gcse vocabulary - aqa gcse spanish higher tier textbook · videojuegos = computer games una moto =...

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GCSE Vocabulary AQA GCSE Spanish Higher Tier CONTEXT 4 – MONEY, SHOPPING, FASHION, TECHNOLOGY

N. Jones

Grade descriptions for GCSE Spanish

GCSE Vocabulary - AQA GCSE Spanish Higher Tier MONEY la paga = pocket money una paga semanal de … = weekly pocket money of ….. una paga mensual = monthly pocket money el dinero = money una moneda = a currency / a coin un billete de diez euros = a 10 euro note en efectivo = in cash una tarjeta de crédito = a credit card un monedero = a purse una cartera = a wallet una libra esterlina = one pound (sterling - £) un euro = one euro (€) una moneda de dos euros = a two euro coin un céntimo = a cent una moneda de cinco céntimos = a five cent coin ¿Cuánto dinero te dan tus padres? = How much pocket money do you get? Mis padres me dan ____ libras… = My parents give me ____ pounds… todos los días = every day una vez a la semana = once a week los lunes/los martes/los miércoles… = on Mondays/Tuesdays/Wednesdays… los fines de semana = at the weekends durante las vacaciones = during the holidays todas las mañanas = every morning nunca = never siempre = always casi siempre = almosy always generalmente = generally habitualmente = normally, regularly normalmente = normally por lo general = as a general rule, generally a menudo = often con frecuencia = frequently a veces = sometimes de vez en cuando = from time to time ocasionalmente = occasionally apenas = hardly casi nunca = almost never rara vez = rarely raramente = rarely No, no trabajo todavía = No, I still do not work no tengo tiempo = I don’t ahve the time tengo que estudiar = I have to study normalmente trabajo = I normally work … trabajo de camarero/ camarera = I work as a waiter / waitress en un supermercado = in a supermarket

en la caja = on the till reponiendo las estanterías = staking the shelves en un hotel = in a hotel limpiando y haciendo camas = cleaning and making the beds lavando platos = washing the dishes repartiendo periódicos = delivering newspapers Ayudo a mis padres en casa = I help my parents at home Ayudo a los vecinos para ganar dinero = I help the neighbours to earn money no ayudo en casa = I do not help at home Ayudo a veces pero no para ganar dinero = I help sometimes but not to earn money Sí, les ayudo a veces ... = Yes, I help them sometimes lavo el coche = I wash the car corto el césped = I mow the lawn saco la basura = I take out the rubbish quito el polvo y paso la aspiradora = I dust and do the hoovering doy de comer al perro / al gato = I feed the dog/cat saco el perro a pasear = I take the dog out for a walk hago de canguro / cuido a los niños = I babysit / look after the children cuido las plantas = I look after the plants ¿Cuánto ganas? = How much do you earn? No gano nada = I do not earn anything Gano ... libras / euros a la hora = I earn ….. pounds / euros per hour al día = per day a la semana = per week al mes = per month ¿Quién te da la paga? = Who gives you your pocket money? ¿Cuánto recibes? = How much do you receive? Mi madre me da la paga = My mum gives me my pocket money Recibo cinco libras a la semana = I receive five pounds aek ¿Sueles recibir dinero de regalo? = Do you usually receive money as a present? Me lo regalan en mi cumpleaños = They give it to me on my birthday cuando saco buenas notas = When I get good grades ¿Cómo lo gastas? = What do you spend it on? Lo gasto en… = I spend it on… salir con amigos = going out with friends comer fuera de casa = eating out el transporte = transport los deportes = sports practicar deportes = doing sport ir a partidos = going to matches comprar ropa y complementos = buying clothes and accessories videojuegos = computer games zapatos = shoes regalos = presents revistas = magazines descargar música = downloading music comprar CDs = buying CDs comprar entradas a conciertos = buying tickets to concerts maquillaje = makeup ir a la peluquería = going to the hairdresser

¿Para qué ahorras dinero? = Why do you save money? Para ir de vacaciones = In order to go on holiday Para una fiesta de fin de curso = for a school prom Porque quiero comprar ... = because I want to buy … caramelos = sweets crédito para mi móvil = credit for my mobile phone maquillaje = makeup revistas = magazines ropa y zapatos = clothes and shoes videojuegos = computer games una moto = a motorbike un coche deportivo = a sport car un iPod = an iPod una bicicleta todo terreno = a mountain bike un caballo = a horse regalos para mi familia = presents for my family comprar = to buy Compro = I buy… Compré = I bought … Compraré = I will buy… Lo ahorro para comprar… = I save it to buy… ahorrar = to save gastar (en) = to spend (on) ganar = to earn / to win malgastar = to waste ¿Por qué no ahorras dinero? = Why don’t you save money? Porque todo es muy caro = because everything is very expensive es imposible ahorrar = it is impossible to save prefiero gastarlo = I prefer to spend it en disfrutar del tiempo libre = on enjoying my free time no vale la pena ahorrar dinero = it’s not worth saving money estoy forrado = I’m loaded estoy pobre como una rata = I’m as por as a mouse (a rat) / I’m skint ser un(a) hij(a) de papá = to be a rich kid rico = rich, wealthy / delicious OPINIONS ¡Qué guapo/a! = How good-looking! ¡Qué (+ adjective)! = How (+ adjective)! ¡Qué feo! = How ugly! ¡Qué (+ noun)! = What a (+ noun)! ¡Qué ganga! = What a bargain! Ojalá = I hope Me aburre(n) = it/he/she (they) bores(s) me Me encanta(n) = I love Me fascina(n) = it/he/she (they) fascinate(s) me Me gusta(n) = I like

Me chifla(n) = I like No me gusta(n) = I do not like Me da(n) igual = I don’t mind Me interesa(n) = It (They) interest(s) me No me interesa(n) nada = It (They) doesn’t / don’t interest me at all Me molesta(n) = it (they) annoy me Me queda = it suits me Me quedan = they suit me Estos zapatos me quedan bien = these shoes suit me well ¿Qué tal me va? = How does it suit me? ¿Me queda bien? = Does it suit me? Me queda bien / mal = It suits me well / badly Odio = I hate Detesto = I hate No aguanto = I can’t stand Estoy harto de = I am sick of, I am fed up of Me parece que = I think that Opino que = I think that Estoy de acuerdo = I agree No estoy de acuerdo con = I do not agree with apetecer = to fancy, feel like Me apetece = I fancy ….., I feel like Me apetece salir = I fancy going out, I feel like going out Yo creo que = I think that Yo pienso que = I think that es/son = is / are ¿Qué crees tú? = What do you think? ¿Qué piensas tú? = What do you think? ¡Qué va! = No way! ¿Estás loco/a? = Are you mad? Me gusta(n) = I like (literally = it pleases me) Te gusta(n) = You like (literally = it pleases you) Le gusta(n) = He/She likes (literally = it pleases him/her) Nos gusta(n) = We like (literally = it pleases us) Os gusta(n) = You (plural) like (literally = it pleases you) Les gusta(n) = They like (literally = it pleases them) ADJECTIVES aburrido = boring / bored aceptable = acceptable afortunado = fortunate agradable = pleasant ajustado = tight anticuado = out of date antiguo = old apropiado = appropriate asqueroso = disgusting barato = cheap tirado de precio = cheap (slang)

