [6 marks]

Explain how different landforms may be created by erosion and weathering [6 marks]

With reference to an example of a section of coastline, describe the major coastal landforms of deposition. [6 marks]

Identity a landform created by transport and deposition. Explain how it is formed.

Spits form due to the transportation of sediment along the coast due to prevailing winds. When the coastline changes shape, usually at a headland, the process of LSD continues into the water. When shallow water is reached energy of the water reduces and this causes deposition to occur. The process will continue to build the spit. The spit will eventually become curved due to the prevailing wind and the formation stopped over the estuary of a river due to the flowing water. A BAR FORMS WHEN A SPIT JOINS A HEADLAND TO A HEADLAND – A LAGOON FORMS BEHIND. A TOMBOLO FORMS WHEN A SPIT JOINS AN ISLAND TO THE MAINLAND.

Identify an additional landform created by transport and deposition. Explain formation

Identity a landform created by erosion and weathering. Explain how it is formed.

HEADLANDS AND BAYS: Along a discordant coastline rock strata of different resistances exist. Due to differential rates of erosion the softer rock erodes through hydraulic action, such as the Wealden clay at Swanage. The more resistant rock of chalk and limestone erodes slower. The area of clay will retreat quicker leading to the formation of the aby and the two headlands either side.

LULWORTH COVE: Along a concordant coastline the same rock is parallel to the sea. At Lulworth Portland limestone erodes through hydraulic action slowly at 1cm every 100 years. This will lead to a small entry. Behind the resistant rock is softer rock such as Wealden clay which is eroded through abrasion and hydraulic action much quicker. This leads to the creation of a larger body. As it moves back it will meet resistant rock such as chalk and stabilise with lower rates of erosion.

OLD HARRY ROCKS (STACK) In a headland a fault is widen through hydraulic action into a cave. Due to abrasion and hydraulic action the cave will widen before breaking through the headland creating an arch. The roof of an arch will impacted by sea spray and corrosion causing it to erode and the base will widen due to hydraulic action. Eventually the roof will collapse due to gravity leaving a stack. A wave cut notch is form at the base which will cause the stack to collapse leaving a stump.

Identify an additional landform created by transport and deposition. Explain briefly explain the formation

SEE answer for spit above – HURST CASTLE SPIT OR TWO PRESENT AT POOLE HARBOUR

An example of a coastal management scheme in the UK

Location: Lyme Regis Map

Background Information: Small town in south of England Heart of the world heritage site During summer months the population increases from 4000 to 15000 Clay valley – soft rock, likely to erode

Threats

The English channel is existing causing an increase in rate of erosion. The cliffs are relatively ‘new’ meaning they haven’t stabilised leading to quickened erosion Management

Hard engineering Sea wall produced in 1995 and improved in 2005 (cost £22 million) – reflects the energy – slows erosion (issue – forces energy down the coastline and effects areas further down) Rock armour produced at the Cobb – absorbs wave energy – reduces energy reaching coastline – slows erosion. Less effective than sea wall but can allow habitats for animals Cliff stabilisation and drainage in 2015 – water is removed from cliff from rain – friction is increased – slumping reduced.

Soft engineering Wide sandy/single beach created – beach replenishment – increases distance for waves – reduces energy – less likely to erode and flood.

Positives: Beaches attract tourism allowing for an

increase on the 15000 visitors. Defences have stood up to recent

winter events effectively. Harbour protected supporting fishing

industry Negatives: More visitors has led to congestion and conflict Defences have spoilt the landscape

Medmerry Managed Retreat, West Sussex, South East England

Outline of Managed Retreat Managed retreat (also known as managed realignment) allows an area that was not previously exposed to flooding by the sea to become flooded by removing coastal protection. Location Medmerry is a nature reserve on the coast of West Sussex, South East England. The Scheme The Medmerry scheme cost £28 million and took place in November 2013. The Environmental Agency decided to follow the strategy of Managed Retreat, deliberately breaching the old sea wall to allow farmland to be flooded. Compensation was paid to residents and footpaths were redirected. A 2-kilometre embankment was constructed and around the perimeter of the area to be flooded to contain the waters and protect surrounding roads, farmland and caravan parks. Rock armour was placed at the seaward edges of the embankment to provide extra protection. In the future the scheme will create a large natural saltmarsh to form a natural buffer to the sea, help to protect the natural surrounding farmland and caravan parks from flooding and establish a valuable wildlife habitat and encourage visitors to the area.