bonito = pretty bueno = nice, good buenísimo = very good caro = expensive cómodo = comfortable incómodo = uncomfortable decepcionado = disappointed decepcionante = disappointing desagradable = unpleasant diferente = different distinto = different difícil = difficult divertido = fun duro = hard económico = cheap, economical emocionante = exciting encantador = delightful entretenido = entertaining especial = special espléndido = splendid estupendo = great estúpido = stupid excelente = excellent extraordinario = extraordinary fácil = easy famoso = famous fantástico = fantastic fascinante = fascinating fatal = awful favorable = favourable favorito = favourite fenomenal = great feo = ugly favorito = favourite genial = great guay = brilliant guay del Paraguay = really brilliant hermoso = beautiful horroroso = horrible, horrendous ideal = ideal importante = important imposible = impossible impresionante = impressive increíble = incredible inseguro = insecure interesante = interesting inútil = useless, unuseful mal = bad malo maravilloso = marvellous mejor = better / best

moderno = modern negativo = negative nuevo = new peor = worse pesado = annoying perfecto = perfect posible = possible positivo = positive precioso = lovely preferido = favourite profundo = deep raro = strange regular = average, just OK ridículo = ridiculous un rollo = a bore seguro = sure / safe sencillo = simple sorprendido = surprised tedioso = tedious, dull típico = typicla / average tonto = stupid triste = sad tranquilo = quiet único = unique / only útil = useful viejo = old -ísimo = on the end of an adjective this means “very” buenísimo = very good malísimo = very bad muy = very bastante = quite más = more menos = less aun más = even more aun menos = even less poco = un-, not poco gracioso = not funny poco interesante = uninteresting, not interesting un poco = a bit un poco más = a bit more tan ….. como ….. = as ….. as …. tanto ….. como ….. = as much ……. as …….. COMPARISON más ….. que …. = more … than …. menos…. que …. = less ….. than …. tan ….. como ….. = as …… as ….. tanto/a(s) ….. como …. = as much / many …. as …… mejor = better el / la mejor - los / las mejores = the best

peor = worse el / la peor - los / las peores = the worst muy = very bastante = quite demasiado = too / too much FREQUENCY a diario = daily diariamente = daily cada día = each day a menudo = often aproximadamente = approximately, roughly a veces = sometimes algunas veces = sometimes ahora = now ahora mismo = right now al mismo tiempo = at the same time anoche = last night antes = before ayer = yesterday anteayer = the day before yesterday cada (x) días/ horas = every (x) days casi = almost de momento = at the moment de nuevo = again de repente = suddenly de vez en cuando = from time to time dentro de (x) (horas) = in (x) (hours) desde = from desde hace = since después = after el día siguiente = the following day la semana siguiente = the following week el año siguiente = the following year durante = during en ese/este momento = at that / this moment en seguida = immediately inmediatamente = immediately entonces = then esta noche = tonight el fin de semana = the weekend frecuente = frequent generalmente = generally hace (+ time) = (time) ago hoy = today lento = slow mañana = tomorrow normalmente = normally nunca = never casi nunca = almost never otra vez = again

permanente = permanent pocas veces = few times, not often raramente = rarely, not often el pasado = the past pasado = last el año pasado = last year pasado mañana = the day after tomorrow por año, etc. = per year, etc por fin = at last, finally por lo general = generally generalmente = generally pronto = soon rápido = fast un rato = a while reciente(mente) = recent(ly) siempre = always siguiente = next, coming el mes siguiente = next month, the coming month próximo = next el mes próximo = next month solamente = only sólo = only solo/a = alone (without the accent “solo” means “alone”) tiempo = time mucho tiempo = a lot of time tarde = late LA tarde = THE afternoon / evening temprano = early todas las (semanas) = every (week) todavía = still todos los (días) = every (day) últimamente = recently una vez = once (one time) dos veces … etc = twice (two times, etc) NEGATIVES Nunca = never Ya no = no longer Nadie = no one, nobody Nada = nothing Ni …. ni …. = neither ….. nor ….. Ningún(o)/a/os/as = none, not any No tengo ningún dinero = I do not have any money No tengo ningunos amigos = I do not have any friends (ningún / ninguna / ningunos / ningunas – this changes to agree with whatever the word describes)

CONJUCNTIONS a pesar de = despite, inspite of así que = so aun (si) = even (if) aunque = although como = as / like cuando = when incluso = even mientras (que) = while o/u = or (“o” changes to “u” before a word beginning with “O”/ “HO” e.g. trabajo u ocio = work or pleasure)

pero = but por eso = because of that, for that reason por lo tanto = therefore porque = because pues = so si = if sin embargo =however tal vez =perhaps también = also y/e = and (“y” changes to “e” before a word beginning with “i”/“Hi” e.g. Israel e Italia = Israel or Italy)

ya (que) = since, as CONNECTIVES además = furthermore aparte de = apart from claro que = of course dado que = given that es decir = that’s to say, that is por un lado/por otro lado = on the one hand / on the other por una parte/por otra parte = on the one hand / on the other sin duda = without doubt lo que = the thing that …. lo que no me gusta = the thing that I don’t like, what I don’t like PREPOSITIONS a = to / at con = with de = of / from en = in / on hacia = towards hasta = until para = for / in order to por = for / by según = according to sin = without

QUESTIONS WORDS ¿Adónde? = Where to? ¿Cómo? = How? ¿Cuál(es)? = Which? ¿Cuándo? = When? ¿Cuánto? = How much / many? ¿Cuántos …? = How much / many? (plural) ¿De dónde? = From where? Where from? ¿De quién? = Who from? From whom? ¿Dónde? = Where? ¿Por dónde? = ¿Por qué? = Why? ¿Qué? = What? ¿Quién? = Who? When you want someone to repeat something, you should say ¿Cómo? rather than ¿Qué? – this is more polite. COMMON QUESTIONS ¿A qué hora? = At what time? ¿Cuánto cuesta(n)? ¿Cuánto es? = How much is it (are they)? ¿Cuánto vale(n)? = How much is it (are they)? ¿Cuántos años tienes? = How old are you? ¿De qué color? =What colour? ¿Dónde está? = Where is it/he/she? ¿Para/Por cuánto tiempo? = For how long / how much time? ¿Qué día? = What day? ¿Qué fecha? = What date? ¿Qué hora es? = What time is it? EXCLAMATIONS ¡Basta! = That’s enough! ¡Claro! = Of course! ¡Cuidado! = Careful! Look out! ¡Ojo! = Look out! Careful! ¡Olé! = Bravo! Well done! ¡Qué guapo! = How handsome/good-looking! ¡Qué elegante! = How smart! ¡Qué (+ adjective)! = How (+ adjective)! ¡Qué horror! = How horrible! ¡Qué (+ noun)! = what a (+ noun) ¡Qué lástima! = What a shame! ¡Qué lío! = What a mess! ¡Qué va! = No way! ¡Qué vergüenza! = How embarrassing! ¡Qué rollo! = What a bore! ¡Qué suerte! = What luck! ¡Qué mala suerte! = What bad luck! ¡Socorro! = Help! ¿De veras? = Really? For real? vale = ok

COLOUR

amarillo = yellow azul = blue blanco = white claro = light el color = the colour gris = grey marrón = brown morado = purple naranja = orange negro = black oscuro = dark pálido = pale rojo = red rosa = pink rosado = pink verde = green violeta = violet / purple vivo = vivid, bright los colores claros = light / pale colours los colores oscuros = dark colours los colores vivos = bright colours de rayas =striped de lunares = polka dot de cuadros = checked estampado = patterned WEIGHTS AND MEASURES la lista de la compra = the shopping list alto = high, tall la altura = the hieght ancho = wide el ancho = the width bajo = low; short una bolsa = a bag un bote = a jar una botella = a bottle una caja = box la cantidad = the quantity el cartón = carton un centímetro = a centimetre completo = full un cuarto = quarter delgado = slim, thin el doble = the double estrecho = tight gordo = fat un gramo = a gramme grande = big

grueso = thick una lata = a can un litro = a litre lleno = full mediano = average una medida = a measurement / a measure medio = half la mitad = the half mucho = much / many un paquete = a packet un pedazo = a slice, piece pequeño = small el peso = the weight un poco de = a bit of una ración de = a portion of suficiente = enough la talla = the size (clothes) el tamaño = the size (clothes + general) un trozo = a bit vacío = empty bastar = to be enough ¡Basta! = That’s enough! medir = to measure pesar = to weight SHAPE

cuadrado = square, square shaped la forma = the shape redondo = round ACCESS

abierto = open la tienda está abierta = the shop is open abrir = to open el acceso = access cerrado = closed cerrar = to close la tienda está cerrada = the shop is closed gratis = free (of charge) gratuito = free (of charge) hacer falta = to need me hace falta = I need libre = free, not occupied necesario = necessary ocupado = engaged; occupied permitir = to permit, allow prohibido = forbidden, banned prohibir = to forbid, to ban

CORRECTNESS

cierto = correct, true correcto = correct equivocado = wrong, mistaken exacto = exact falso = false una falta = error una mentira = a lie / false mentiroso = untrue la razón = the reason la verdad = the truth verdadero = true corregir = to correct estar equivocado = to be mistaken, to be wrong mentir = to lie tener razón = to be right

CLOTHES

la ropa = clothes Prefiero ponerme = I prefer to put on Me gusta llevar = I like to wear ponerse = to put on (yourself) me pongo = I put on (myself) Llevar = to wear estar de moda = to be in fashion Voy a llevar = I am going to wear Quiero = I want Quisiera = I would like Me gustaría = I would like estar de moda = to be fashionable la imagen = the image irse bien = to fit / to suit me va bien = it suits me / it fits me well probarse = to try on un anillo = a ring un abrigo = a coat un bañador = a swimming costume una blusa = a blouse las botas = boots el bóxer = bóxer shorts las bragas = knickers una bufanda = scarf (around neck) los calcetines = socks la calidad = quality de (buena) calidad = (good) quality la camisa = shirt la camiseta = t-shirt / football shirt la camiseta del Barça = the Barcelona football shirt un camisón = nightdress, nightie una cazadora = jacket

un chándal = a tracksuit una chaqueta = a jacket el cinturón = belt el collar = necklace cómodo = comfortable la comodidad = comfort una corbata = a tie el cuero = leather la falda = skirt las gafas de sol = sunglasses la gorra = cap / hat los guantes = gloves un jersey = a jumper la joyería = jewellery unas joyas = some jewels joyas preciosas = precious jewels una manga = a sleeve sin mangas = sleeveless las medias = stockings / tights el pañuelo = scarf (over head – Muslim) un pantalón = trousers un pantalón corto = shorts, short trousers el panty = tights los pendientes = earrings una rebeca = a cardigan un reloj = a watch / a clock unas sandalias = some sandles un sombrero = a hat una sudadera = a sweatshirt el tipo = type un traje = a suit/dress los vaqueros = jeans un vestido = a dress la zapatería = shoe shop unas zapatillas de deporte = some trainers las zapas = trainers (slang) los zapatos = shoes SHOPPING ITEMS

de lujo = luxury los electrodomésticos = electrical appliances un juguete = a toy la lista de la compra = the shopping list el maquillaje = make-up una medalla = a medal un monopatín = a skateboard un monedero = a purse un paraguas = an umbrella el perfume = perfume la prensa = the press, the newspapers un (teléfono) móvil = a mobile phone

una muñeca = doll una novela = a novel un ordenador = a conmputer un (ordenador) portátil = a laptop un paraguas = an umbrella un periódico = a newspaper un regalo = a present un tebeo = a comic un cómic = a comic book MATERIALS

de algodón = made of cotton de cristal = made of glass de vidrio = made of glass de cuero = made of leather el cuero = leather la piel = leather, skin de madera = made of wood de lana = made of wool de plata = made of silver de plástico = made of plastic de oro = made of gold de seda = made of silk el papel = paper la tela = cloth la cerámica = pottery BUYING CLOTHES

¿En qué puedo servirle? = How can I help you? Busco … = I’m looking for … Quiero comprar = I want to buy ¿Puedo probármelo/a? = Can I try it on? ¿Lo/La tiene … en la talla …? = Do you have … in size …? Quiero cambiar ... = I want to change … ¿Tiene usted el recibo? = Do you have the receipt? un reembolso = a refund No funciona = It doesn’t work Ya tengo uno/a exactamente igual = I’ve already got one exactly the same. Tiene un agujero/ una mancha = It’s got a hole/stain. las rebajas = sale Es demasiado caro = It’s too expensive. la talla = size (clothes / shoes etc) el tamaño = the size (general objects) el número = size (shoes) ¡No me gusta el color! = I don’t like the colour. Es demasiado grande / pequeño = It’s too big/small. ¿De qué color? = In what colour? ¿De qué número/talla? = What size? Lo siento, no tenemos = I’m sorry, we don’t have …

¿Cuánto cuesta/cuestan …? = How much is/are …? ¿Cuánto es/son? = How much is it/are they? Es/Son … = It is/They are … Lo siento, no hay … = I’m sorry, I haven’t got any … No queda/quedan … = There is/are no … left. ¿Algo más? = Anything else? ajustado = tight ancho = baggy la calidad = quality de (buena) calidad = (good) quality la comodidad = comfort cómodo = comfortable costar = to cost cuesta = it costs cuestan = they cost de segunda mano = second hand el descuento = discount una oferta (especial) = a (special) offer el precio = price FASHION la moda = fashion estar de moda = to be in fashion estar pasado de moda = to be out of fashion una colección = a collection la temporada de verano = the summer season la colección de invierno = the winter collection anticuado = old, out of date atractivo = attractive poco atractivo = unattractive barato = cheap feo = ugly caro = expensive cómodo = comfortable incómodo = uncomfortable descuidado = untidy pasado de moda = out of fashion, unfashionable práctico = practical elegante = smart, stylish Creo que la moda es importante = I think that fashion is important no me interesa la moda = I’m not interested in fashion Es aburrido si … = it is boring if …. …. si no llevamos estilos diferentes = if we do not weardifferent styles …. si no llevamos colores diferentes = if we do not wear different colours Sólo compro ropa de marca = I only buy designer clothes Me importa mucho = It is really important to me Compro la ropa que me gusta = I buy the clothes that I like La marca no importa = the designer/make is not important to me

Me gusta llevar ropa original = I like to wear original clothes Me gusta llevar ropa diferente de mis amigos = I like to wear different clothes to my friends Prefiero gastar mi dinero en otras cosas = I prefer to spend my money on other things La moda es cara y diferente cada año = fashion is expensive and different every year Prefiero ahorrar mi dinero = I prefer to save my money la ropa y los complementos = clothes and accessories me encanta leer revistas de moda = I love to read fashion magazines para saber los colores que se llevan ahora

= to find out about the clours that are being worn now para saber los estilos que se llevan ahora

= to find out about the styles that are being worn now cambiar de peinado = to change hair style tener un estilo original = to have an original style la comodidad = comfort el precio = the price gastar toda la paga en ropa = to spend all my pocket money on clothes elegir ropa de buena calidad = to chose good quality clothes llevar ropa deportiva = to wear sports clothing Prefiero llevar ropa deportiva = I prefer to wear sports clothing porque es cómoda y práctica = because it is comfortable and practical porque duran más = because they last longer porque son más elegantes = because they are smarter compro ropa en los grandes almacenes = I buy clothes in department stores No compro ropa de marca = I do not buy designer clothes porque es muy cara = because it is very expensive porque no vale la pena = because it is not worth it Me gusta cambiar de imagen de vez en cuando = I like to change image from time to time Últimamente compro mucha ropa en negro = Lately I am buying a lot of black clothes