Impacts Social Selsey now has a 1 in 1000 chance of coastal flooding which provides the

best level of protection for people living in coastal zones in the UK. A maintenance access point behind the embankment provides a cycle route

and footpath. Economic Tourism, a main contributor to the local economy is expected to increase.

Two new car parks and four viewing points give easy access. The newly flooded area is expected to become an important fishing nursery

that will boost the local fishing industry in Selsey. Environmental 300 hectares of new intertidal habitats are forming seaward of the

embankment. Mudflats, saltmarshes and grasses have already attracted a large quantity of ducks and lapwings. The area is turning into a huge nature reserve.

By carrying out a detailed environment assessment prior to flooding, designers were able to take measures to protect existing species such as water voles, crested newts and badgers.

Conflicts Social

Some residents still feel that the EA gave up the land too easily and insist

that they should have explored alternative options such as offshore reefs or continued beach realignment.

Some opponents came from outside the area; they resented such an expensive scheme for an area with a low population.

Economic At £28 million, the scheme was very expensive. It only cost £0.2 million a

year to maintain the sea wall. For the managed retreat to take place, three farms growing rapeseed oil and

winter wheat had to be abandoned. Loosing income from loss of agriculture. Environmental Despite planning, habitats of existing species such as badgers would have

been disturbed.


‘Hard engineering strategies are effective in protecting the coastline.’ Do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [6 marks]

Explain how soft engineering is used to protect coastlines from the effects of physical processes. [6 marks]

State your opinion, do you agree or disagree.

To an extent I agree. Groynes, such as the 18 present at Swanage bay, are effective at slowing the process of longshore drift. The increased deposition of sediment means the beach is larger which means that water must travel a further distance which reduces its overall energy and will slow the rate of erosion. However groynes starve the beach further along the coast and at Swanage in the north the cliff is retreating at a much quicker rate. Overall groynes are effective at protecting parts of the coastline. Sea walls are the most effective form of protection. They reflect the energy of the incoming waves and fully stop erosion of vulnerable coastlines. However the cost of sea walls can be £10,000 per metre meaning they are only used at very valuable areas. Furthermore the energy of the wave will increase further down the coast and areas unprotected will suffer more damaging waves. Overall sea walls are effective in the area used but are very costly and can cause damage to unprotected areas.

Give one reasons for your opinion, explain it and support with evidence.

Give another reasons for your opinion, explain it and support with evidence.

Exam Practice For a coastal landscape you have studied, outline the management strategy used. To what extent has this management strategy been useful? [9 marks] Introduction: What is your coastal landscape?

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Paragraph 1 – Outline the management strategy and one way it has been successful. link to sustainability Counterargument – Outline a way the management strategy hasn’t been successful. Think of the conflicts. Conclusion: Your overall opinion linking back to the exam

Describe a type of soft engineering; explain how it protects the coastline from physical processes

At Swanage 90,000m3 of sediment was used for beach replenishment. This saw the size of the beach increase in size. As a result the incoming waves had to travel further. As a result the energy of the wave will dissipate more. As a result the level of erosion will slow. Furthermore with reduced energy longshore drift way reduce. This means the beach will remain a large size and further slow erosion. Describe

another type of soft engineering; explain how it protects the coastline from physical processes

question. ____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Name an example of a coastal management scheme in the UK. ______________________________________________________ Assess whether the overall benefits outweigh any conflicts that are caused as a result of the scheme. [6 marks] Introduction: What is your coastal management scheme?

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Paragraph 1 – Outline a way the scheme was successful. Give evidence and examples. Counterargument – Outline a way that the conflicts outweigh the benefits. Give examples and evidence. Conclusion: Your overall opinion linking back to the exam question.