Últimamente compro mucha ropa en marrón = Lately I am buying a lot of brown clothes

los colores oscuros me parecen más elegantes = I think that dark colours are smarter Me encantan las botas de cuero de buena calidad = I like good quality leather boots Odio ver a otras personas con la misma ropa

= I hate seeing people with the same clothes me queda mejor la ropa ajustada = Tight clothes suit me better me quedan muy bien los colores llamativos = Loud colours suit me very well los colores claros = light / pale colours los colores oscuros = dark colours los colores vivos = bright colours evito la ropa ajustada y de algodón = I avoid tight cotton clothes me quedan mejor los colores neutros = Neutral colours suit me better las rayas horizontales no me quedan bien = Horizontal stripes don’t suit me me queda bien cualquier color = Any colour suits me no me quedan bien los vaqueros anchos = Baggy jeans do not suit me Me quedan bien las rayas verticales = Vertical stripes suit me no me quedan bien los vestidos largos = Long dresses don’t suit me siempre me quedan bien los tacanos altos = High heals always suit me

THIS & THAT

This That That (over there)

Masculine singular ESTE ESE AQUEL

Feminine singular ESTA ESA AQUELLA

These Those Those (over there)

Masculine plural ESTOS ESOS AQUELLOS

Feminine plural ESTAS ESAS AQUELLAS

UNIFORM el uniforme escolar = the school uniform hay que llevar = you have to wear hay que + infinitive = you have + infinitive tengo que + infinitive = I have to ….. tenemos que + infinitive = we have to ….. se debe + infinitive = you have to ….. / one must ….. no se debe + infinitive = you do not have to ….. / one must not ….. está prohibido = it is forbidden / banned no se permite = it is not allowed se permite = it is allowed El uniforme es un gasto enorme = Uniform is a huge expense Nuestro uniforme está pasado de moda = Our uniform is out of fashion y anticuado = and old fashioned sin uniforme = without a uniforme hay que tener ropa diferente para cada día = you have to have different clothes for every day lo cual es muy caro = which is very expensive elimina las posibles desigualdades socioeconómicas entre los alumnos

= it eliminates possible socio-economic differences between students no permite la expresión de la individualidad = it does not permit individual expression A mí me gusta tener mi propio estilo = I like to have my own style es sexista = it is sexist el precio es caro = the price is expensive no elimina las diferencias sociales = it does not eliminate social differences Me aburre llevar la misma ropa = it bores me wearing the same clothes te ahorras dinero = you save money no tienes que comprar tanta ropa = you don’t have to buy so many clothes Llevar uniforme te prepara para …… = wearing uniform prepares you for el mundo laboral = the world of work ya que es importante vestirse adecuadamente en el trabajo = as it is important to dress appropriately at work no tienes que pensar en lo que vas a llevar

= you do not have to think about what you are going to wear Es mucho más fácil = it is much easier todos parecemos iguales = we all look the same la discriminación desaparece = discrimination disappears no es cómodo en el verano = it is not comfortable in the summer fomenta la buena disciplina = it encourages good discipline Yo quiero vestirme cómo quiero = I want to dress how I want No me gusta seguir las reglas = I do not like to follow the rules Mi uniforme me queda mal = My uniform does not suit me Parezco ridículo = I look ridiculous

Parecemos elegantes = We look smart No aguanto mi uniforme = I can’t stand my uniform Es muy feo = it is very ugly me gusta seguir la moda = I like to follow fashion SHOPPING la venta de …. = the selling of, the sale of vender = to sell el vendedor / la vendedora = the seller el cliente = the customer SHOPS

una tienda = a shop / a tent una cafetería = the cafe una carnicería =a butcher’s un cibercafé = an internet café una confitería = a shop selling sweets and cakes un estanco = a tobacconist’s (also sells stamps) la droguería = the drug store (sells cosmetics) la joyería = the jeweller’s la farmacia = the chemist (sells medicine) una ferretería = the iron mongers la floristería = a florists la frutería = the fruit shop una heladería = the ice cream parlour una juguetería = the toy shop la librería = the book shop una pastelería = a cake shop una panadería = a bakery la pescadería = the fishmongers una perfumería = a perfume shop una papelería = the stationers, stationery shop una peluquería = the hairdresser’s una mueblería = a furniture store una lavandería automatica = a launderette la tabacalera = cigarette shop una verdulería = vegetable shop, green grocers la zapatería = the shoe shop una tienda de comestibles = a grocery store una tienda de mascotas = a pet shop una tienda de música = the music shop una tienda de ropa = the clothes shop un quiosco de periódicos = newspaper stand el supermercado = the supermarket FOOD AND QUANTITIES una botella de Coca- Cola/cerveza = bottle of Coca-Cola/beer un kilo de jamón/naranjas = a kilo of ham/oranges una barra de pan = a loaf of bread una lata de sardinas = a tin of sardines una tableta de chocolate = a bar of chocolate

300 gramos de queso = 300g of cheese una caja de pasteles = a box of cakes una docena de huevos = a dozen eggs un cartón de leche = a carton of milk un paquete de patatas fritas = a packet of crisps IN THE DEPARTMENT STORE

los grandes almacenes = department store la caja = the cash desk la sección de …… = the ……… section la sección de deporte = sports section el cambio = the bureau de change juguetes = toys videojuegos = video games imagen y sonido = image and sound (audiovisual department) muebles y decoración = furniture and decor electrodomésticos = white goods (fridges/ washing machines, etc) moda joven/caballero/señora = young people’s/men’s/women’s fashion zapatería = shoe department agencia de viajes = travel agency peluquería = hairdresser’s perfumería = perfume section relojería = watch section papelería = stationery el aparcamiento = the car park el vendedor = the sales person el dependiente = the shop assistant bodas = weddings flores y regalos = flowers and presents ¿Dónde está la sección de …? = Where is the … department? ¿Se venden ….? = Do you sell …? Tome el ascensor = Take the lift las rebajas = the sales una oferta = an offer un descuento = a discount el precio = the price un reembolso = a refund precios locos = mad prices el recibo = the receipt el reparto a domicilio = home delivery la publicidad = advertising FLOORS

el sótano = basement la planta baja = ground floor la primera planta = the first floor segunda = second tercera = third cuarta = fourth

quinta = fifth sexta = sixth séptima = seventh octava = eighth novena = ninth décima planta = tenth floor PRICE

¿Cuánto cuesta? = How much does it cost? ¿Cuánto vale? = How much does it cost? ¿Cuánto es? = How much is it? barato = cheap caro = expensive carísimo = very expensive tirado de precio = cheap (slang) una ganga = a bargain OPINIONS (SHOPPING IN DEPARTMENT STORES/ON THE INTERNET) Estoy a favor de los grandes almacenes = I am in favour of department stores Prefiero comprar por internet = I prefer to shop on the internet Prefiero las tiendas pequeñas = I prefer small shops Se puede aparcar el coche fácilmente = You can park the car easily Hay mucha variedad = There is a lot of variety Hay demasiada gente = There are too many people Hay poca gente = There’s not many people Son muy prácticos = They are very practical Los dependientes son muy simpáticos = The shop assistants are very nice Hay un surtido más grande de productos = There’s a bigger range of products Los precios son más bajos = The prices are lower Los precios son más baratos = The prices are cheaper Los precios son más económicos = The prices are cheaper Los precios bajan = The prices are going down Los precios suben = The prices are going up No tienen carácter = They lack character Abren todos los días = they open every day Cierran más tarde = they close later Venden de todo = they sell all kinds of things Te atienden peor = they treat you worse Son más impersonales = They are more impersonal Puedes encontrar más productos de oferta = You can find more products on offer productos de lujo = luxury products Ahorras tiempo y dinero = You save time and money Hay muchas gangas = There are many bargains Hay demasiada publicidad = There is too much advertising Hay un mayor surtido de productos = There is a greater range of products No venden cosas muy originales = They don’t sell very original things Hago mis compras sin moverme da casa = I do my shopping without moving from home Quiero ver el producto antes de comprarlo = I want to see the product before buying it No tengo que hacer cola = I don’t have to queue Puedo comprar cosas de segunda mano = I can buy second hand things

Prefiero comprar cosas nuevas = I prefer to buy new things Vendo cosas en Ebay = I seel things on Ebay Prefiero pagar menos y esperar = I prefer to pay less and wait Prefiero pagar más = I prefer to pay more y recibir las cosas inmediadamente = and receive the things immediately hay que pagar los costes del envío = you have to pay the delivery costs hay = there is / there are hay que (+infinitive) = you have to (+ infinitive) pago en un segundo = I pay in a second con un solo clic de ratón = with just a click of a mouse ir de compras puede ser divertido = going shopping can be fun WHAT WOULD YOU DO? ¿Qué harías con un millón de libras? = What would you do with a million pounds? Si ganaras la lotería, ¿qué comprarías? = If you won the lottery what would you buy? No juego a la lotería = I don’t do the lottery pero si la jugara y me tocara = but if I did it and I won it …. Si tuviera = if I were to have … Si ganara = if I were to win ….. Si me dieran = if they were to give me …. un premio = a prize primero tendría que = firstly I would have to … sacarme el carnet de conducir = to get my driving licence me gustaría = I would like Me compraría = I would buy myself compraría un coche deportivo = I would buy a sports car Compraría una casa grande = I would buy a big house ahorraría el dinero = I would sabe the money a mi mamá le compraría una casa = I would buy my mum a house Viajaría durante un año = I would travel for a year repartiría el resto del dinero entre = I would share out the rest amongst me gustaría viajar por Sudamérica = I would like to travel through South America modificaría la casa de mis padres = I would do up my parents’ house dejaría de trabajar = I would give up working podría vivir en una isla desierta = I could live on a desert island construiría = I would build utilizaría = I would use podría practicar mi español = I could practise my Spanish INTERNET / TECHNOLOGY

aplicaciones para el iPhone = applications for the iPhone la biblioteca = library la cámara digital = digital camera el ciberespacio = cyber space una contraseña = password la banda ancha = broadband un cibercafé = an internet cafe

un/a cliente = a customer el correo basura = spam, junk email el correo electrónico = email un disco compacto = a compact disk el disco duro = the hard drive el equipo de música = music system, stereo un/a internauta = an internet user un juego = a game una llamada = a call un libro digital / un libro electrónico = a digital book un mensaje de texto = a text message el mensajero instantáneo = Instant Messenger el monitor = the monitor un móvil = a mobile un ordenador portátil = laptop un ordenador = a computer una página web = web page una pantalla = a screen el programa = the programme IMPORTANT – all words that end in –ama or –ema is Spanish are MASCULINE e.g. EL problema, EL sistema, EL programa el programador = the programmer el ratón = the mouse la red = Internet una sala de chat = a chat room una sesión = a session un sitio web = a website el teclado = the keyboard la televisión plana = flatscreen television la televisión por satélite = satellite television un usuario = a user la videoconsola = games console chatear = to chat (online) conectarse = to connect, go on line descargar = to download bajar de internet = to download from the internet devolver = to give back entretenido/a = entertaining guardar = to keep / to save enviar mensajes = to send texts mandar = to send navegar en la red = to surf the Internet recibir correo electrónico = to receive email ADVANTAGES / DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGY las desventajas = the disadvantages las ventajas = the advantages Es más rápido y fácil = it is faster and easier Es entretenido = it is entertaining

están muy de moda = they are very fashionable puedo buscar información = I can look for information leer las noticias = read the news puedo mandar mensajes de texto = I can send text messages puedo descargar películas = I can download films enviar correos electrónicos = send email me chifla la cámara de mi móvil = I love my mobile phone camera puedo sacar fotos y hacer videos = I can take photos Lo mejor de las nuevas tecnologías es que = the best thing about new technologies is that No puedo vivir sin mi MP3 = I can’t live without my MP3 player me relaja escuchar música = it relaxes me listening to music me permite estar en contacto con … = it allows me to be in touch with … me mejora la concentración = it improves my concentration puedo encontrar información = I can find information puedo comparer los precios = I can compare the prices Me encantan las redes sociales = I love social networks puedo chatear con mis amigos = I can chat with my friends las redes sociales pueden ser peligrosas = social networks can be dangerous no me gustan mucho las redes sociales = I don’t like social networks much son una pérdida de tiempo = they are a waste of time Lo malo de estas tecnologías es que … = the bad thing about these technologies is that

son caras = they are expensive cambian mucho = they change a lot hay un alto riesgo de = there is a high risk of fraude = fraud la pérdida de intimidad = loss of privacy acceso de los niños a información nociva = access of children to harmful information robos = theft problemas de virus = virus problems compras compulsivas = compulsive shopping La vida sería imposible sin = life would be impossible without es fácil de usar = it is easy to use comunicarse con = to communicate with DAYS OF THE WEEK un día = a day los días de la semana = the days of the week el lunes = Monday LOS lunes = on Mondays el martes = Tuesday LOS martes = on Tuesdays el miércoles = Wednesday el jueves = Thursday el viernes = Friday el sábado = Saturday el domingo = Sunday el fin de semana = the weekend

el finde = the weekend (slang) un dia festivo = a bank holiday THE SEASONS una estación = a season (also means “station”) la primavera = the spring el verano = the summer el otoño = the autumn el invierno = the winter MONTHS OF THE YEAR los meses del año = the months of the year enero = January febrero = February marzo = March abril = April mayo = May junio = June julio = July agosto = August se(p)tiembre = September (you can spelt it with the P or without) octubre = October noviembre = November diciembre = December TIME OF DAY la madrugada = the early morning, the small hours la mañana = THE morning mañana = tomorrow la tarde = the afternoon / evening tarde = late la noche = the night THE TIME

la hora = the time / the hour el horario = the timetable media hora = half an hour medianoche = midnight el mediodía = midday es la una = it’s one o’clock son las dos = it’s two o’clock son las tres = it’s three o’clock menos/y … = quarter to / quarter past menos cuarto = quarter to un minuto = a minute un segundo = a second y cuarto = quarter past y media = half past

VERBS acceder = to get into adjuntar = to attach aceptar = to accept acompañar = to accompany, go with acordar = to remember actuar = to act ahorrar = to save (MONEY) alcanzar = to reach, get to aumentar = to increase arruinar = to ruin bajar = to go down / to download beneficiar = to benefit borrar = to erase, delete cargar = to load, charge chatear = to chat (on line) comprar = to buy conectar = to connect conectar(se) = to go on line, log on contar = to count, to tell/recount costar = to cost ¿Cuánto cuesta? = How much does it cost? ¿Cuánto cuestan? = How much do they it cost? comenzar = to begin contar = to count, to tell/recount contribuir = to contribute cuidar = to look after, take care of deber = to have to / must / to owe (money) debo = I must/ I owe te debo dos euros = I owe you 2 euros descargar / bajar = to download desconectar = to log off, sign off devolver = to give back, return debería = I should dejar de hacer algo = to stop doing something decepcionar = to disappoint decidir = to decide detestar = to hate devolver = to return, give back disfrutar = to enjoy decidir = to decide describir = to describe destruir = to destroy disculpar(se) = to apologise discutir = to argue echar = to throw elegir = to chose, select encontrarse = to meet enviar = to send escoger = to chose, select esperar = to wait