An example of a river valley in the UK to identify its major landforms of erosion and deposition

River Tees, North East England

Location The River Tees is in the north of England. The source of the River Tees is in the Pennines and it flows east to its mouth, where the river joins the North Sea. Upper Course

Middle Course

Lower Course

The upper course has hard impermeable rocks. Here, vertical erosion has formed a V-shaped valley. High Force is in the forest in Teesdale in the River Tee’s upper course. The river drops 20m as a single sheet of water The waterfall was formed due to a resistant band of igneous rock (cooled volcanic lava) called dolerite,

The River Tees flows from west to east near Darlington over relatively low-lying land in its middle course. Along this stretch of the River Tees are good examples of meanders, levees and flood plains. The meander at Sockburn is a good example

Near Yarm, the meanders in the lower course are much larger, and ox-bow lakes have formed. In this area there are also levees which have formed when the river has flooded. The River Tees has a very large estuary entering the Bristol Channel with mudflats and sandbanks.

.

Exam Practice Explain the processes involved in the formation of a waterfall.[6 marks] Introduction: What is river landscape and example of a waterfall?

Water will be flowing over two layers of rock. The softer rock will form a nick which will eventually turn into a plunge pool. The water will crash into the pool and force water and rocks to erode the rock under the more resistant rock through abrasion and corrosion. This will cause the rock to retreat and create an overhang. Eventually the more resistant rock will collapse as there is no support and the waterfall will retreat leaving a gorge. For example the River Tee’s has the force waterfall which has a 20m high waterfall.

Describe the geology of where a waterfall forms Explain how the overhang and plunge pool are then created. Use key terms and refer to difference erosion processes.

Explain the processes involved in the formation of an ox-bow lake [6 marks]

Explain the formation of a meander

A meander forms with the fastest moving current on the outside of the bend causing lateral erosion. An oxbow lake will see the gap between two arms of the river reduce in distance due to the thalweg causing rapid erosion. At times of flood the river will break through the gap causing the river to become straighter while still following by the now unattached meander. Deposition will begin to occur at both sides of the meander causing it to become blocked and eventually isolated creating the oxbow lake.

Explain the role of erosion in the formation of an ox-bow lake

Explain the role of deposition in the formation of an ox-bow lake

‘The causes of river flooding are usually the result of human factors’.

For a river landscape you have studied, describe the erosional and depositional landforms from source to mouth. [6 marks] USE INFORMATION ABOVE Introduction: What is river landscape.

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Describe the features in the upper course and middle course. Describe the features in the lower course.

Do you agree with this statement? Explain you answer. [6 marks] Introduction: State your opinion, do you agree or disagree.

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Give one reasons for your opinion, explain it and support with evidence. Link it to either a human or a physical factor.

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Give another reasons for your opinion, explain it and support with evidence. Link it to either a human or a physical factor.

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

An example of a flood management scheme in the UK

Somerset Levels – River Tone and Parratt Hard engineering 8km of River Tone and Parratt dredged – river deepens – can carry more water – discharge can be removed – less likely to flood. Road levels increased – if floods occur roads remain intact – communication and aid can exist to evacuate. River banks reinforced and increased – river is ‘taller’ – can hold more water – discharge removed before flooding – flooding decreased. 2024 tidal barrage created – controls the energy of sea water into a river – reduces level of water during high tide – reduces flooding

Soft engineering Afforestation – increases interception – slows the flow of water to the river – lag time increased – flooding reduced.


Explain how physical and human factors can increase the risk of river

flooding. [6 marks]

‘The causes of river flooding are usually the result of human factors’. Do you agree with this statement? Explain you answer. [6 marks]

Identify one physical factor, explain how it increases the risk of river flooding

Identify one human factor, explain how it increases the risk of flooding.

Identify one physical or human factor, explain how it increases the risk of flooding.

State your opinion, do you agree or disagree.

Give one reasons for your opinion, explain it and support with evidence.

Give another reasons for your opinion, explain it and support with evidence.

Explain the benefits of soft engineering strategies in reducing the flood risk. [6 marks] Introduction: What is soft engineering? Give some examples of soft engineering.

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Explain how soft engineering is better than hard engineering. Link to your example.

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Explain another

____________________________________________________

benefit of how soft engineering is better than hard engineering. Link to your example.