elegir = to choose, select encontrarse = to meet escoger = to choose, select esperar = to wait empezar = to begin estresarse = to get yourself stressed enfadar(se) = to get angry engordar = to put on weight evitar = to avoid formar parte de = to be a part of ganar = to earn / to win gastar = to spend grabar = to record guardar = to save, to keep (NOT for money) ahorrar = to save (money) hacer un esfuerzo = to make an effort hacer = to do / to make hacer la(s) compra(s) = to do the shopping, to shop hacer cola = to queue hablar = to talk, speak hablar por teléfono = to talk on the phone inmigrar = to immigrate invitar = to invite ir en aumento = to go up llevar = to wear lograr = to achieve mandar = to send meter = to put in navegar = to surf the net necesitar = to need organizar = to organise participar = to take part pagar = to pay perder = to lose / to miss ponerse = to put on probarse = to try on lograr = to achieve parecerse a … = to look like pelearse con …. = to fight (with) perder = to lose / to miss perder peso = to lose weight perdonar = to forgive ponerse = to put on preocuparse = to get worried preparar = to prepare quedar = to suit / to stay me queda bien = it suits me recibir = to receive regular = to give (as a present) reírse = to laugh repartir = to deliver

robar = to steal romper = to break saber = to know sé = I know salir = to go out seleccionar = to select sentir(se) = to feel sentirse deprimido/a = to feel depressed me siento = I feel ser aficionado a = to be a fan of servir = to serve subir = to go up sugerir = to suggest supervisar = to supervise tener (el pelo ... /los ojos ...) = to have …… hair / eyes tener ... años = to be …. years old (lit. to have years) tener suerte = to be lucky (lit. to have luck) tener ganas = to feel like … tengo ganas de salir = I feel like going out tener prisa = to be in a hurry (to have haste) tener ganas de hacer …. = to want to do ….., to feel like doing …. vender = to sell venir = to come ver = to see / to watch vestirse = to get yourself dressed

ESSENTIAL VERBS

SER = TO BE soy = I am eres = you are es = he/she is somos = we are sois = you (plural) are son = they are

SER (TO BE) Used with nouns e.g. soy profesor + with adjective to indicate something permament

ESTAR (TO BE) Used with adjectives to indicate something that is the result of something or not permanent

ESTAR = TO BE estoy = I am estás = you are está = he/she is estamos = we are estáis = you (plural) are están = they are

DEBER debo = I must debes = you must debe = he/she must debemos = we must debéis = you (plural) must deben = they must

QUERER (to want) quiero = I want quieres = you want quiere = he/she wants queremos = we want queréis = you (plural) want quieren = they want

PODER (to be able) puedo = I can puedes = you can puede = he/she can podemos = we can podéis = you (plural) can pueden = they can

IR (to go) voy = I go / I am going vas = you go / you are going va = he/she goes / is going vamos = we go / are going váis = you (plural) go / are going van = they go / are going

TENER (to have) tengo = I must tienes = you must tiene = he/she must tenemos = we must tenéis = you (plural) must tienen = they must

VENIR (to come) vengo = I come / am coming vienes = you come / are coming viene = he/she comes / is coming venimos = we come / are coming venís = you (plural) come / are coming vienen = they come / are coming

HACER (to do) hago = I do / I am doing haces = you do / you are doing hace = he/she does / is doing hacemos = we do / are doing hacéis = you (plural) do / are doing hacen = they do / are doing

HACER has two meanings – to do + to make So, HAGO can mean = I do I make

HACER (to make) hago = I make / I am making haces = you make / you are making hace = he/she makes / is making hacemos = we make / are making hacéis = you (plural) make / are making hacen = they make / are making

SUBJECT PRONOUNS

I yo

You (singular) tú

He/she él / ella

We nosotros

You (Plural) Vosotros

They Ellos / ellas

SER / ESTAR – TWO VERBS IN SPANISH FOR “TO BE” USES OF SER Ser is used to classify and identify permanent or lasting attributes. If the general rule isn´t specific enough for you, think of the acronym DOCTOR, which stands for Description, Occupation, Characteristic, Time, Origin, and Relationship. 1. DESCRIPTION For description, think of what you would say if someone asked you "What´s he like?" These are the essential qualities that define a person and probably won´t change. They can be a name or a physical description. Yo soy Raúl. (I am Raúl.) Yo soy alta, morena, y delgada. (I am tall, dark-skinned, and thin.) 2. OCCUPATION Occupations are seen as life-long careers in Spanish and are therefore seen as more "permanent". Soy profesor del español. (I am a Spanish teacher.) Ellos son estudiantes. (They are students.) Notice that the indefinite articles un, una, unos, and unas are omitted when describing an occupation after the verb ser. 3. CHARACTERISTIC Characteristics are personality descriptions of a person. These would probably be the second thing you say to "What´s he like?" Amalia es inteligente, atrevida, y amable. (Amalia is intelligente, daring, and friendly.) Mi esposo es romántico y cariñoso. (My husband is romantic and caring.) 4. TIME Time includes days, dates, and hours. For hours, use es for one o´clock and son for all other hours. Hoy es miércoles. (Today is Wednesday.) Hoy es mi cumpleaños. (Today is my birthday.) Ahora es la una y media. (Right now it´s one thirty.) Son las cinco y veintecinco. (It´s five twenty five.)

http://www.spanishdict.com/translate/Ser

5. ORIGIN As the place a person is from or the material something is made from is not going to change we use SER for origin. Celia es de España. (Celia is from Spain.) Adela es peruana. (Adela is Peruvian.) Mi anillo es de oro. (My ring is gold.) 6. RELATIONSHIP Even after someone dies or someone breaks up, relationships are described using SER. Religion is a Relationship. Also, since religion is considered a relationship with a higher power, religions are also described using ser. Lynne es mi madre. (Lynne is my mother.) Marcos es mi ex-novio. (Marcos is my ex-boyfriend.) Andrés es católico. (Andrés is Catholic.) USES OF ESTAR Estar is used to indicate temporary states and locations If the general rule isn´t specific enough for you, think of the acronym PLACE, which stands for Position, Location, Action, Condition, and Emotion. 1. POSITION Position is the physical position or posture a person or thing is in. Mi abuela está sentada. (My grandmother is sitting down/seated.) 2. LOCATION The location of someone or something describes where it is permanently, temporarily, actually, or conceptually. El baño está a la derecha de la sala. (The bathroom is to the right of the living room.) Estamos en el café ahora y estarémos en el cine en 20 minutos. (We are at the café right now and we will be at the movie theatre in 20 minutes.) Mi abuelo está en la luna. (My grandfather is out of it/lost.) EXCEPTION FOR PARTIES This is a big one: The location of an event or party is described using SER. Not ESTAR! La fiesta es en mi casa. (The party is at my house.) 3. ACTION Estar is used to describe an ongoing action using the present progressive tense. Estoy lavando los platos sucios. (I am washing the dirty dishes.) Estamos leyendo los periódicos. (We are reading the newspapers.) Mi bisabuelo está muerto. (My great-grandfather is dead.) Death is Ongoing Action In Spanish, death is seen as an ongoing action, not a permanent state, thus you use the verb estar and not ser. 4. CONDITION Physical and mental conditions are described using ESTAR. Estoy tan cansada esta mañana. (I am so tired this morning.) Mis niños están enfermos hoy. (My children are sick today.) Mi madre está un poca loca. (My mother is (acting) a little crazy.) 5. EMOTION How a person is feeling at a certain moment is described using ESTAR. Estoy triste. (I am sad.) Ella está contenta porque recibió unas flores de su novio. (She is happy because she received some flowers from her boyfriend.)

http://www.spanishdict.com/translate/Estar

MEANING CHANGES WITH SER AND ESTAR There are some words that can be used with both ser and estar, but take on different meanings depending on the verb. Below you will find a chart with both forms and their meanings in English. SAME ADJECTIVE, DIFFERENT MEANING SER ESTAR ser aburrido to be boring estar aburrido to be bored ser bueno to be good estar bueno to be tasty/attractive ser cansado to be a tiring person estar cansado to be tired ser grave to be serious estar grave to be seriously ill ser listo to be clever estar listo to be ready ser malo to be bad estar malo to be ill ser orgulloso to be conceited or vain estar orgulloso to be proud ser moreno to be dark-skinned estar moreno to be tanned ser pálido to be pale skinned estar pálido to be pale ser pesado to be heavy estar pesado to be tiresome ser rico to be rich estar rico to be tasty ser seguro to be safe estar seguro to be certain ser verde to be green estar verde to be unripe ser viejo to be old estar viejo to look old ser vivo to be sharp estar vivo to be alive

TENSES IN SPANISH THE PRESENT TENSE (TO DAY WHAT YOU “DO” OR WHAT YOU “ARE DOING”) MEANING Hablo may be translated as follows: I speak OR I am speaking FORMATION OF THE PRESENT TENSE Regular verbs – three types = -AR, -ER, -IR (A) –AR type e.g. HABLAR = To speak Remove the –AR and add the endings

STEM ENDINGS

I habl o

You (singular) habl as

He / She habl a

We habl amos

You (plural) habl áis

They habl an

(B) –ER type e.g. VENDER = To sell Remove the –ER and add the endings

STEM ENDINGS

I vend o

You (singular) vend es

He / She vend e

We vend emos

You (plural) vend éis

They vend en

(C) –IR type e.g. VIVIR = To live Remove the –IR and add the endings

STEM ENDINGS

I viv o

You (singular) viv es

He / She viv e

We viv imos

You (plural) viv ís

They viv en

IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE PRESENT TENSE

SER = TO BE soy = I am eres = you are es = he/she is somos = we are sois = you (plural) are son = they are

SER (TO BE) Used with nouns e.g. soy profesor + with adjective to indicate something permament

ESTAR (TO BE) Used with adjectives to indicate something that is the result of something or not permanent

ESTAR = TO BE estoy = I am estás = you are está = he/she is estamos = we are estáis = you (plural) are están = they are

DAR (to give) doy = I give / I am giving das = you give / you are giving da = he/she gives / he/she is giving damos = we give/ we are giving dáis = you (plural) give / you are giving dan = they give / they are giving

QUERER (to want) quiero = I want quieres = you want quiere = he/she wants queremos = we want queréis = you (plural) want quieren = they want

PODER (to be able) puedo = I can puedes = you can puede = he/she can podemos = we can podéis = you (plural) can pueden = they can

IR (to go) voy = I go / I am going vas = you go / you are going va = he/she goes / is going vamos = we go / are going váis = you (plural) go / are going van = they go / are going

TENER (to have) tengo = I must tienes = you must tiene = he/she must tenemos = we must tenéis = you (plural) must tienen = they must

VENIR (to come) vengo = I come / am coming vienes = you come / are coming viene = he/she comes / is coming venimos = we come / are coming venís = you (plural) come / are coming vienen = they come / are coming

HACER (to do) hago = I do / I am doing haces = you do / you are doing hace = he/she does / is doing hacemos = we do / are doing hacéis = you (plural) do / are doing hacen = they do / are doing

HACER has two meanings – to do + to make So, HAGO can mean = I do I make

HACER (to make) hago = I make / I am making haces = you make / you are making hace = he/she makes / is making hacemos = we make / are making hacéis = you (plural) make / are making hacen = they make / are making

PONER (to put) pongo = I put / I am putting pones = you put / are putting pone = he/she puts / is putting ponemos = we put / are putting ponéis = you (plural) put / are putting ponen = they put / are putting

IMPORTANT The verbs HACER, PONER, CONOCER and DAR are only irregular in the first person singular i.e. the “I” (yo) form of the verb.

SALIR (to go out) salgo = I go out / I am going out sales = you go out / are going out sale = he/she goes out / is going out salimos = we go out / are going out salís = you (plural) go out/are going out salen = they go out / are going out

DECIR (to say) digo = I say / I am saying dices = you say / are saying dice = he/she says / is saying decimos = we say / are saying decís = you (plural) say / are saying dicen = they say / are saying

SABER (to know) [to know facts] sé = I know sabes = you know sabe = he/she knows sabemos = we know sabéis = you (plural) know saben = they know

CONOCER (to know) [to know people/places] conozco = I know conoces = you know conoce = he/she knows conocemos = we know conocéis = you (plural) know conocen = they know

TWENTY VERBS THAT ARE IRREGULAR IN THE PRESENT TENSE

Caber To fit in Quepo Cabes Cabe Cabemos Cabéis Caben

Caer To fall Caigo Caes Cae Caemos Caéis Caen

Dar To give Doy Das Da Damos Dais Dan

Decir To say Digo Dices Dice Decimos Decís Dicen

Estar To be Estoy Estás Está Estamos Estáis Están

Haber To have He Has Ha Hemos Habéis Han

Hacer To do / make Hago Haces Hace Hacemos Hacéis Hacen

Ir To go Voy Vas Va Vamos Vais Van

Oír To hear Oigo Oyes Oye Oímos Oís Oyen

Poder To be able Puedo Puedes Puede Podemos Podéis Pueden

Poner To put Pongo Pones Pone Ponemos Ponéis Ponen

Querer To want / like Quiero Quieres Quiere Queremos Queréis Quieren

Saber To know Sé Sabes Sabe Sabemos Sabéis saben

Salir To go out Salgo Sales Sale Salimos Saís Salen

Ser To be Soy Eres Es Somos Sois Son

Tener To have / hold Tengo Tienes Tiene Tenemos Tenéis Tienen

Traer To bring Traigo Traes Trae Traemos Traéis Traen

Valer To be worth Valgo Vales Vale Valemos Valéis Valen

Venir To come Vengo Vienes Viene Venimos Venís Vienen

Ver To see Veo Ves Ve Vemos Veis ven

N.B. Haber – to have – is used to form Compound Tenses. Compounds also apply e.g. decir = predecir = to predict tener = retener = to retain hacer = deshacer = to unmake traer = distraer = to distract poner = suponer = to suppose venir = convenir = to agree salir = sobresalir = to exceed

REFLEXIVE VERBS LEVANTARSE LAVARSE also –IRSE and –ERSE but less common CEPILLARSE PEINARSE LLAMARSE

LEVANTARSE (to get yourself up) Me levanto = I get (myself) up Te levantas = you get (yourself) up Se levanta = he/she gets (him/herself) up Nos levantamos = we get (ourselves) up Os levantáis = you (plural) get (yourselves) up Se levantan = they get (themselves) up

P.ej.

llamarse me llamo (I am called)

lavarse os laváis (you’re washing (yourself))

peinarse te peinas (you’re brushing your hair) Here is a list of commonly used reflexive verbs:

acostarse (o→ue) …… to go to bed afeitarse …… to shave bañarse …… to have a bath

casarse (con alguien) …… to get married; to marry (someone) cepillarse …… to brush oneself

despertarse (e→ie) …… to wake up desvestirse (e→i) …… to undress oneself dormirse (o→ue) …… to fall asleep

ducharse …… to take a shower enfermarse …… to get sick

enojarse …… to get angry, mad irse …… to go away

lavarse …… to wash oneself levantarse …… to stand up, get up

llamarse …… to call oneself mirarse …… to look at oneself

peinarse …… to comb one’s hair ponerse …… to become

ponerse la ropa …… to put on clothing preocuparse (por) …… to worry about probarse (o→ue) …… to try on (clothing)

quitarse …… to take off, remove (clothing) secarse …… to dry oneself

sentarse (e→ie) …… to sit down, seat oneself sentirse (e→ie) …… to feel (emotionally, physically)

verse …… to see oneself vestirse (e→ie) …… to get dressed

FUTURE TENSE (TO SAY WHAT YOU “WILL” DO) MEANING Hablaré is translated as follows: I will speak FORMATION OF THE FUTURE TENSE The future tense in Spanish i.e. saying what you will do is created by taking the infinitive i.e. the verb ending in either –AR, -ER or –IR. You then add the following endings to indicate I, you, he/she, we, you, they:

I -é

You (singular) -ás

He/she -á

We -emos (only one with no accent)

You (Plural) -éis

They -án

For example: hablar (to talk)+ -é = I will talk vivir (to live) + -é = I will live comer (to eat) + -é = I will eat A small group of verbs do not use the infinitive for the future tense. Instead they have a slightly modified stem. These have to be learnt:

VERB MEANING FUTURE STEM

decir To say dir_

hacer To do / To make har_

poder To be able podr_

poner To put pondr_

querer To want querr_

saber To know sabr_

salir To go out saldr_

tener To have tendr_

venir To come vendr_

The verb endings are the same as for regular verbs. The only irregularity is in the stem.

THE CONDITIONAL (TO SAY WHAT YOU “WOULD”DO) MEANING The conditional is used to express uncertainty and in English you say “would”: Me gustaria vivir en España I would like to live in Spain A – regular verbs Formación: Verbo en el infinitivo con AR, ER o IR (the whole verb with the infinitive bit!) Añade: +

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

-AR -ER -IR

Yo …ía

Tú …ías

Él/Ella/Usted …ía

Nosotros/as …íamos

Vosotros/as …íais

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes …ían

B – irregular verbs in the conditional The conditional has the same irregular verbs as the future. You add the conditional endings to the irregular stem: A small group of verbs do not use the infinitive for the future tense. Instead they have a slightly modified stem. These have to be learnt:

VERB MEANING FUTURE STEM

decir To say dir_

hacer To do / To make har_

poder To be able podr_

poner To put pondr_

querer To want querr_

saber To know sabr_

salir To go out saldr_

tener To have tendr_

venir To come vendr_

The verb endings are the same as for regular verbs. The only irregularity is in the stem.

e.g. I would sing: cantaría He would play: jugaría You would go: iríais They would live: vivirían

THE PERFECT TENSE (TO SAY WHAT YOU “HAVE DONE”) MEANING: (Yo) he hablado may be translated as follows: I have spoken It describes what you HAVE DONE in the past. Example: He terminado mis deberes I have finished my homework. REGULAR VERBS Formation: The auxiliary HABER in the present tense + verb in the past participle (the –ed form!). The past participle is formed by removing the verb ending (-AR, -ER, -IR) and adding –ado for –AR verbs and –ido for –ER and –IR verbs.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS

HABER presente

VERB STEM

-AR -ER -IR

Yo he

-ado -ido -ido

Tú has

Él/Ella/Usted ha

Nosotros/as hemos

Vosotros/as habéis

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes han

Examples: I have sung he cantado she has drank ha bebido you have lived habéis vivido they have gone han ido *to go = ir, remove –ir add -ido IRREGULAR VERBS Some verbs have an irregular past participle. Here is a list of the most common ones and they must be learnt off by heart… abrir… abierto opened cubrir… cubierto covered decir… dicho said, told describir… descrito described descubrir… descubierto discovered devolver… devuelto returned escribir… escrito written hacer… hecho made morir… muerto died, dead poner… puesto put, placed romper… roto broken ver… visto seen volver… vuelto returned

Note: Compound words based on these roots typically show these same irregularities: Por ejemplo: componer > compuesto deshacer > deshecho oponer > opuesto suponer > supuesto prever > previsto

THE PRETERITE TENSE (TO SAY WHAT YOU “DID”) MEANING (Yo) hablé may be translated as follows: I spoke It describes what you did in the past. Example: Ayer, Juan se levantó, salió a la calle y después compró un periódico. (Yesterday, John got up, went out, then he bought a newspaper) FORMATION OF THE PRETERITE TENSE Regular verbs – three types = -AR, -ER, -IR (A) -AR type e.g. HABLAR = to speak (C) -IR type e.g. VIVIR = to live Remove the –AR and add the endings Remove the –IR and add the

endings which are exactly the same endings as for –ER verbs.

STEM ENDINGS

I HABL é

You (singular) HABL aste

He/she HABL ó

We HABL amos

You (Plural) HABL asteis

They HABL aron

(B) -ER type e.g. VENDER = to sell Remove the –ER and add the endings

STEM ENDINGS

I VEND í

You (singular) VEND iste

He/she VEND ió

We VEND imos

You (Plural) VEND isteis

They VEND ieron

There are a number of irregular verbs in the preterite tense. The most common of these are:

SER (TO BE) fui (I was) fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron

IR (TO GO) fui (I went) fuiste fue fuimos fuisteis fueron

ESTAR (TO BE) estuve (I was) estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron

HACER (TO MAKE/DO) hice (I did / made) hiciste hizo hicimos hicisteis hicieron

DECIR (TO SAY) dije (I said) dijiste dijo dijimos dijisteis dijeron

VER (TO SEE) vi (I saw) viste vio vimos visteis vieron

DAR (TO GIVE) di (I gave) diste dio dimos disteis dieron

TENER (TO HAVE) tuve (I had) tuviste tuvo tuvimos tuvisteis tuvieron

STEM ENDINGS

I VIV é

You (singular) VIV aste

He/she VIV ó

We VIV amos

You (Plural) VIV asteis

They VIV aron

THE IMPERFECT TENSE (TO SAY WHAT YOU “WERE/WAS DOING” + “USED TO DO”)

A MEANINGS

1.Recognition 1. WAS / WERE -ING – While I was / we were working at the factory 2. USED TO – Every day I used to visit my uncle 3. WOULD (when WOULD = USED TO) – Every morning I would visit my uncle

2.Examples of the Imperfect

1. Description of state – llevaba un pantaloon azul = He was wearing blue trousers 2. Repetition or Habit – Todos los días se levantaba a las ocho, y después tomaba una

ducha = Every day he used to get up at eight and then he would take a shower 3. Simultaneous, incompleted actions – Mientras yo hablaba él leía un libro = Whilst I

was speaking he was reading a book. 4. Continuous background :

Comíamos

We were eating Cuando ellos llegaron

When they arrived Mientras actuaba

While he was acting Se cayó al suelo He fell down

Mientras esperábamos

While we waiting Nos habló

He spoke to us CONTINUOUS BACKGROUND

INTERRUPTED BY A SUDDEN ACTION OR EVENT – THE PRETERITE

B. FORMATION OF THE IMPERFECT TENSE

1. Regular – according to the infinitive ending. Remove the –ar, add the –aba series of endings Remove the –er or –ir, add the ía series of endings

Hablar – AR Hablaba Hablabas Hablaba Hablábamos Hablabais Hablaban

Vender - ER Vivir - IR Vendía Vivía Vendías Vivías Vendía Vivía Vendíamos Vivíamos Vendíais Vivíais Vendían Vivían

Note: this formation procedure applies to radical and spelling changing verbs, and to all but 3 irregular verbs: Dar - Daba Estar - Estaba Pensar - Pensaba Llegar - Llegaba Poder - Podía Volver - Volvía Coger - Cogía Haber - Había Decir - Decía Oír - Oía Pedir - Pedía

THE 3 IRREGULAR IMPERFECTS

IR SER VER To go to be to see iba era veía ibas eras veías iba era veía ibamos éramos veíamos ibais erais veíais iban eran veían

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