____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________

Practice exam questions

1. Explain two human developments that would increase the risk of people being affected by natural hazards. (4 marks)

2. Explain why the majority of earthquakes and volcanoes occur at plate margins. (4 marks) 3. Explain the physical processes that happen at constructive plate margins. (4 marks) 4. Explain how different levels of wealth and development affected the impact of the earthquakes in Chile and

Nepal. (6 marks) 5. Choose either the earthquake in Chile or Nepal. Describe the immediate and long-term responses to the

disaster. (6 marks) 6. ‘Earthquakes don’t kill people, buildings do’. Use evidence to support this statement. (4 marks) 7. Explain how the global atmospheric system affects the weather and climate of the tropics. (6 marks) 8. Describe the primary and secondary effects of a tropical storm. Use a named example and your own

knowledge. (9 marks) 9. Explain why planning and being prepared is the best option for reducing the effects of a tropical storm. (4

marks) 10. Describe the two types of weather hazard that could affect the UK. (4 marks) 11. Suggest why the UK’s weather might be becoming more extreme. (4 marks) 12. Explain how the shrinkage of Arctic sea ice could be evidence of climate change. (4 marks) 13. Using the example of Mount Tambora to explain how and why volcanic activity can affect global climate. (4

marks) 14. Outline two reasons why human activities effect the concentration of co2 in the atmosphere. (4 marks) 15. ‘International agreements are critical in the challenge to reduce global carbon emissions’. Use evidence to

support this statement. (6 marks) 16. Choose either the risk of reduced water supply or rising sea levels. For the issue chosen, describe examples

of strategies used to manage them. (6 marks) 17. Explain and describe the features of a small-scale ecosystem in the UK. (4 marks) 18. Using a named example, explain how change can have short term and long-term effects on an ecosystem. (6

marks) 19. Describe the global pattern of the tundra ecosystem (4 marks) 20. Describe and explain the main plant adaptations in a tropical rainforest environment. (6 marks) 21. Explain, with reference to an example, why it is important to retain biodiversity. (4 marks) 22. ‘The rainforest is more important when left intact than destroyed’. Using a case study, use examples to

support or challenge the view. (9 marks) 23. Describe and explain two benefits of international co operation in sustainably managing tropical rainforests.

(4 marks) 24. How have plants adapted to the hostile conditions in hot deserts. (4 marks) 25. Explain how hot deserts like the Thar desert can provide opportunities for development. (6 marks) 26. Suggest two reasons why irrigation is important for future development of the Thar desert. (4 marks) 27. ‘Desertification is largely caused by poor land management.’ Use evidence to discuss this statement. (6

marks) 28. Explain how the effects of salinization can lead to desertification and how they can be reduced. (6 marks) 29. Compare the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves. (4 marks) 30. Describe the effects of weathering and mass movement on a coiffed coastline. (6 marks) 31. What factors affect the processes operating along a stretch of a coastline. (6 marks) 32. Using one distinctive coastal landform to illustrate the erosive power of the sea. (6 marks) 33. How do the processes of deposition lead to the formation of distinctive landforms? (6 marks) 34. What are the advantages and disadvantages of hard engineering at the coast? (6 marks) 35. Identify the differences between hard and soft engineering coastal management strategies. (4 marks) 36. Examine why a system of managed retreat may not be a feasible option in some parts of the coast. (6 marks) 37. To what extent can the coastal management at Lyme Regis be considered a success? (6 marks) 38. Describe how the shape of a river valley changes downstream. (4 marks) 39. To what extent is the size and shape of a river valley the result of the work of the river under flood

conditions? (6 marks) 40. Explain why a waterfall is only a temporary feature on a river’s course. (4 marks)

41. The gradient of the Mississippi drops on average, only 10cm/km for the last 1000km of its course to the Gulf of Mexico. Consider how this can result in the river changing course. (4 marks)

42. To what extent does the River Tees illustrate the features normally associated with a river’s course from its source to its mouth. (6 marks)

43. ‘River flooding is a natural phenomenon.’ To what extent do you consider this statement to be correct? (6 marks)

44. To what extent are hard engineering schemes sustainable? (6 marks) 45. Using an example of one soft engineering river flood management strategy to show how it has a limited

effect on the environment. (4 marks) 46. Use the example of Banbury to show how the flood defence scheme benefits both the local people and the

environment. (6 marks)

Good Luck!

gcse unit 1 revision guide with model answers: exam ...€¦ · river tees . an example of a flood...

Documents